走近富蘭克林·羅斯福

7 Fascinating Facts About Franklin D. Roosevelt

From the Great Depression注1 to World War II， President Franklin D. Roosevelt guided the United States through challenging times. He sought to help the American people in many different ways， including creating social safety nets for the elderly and the unemployed. In 1935， FDR注2 signed the Social Security Act注3 to provide aid to the countrys most senior citizens and others in need.

FDR considered the Social Security Act to be one of his greatest accomplishments. In a 1934 speech to Congress[國(guó)會(huì)]， he said “I place the security of the men， women and children of the Nation first.” FDR believed that “the American people deserved some safeguard[保護(hù)措施] against misfortunes which cannot be wholly eliminated[消除] in this man-made world of ours.”He accomplished this goal with the creation of Social Security. Lets learn more about the man behind these impressive achievements.

從經(jīng)濟(jì)大蕭條到第二次世界大戰(zhàn)，美國(guó)總統(tǒng)富蘭克林·羅斯福帶領(lǐng)著整個(gè)美國(guó)度過了一段極具挑戰(zhàn)性的日子。他尋求多種多樣的方式來幫助美國(guó)人民渡過難關(guān)，其中就包括為老年人和失業(yè)人士建立的社會(huì)保障制度。1935年，羅斯福簽署了《社會(huì)保障法案》，幫助了全國(guó)絕大多數(shù)老年人和其他有需要的民眾。

羅斯福認(rèn)為《社會(huì)保障法案》的簽署是他最偉大的成就之一。1934年，羅斯福在國(guó)會(huì)演講中提到：“我會(huì)把美國(guó)男人、女人和小孩的安全保障放在第一位?！绷_斯福認(rèn)為“在這個(gè)由人類造成的厄運(yùn)難以完全消除的世界，美國(guó)人民更需要安全保障”。隨著社會(huì)保障體系的創(chuàng)立，羅斯福實(shí)現(xiàn)了他的目標(biāo)。讓我們進(jìn)一步了解在這些偉大成就背后的美國(guó)總統(tǒng)羅斯福。

1 FDR had a half-brother.羅斯福有一個(gè)同父異母的兄弟。

He was the only child of Sara Delano and James Roosevelt， but he was not， however， his fathers only child. James did have a much older son， also named James， from his first marriage to Rebecca Howland. FDRs brother， nicknamed[綽號(hào)為] “Rosy，” was born in 1854—the same year as FDRs mother.

By the time FDR was born in 1882， Rosy was already grown up and had a family. FDR and Rosys daughter Helen and son James were even close in age. He played with them when Rosys family visited Springwood， the familys estate[莊園] in Hyde Park， New York.

羅斯福是莎拉·德拉諾和詹姆斯·羅斯福的獨(dú)生子。然而，他并非其父親唯一的孩子。他父親還有個(gè)比羅斯福大很多的兒子，同樣叫詹姆斯，是和第一任妻子麗貝卡·豪蘭生下的。羅斯福哥哥的小名叫“羅斯”，1854年出生，和羅斯福的生母一樣大。

早在1882年羅斯福出生以前，羅斯就已經(jīng)長(zhǎng)大成人并且組建了家庭。羅斯的女兒海倫以及兒子詹姆斯同羅斯福甚至年紀(jì)相當(dāng)。因此，每當(dāng)羅斯一家到紐約海德公園的斯普林伍德莊園度假時(shí)，羅斯福都會(huì)和他的小孩們一起玩耍。

2 Collecting stamps was a nearly lifelong passion for FDR. 集郵是羅斯福的終身愛好。

He started up[開始] with this hobby around the age of 8. FDRs mother encouraged this activity， having been a collector herself as a child. When FDR contracted[感染] polio[小兒麻痹癥] in 1921， he turned to his stamps as a distraction[消遣] during his bedridden[臥床不起的] days. He once said “I owe my life to my hobbies—especially stamp collecting.”

In the White House， FDR found working on his collection is a form of stress relief[減輕] from the demands of his presidency[總統(tǒng)職位]. He even had the State Department[美國(guó)國(guó)務(wù)院] send over envelopes it received so that he could review the stamps. FDR took an active role in the creation of new stamps as well. He approved more than 200 new stamps during his time in office.

大約八歲的時(shí)候，羅斯福開始了這一愛好。他媽媽兒時(shí)也是集郵愛好者，所以非常鼓勵(lì)他。1921年，羅斯福感染了小兒麻痹癥，于是在臥床不起的日子里，羅斯福就靠收集郵票來打發(fā)時(shí)光。他曾說：“我的愛好對(duì)我的一生影響很大——尤其是集郵?！?/p>

在白宮，羅斯福覺得集郵能夠有效緩解他總統(tǒng)工作的壓力。他甚至讓國(guó)務(wù)院把收到的信件都轉(zhuǎn)給他，這樣他就可以看看信封上的郵票了。羅斯福還致力于制造新郵票。在他任職期間，他批準(zhǔn)發(fā)行了超過200種新郵票。

3 FDR dropped out of退學(xué) law school.羅斯福從學(xué)院退學(xué)。

His undergrad[本科生的] studies seemed to be a piece of cake for him. He only took three years to earn a bachelors[學(xué)士] degree in history from Harvard. FDR then enrolled[入學(xué)] at Columbia Universitys school. But he abandoned[拋棄] his legal studies in 1907 after he passed his bar exam[律師資格考試]. FDR only practiced for a few years before jumping into[一頭扎進(jìn)] politics. In 1910， he won his first election[選舉] to the New York State Senate[參議院].

本科學(xué)習(xí)對(duì)羅斯福來說簡(jiǎn)直是小菜一碟。他僅僅花了三年時(shí)間就拿到了哈佛大學(xué)的歷史學(xué)士學(xué)位。接著，羅斯福入讀哥倫比亞大學(xué)?？墒撬?907年通過司法考試后就放棄了法律系的學(xué)業(yè)。羅斯福僅僅經(jīng)過幾年的歷練就投身政界。1910年，他在首次競(jìng)選中贏得了紐約州參議院的一席。

4 For FDR， love was a family affair家務(wù)事.對(duì)羅斯福來說，愛情是家事。

He married Anna Eleanor Roosevelt on March 17th， 1905. Eleanor was the niece of another of FDRs distant relatives， President Theodore Roosevelt. President Roosevelt actually walked Eleanor down the aisle[走道] at her wedding to FDR， filling in for[代替] Eleanors late father[先父].

1905年3月17日，羅斯福迎娶安娜·艾莉諾·羅斯福為妻。艾莉諾是羅斯福另一個(gè)遠(yuǎn)房親戚、總統(tǒng)西奧多·羅斯福的侄女。西奧多·羅斯?？偨y(tǒng)也代替了艾莉諾的先父，領(lǐng)著她走向婚姻的殿堂。

5 FDRs first attempt at winning a nationnal offce was a flop失敗.羅斯福第一次嘗試競(jìng)選國(guó)家要職以失敗告終。

FDR won the Democratic[民主黨] nomination[提名] for vice[副的] president in 1920 with James M. Cox， governor of Ohio， as the partys presidential pick. The pair lost out to[被……取代] Republican[共和黨的] Warren Harding and his running mate[競(jìng)選伙伴] Calvin Coolidge. Their victory was a decisive[舉足輕重的] one， with Harding taking roughly 60 percent of the popular vote and roughly 76 percent of the electoral votes[選舉人票數(shù)].

When running for president himself， FDR would score several substantial[重要的] wins of his own. The 1936 election was perhaps his greatest victory， picking up roughly 98 percent of the electoral votes. His opponent， Republican Alfred Landon， only won two states， Maine and Vermont.

1920年，羅斯福連同俄亥俄州州長(zhǎng)詹姆斯·考克斯贏得了民主黨參選副總統(tǒng)的提名。隨后，民主黨在與共和黨候選人哈丁和柯立芝的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中落敗。共和黨的勝利是必然的，因?yàn)楣≮A得了約60%的大眾選票和76%的選舉人票數(shù)。

之后，羅斯福個(gè)人競(jìng)選總統(tǒng)，打了幾場(chǎng)極為重要的勝仗。1936年的競(jìng)選或許是他最偉大的勝利。當(dāng)年，他贏取了約98%的選舉人票數(shù)。他的對(duì)手、共和黨候選人阿爾弗萊德·蘭登僅僅獲得了兩個(gè)州的選票，緬因州和佛蒙特州。

6 FDR made history when he appointed任命 frances perkins to his cabinet內(nèi)閣in 1993.1993年，羅斯福委任帕金斯為他的內(nèi)閣成員，創(chuàng)造了歷史。

Selected as secretary of labor[勞工部部長(zhǎng)]， Perkins became the first woman to hold a cabinet post in a U.S. presidential administration[行政機(jī)構(gòu)]. She was instrumental in[有幫助的] helping Roosevelt with many of his programs， including Social Security. This was the second time FDR had tapped[挖掘] Perkins for a government post. As governor of New York， he picked her to be the states labor commissioner[行政長(zhǎng)官].

帕金斯被選為勞工部部長(zhǎng)，成為了美國(guó)總統(tǒng)辦公廳第一位女性內(nèi)閣成員。她幫助羅斯福實(shí)行了很多計(jì)劃，其中就包括社會(huì)保障制度。這是羅斯福第二次起用帕金斯作為助手，第一次是在羅斯福擔(dān)任紐約州州長(zhǎng)的時(shí)候，他任命帕金斯為州勞工部長(zhǎng)官。

7 FDR holds the record for the longest-serving American president.羅斯福保持著美國(guó)總統(tǒng)任期最長(zhǎng)的記錄。

In 1944， FDR was elected to his fourth term. And no one can ever challenge this feat. In 1951， the 22nd Amendment[修正案] was passed， which limited future presidents to only two terms.

1944年，羅斯福第四次當(dāng)選美國(guó)總統(tǒng)。沒人能挑戰(zhàn)這一功績(jī)。1951年，《美國(guó)憲法第二十二次修正案》通過，法案規(guī)定，任何人當(dāng)選總統(tǒng)職務(wù)不得超過兩屆。

注1：大蕭條（Great Depression），指1929年至1933年之間發(fā)源于美國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)。

注2：富蘭克林·德拉諾·羅斯福（Franklin Delano Roosevelt）的簡(jiǎn)稱。

注3：羅斯福政府于1935年頒布的《社會(huì)保障法案》是美國(guó)有史以來第一部關(guān)于社會(huì)保障問題的法案。社會(huì)保障制度的建立從根本上解決了人們的后顧之憂、增強(qiáng)了人們的消費(fèi)信心。