專(zhuān)題一：閱讀理解蔣建平

【考綱解讀】

研讀《2020年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國(guó)統(tǒng)一考試大綱》（英語(yǔ)）內(nèi)容可知，高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解旨在考查考生的語(yǔ)言綜合運(yùn)用能力，要求考生能讀懂書(shū)、報(bào)、雜志中關(guān)于一般性話題的簡(jiǎn)短文段以及公告、說(shuō)明、廣告等，并能從中獲取相關(guān)信息。要求考生具體做到：

（1）理解主旨要義;

（2）理解文中具體信息;

（3）根據(jù)上下文推斷單詞和短語(yǔ)的含義;

（4）做出判斷和推理;

（5）理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu);

（6）理解作者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度。

【高頻考點(diǎn)】

考點(diǎn)1：主旨大意題——理解主旨要義

【解題策略】

第一步：確定文章的主題詞。通過(guò)文章閱讀和其他題目的解答，確定文章的主題詞。文章通常圍繞主題詞展開(kāi)，主旨題的正確答案當(dāng)然要包括文章主題詞或主題詞的同義改寫(xiě)詞。

第二步：確定文章的主題句。主題句通常具有以下一些特征：1. 舉例子的句子不是主題句，前后句可能是主題句;2. 問(wèn)句不是主題句，回答句可能是主題句;3. 首段轉(zhuǎn)折處常為文章的主題句;4. 主題句常包含文章的主題詞;5. 主題句常包含主次之分的表達(dá)（A rather than B等）;6. 主題句常包含時(shí)間提示詞（recently、 today等）;7. 定義型的句子（be called as、 be known as、 is和are等）;8. 強(qiáng)調(diào)型的句子（stress、 ?focus等）;9. 總結(jié)型的句子（research indicates、 study suggests等）。

第三步：總結(jié)文章的主旨。根據(jù)文章的主題詞和主題句，概括文章主旨，并與選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行比對(duì)確定正確答案。

【考題調(diào)研】

（2019·全國(guó)乙卷）During the rosy years of elementary school （小學(xué)）， I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes， which allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens and teens， and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes， breaking rules and playing jokes on others， among whom I soon found myself.

Popularity is a well explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein， a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories： the likable and the status seekers. The likables ?plays well with others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships， jump start interpersonal skills and， when tapped early， are employed ever after in life and work. Then there s the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence： status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.

Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed， Dr. Prinstein s studies show unpleasant consequences. Those who were highest in status in high school， as well as those least liked in elementary school， are “most likely to engage （從事） in dangerous and risky behavior.”

In one study， Dr. Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents， scoring the least liked， the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys （調(diào)查研究）. “We found that the least well liked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates. But so had those who were high in status. It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment， high status has just the opposite effect on us.”

Dr. Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date—sharing， kindness， openness—carry over to later years and make you better able to relate and connect with others.

In analyzing his and other research， Dr. Prinstein came to another conclusion： Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes， but it is also responsible for those outcomes， too. “Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage， ” he said.

35. What is the best title for the text？

A. Be Nice—You Won t Finish Last

B. The Higher the Status， the Better

C. Be the Best—You Can Make It

D. More Self Control， Less Aggressiveness

35. A

【答案解析】主旨題?？v觀全文，作者論述受歡迎度對(duì)青少年的影響。本題A選項(xiàng)學(xué)生理解起來(lái)較困難，可通過(guò)排除法去做;B選項(xiàng)“地位越高越好”，顯然違背文章主旨;C選項(xiàng)“成為最好的自己，你可以的”，有一定干擾性，但文中沒(méi)有提到成為最好的，而是要成為最受歡迎的;D選項(xiàng)“多一些自我控制，少一些攻擊性”，文中沒(méi)有提到自我控制。再根據(jù)最后一段中的Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage可推知，正確選項(xiàng)為A “友善一點(diǎn) （討人喜歡），你將不會(huì)排在最后 （你不會(huì)完蛋 / 你會(huì)笑到最后） ”。finish 獲得 （名次），如finish first / second etc.。

考點(diǎn)2：推理判斷題——做出合理的推理判斷

【解題策略】

第一步：依據(jù)題干和選項(xiàng)及“順序原則”確定信息源。推理判斷題應(yīng)該首先按照題干要求的范圍進(jìn)行解題，如果題目中沒(méi)有提到具體的段落，那么通過(guò)“順序原則”找到區(qū)域范圍。

第二步：比對(duì)原文和選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行推理和甄

選。推理需注意以下三點(diǎn)：

1. 直接陳述文章內(nèi)容的選項(xiàng)不能選，要選擇根據(jù)文章推理出來(lái)的選項(xiàng)。

2. 推理不是憑空猜測(cè)，而是立足已知推

斷未知，因此正確選項(xiàng)一定能在文中找到依據(jù)或理由。

3. 不能以自己的觀點(diǎn)代替作者的想法，因此脫離原文的主觀臆斷都是錯(cuò)誤的。

【考題調(diào)研】

（2019·全國(guó)乙卷）For Canaan Elementary s second grade in Patchogue， N.Y.， today is speech day， and right now it s Chris Palaez s turn. The 8 year old is the joker of the class. With shining dark eyes， he seems like the kind of kid who would enjoy public speaking.

But he s nervous. “I m here to tell you today why you should...should...” Chris trips on the “ ld，” a pronunciation difficulty for many non native English speakers. His teacher， Tho mas Whaley， is next to him， whispering support. “...Vote for... me...” Except for some stumbles， Chris is doing amazingly well. When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion， Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him.

A son of immigrants， Chris started learning English a little over three years ago. Whaley recalls （回想起） how at the beginning of the year， when called upon to read， Chris would excuse himself to go to the bathroom.

Learning English as a second language can be a painful experience. What you need is a great teacher who lets you make mistakes. “It takes a lot for any student，” Whaley explains， “especially for a student who is learning English as their new language， to feel confident enough to ?say， ‘I don t know， but I want to know.”

Whaley got the idea of this second grade presidential campaign project when he asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they could never be a president. The answer broke his heart. Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public. He wants these kids to learn to boast （夸耀） about themselves.

“Boasting about yourself， and your best qualities，” Whaley says， “is very difficult for a child who came into the classroom not feeling confident.”

26. We can infer that the purpose of Whaley s project is to ? ? ? ?.

A. help students see their own strengths

B. assess students ?public speaking skills

C. prepare students for their future jobs

D. inspire students ?love for politics

27. Which of the following best describes Whaley as a teacher？

A. Humorous. ? ? ? ? ?B. Ambitious.

C. Caring. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?D. Demanding.

26. A

【答案解析】推斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的“Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public. He wants these kids to learn to boast about themselves.”和最后一段的Boasting about yourself， and your best qualities可推知，Whaley老師發(fā)起總統(tǒng)競(jìng)選活動(dòng)是為了幫助學(xué)生建立自信，看到自己的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。strength意為“優(yōu)點(diǎn)”。

27. C

【答案解析】推斷題。本文主要介紹了Can aan Elementary二年級(jí)老師Thomas Whaley發(fā)起一項(xiàng)總統(tǒng)競(jìng)選演講活動(dòng)，幫助孩子們建立自信，看到自己的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，由此可推知Whaley老師是一位很有愛(ài)心、關(guān)心學(xué)生的老師。

考點(diǎn)3：觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題——理解作者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度

【解題策略】

1. 根據(jù)文章體裁推斷作者觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度。

2. 不要摻雜自己的觀點(diǎn)。要學(xué)會(huì)區(qū)分不同的觀點(diǎn)，尤其要善于找出作者的觀點(diǎn)?？忌⒁馕闹谐霈F(xiàn)的直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)，出現(xiàn)的觀點(diǎn)一般是當(dāng)事人的觀點(diǎn)，而不是作者的觀點(diǎn)。作者的觀點(diǎn)一般用in my opinion/view、personally、 I think、 I hold等詞語(yǔ)引出。

3. 把握忠于措辭原則。文章作者或文中人物對(duì)某事物所持的觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度往往隱含在文章的字里行間或流露于修飾詞之中，因此注意文中作者或人物的措辭非常重要。

4. 牢記常見(jiàn)有關(guān)作者觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度的詞語(yǔ)。①表示支持或肯定：appreciative欣賞的， approving贊成的， favorable贊同的， positive積極樂(lè)觀的， supportive支持的， optimistic樂(lè)觀的， hopeful充滿希望的。②表示中立：ambiguous模棱兩可的， cautious謹(jǐn)慎的， uncaring冷漠的， unconcerned不關(guān)心的， uninterested不感興趣的， objective客觀的， neutral中立的。③表示反對(duì)或否定：disgusted憎惡的，critical批評(píng)的， negative消極的， disappointed失望的， disapproving不贊成的， doubtful懷疑的。

【考題調(diào)研】

（2017·全國(guó)丙卷） After years of heated debate， gray wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park. Fourteen wolves were caught in Canada and transported to the park. By last year， the Yellowstone wolf population had grown to more than 170 wolves.

Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States， but they were gradually displaced by human development. By the 1920s， wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada， where there were fewer humans around.

The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk populations— major food sources （來(lái)源） for the wolf—grew rapidly. These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation （植被）， which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence of wolves， coyote populations also grew quickly. The coyotes killed a large percentage of the park s red foxes， and completely drove away the park s beavers.

As early as 1966， biologists asked the government to consider reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone Park. They hoped that wolves would be able to control the elk and coyote problems. Many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that wolves would kill their farm animals or pets.

The government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolves.The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone. Today， the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone. Elk，deer， and coyote populations are down， while beavers and red foxes have made a comeback.The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well.

31. What is the author s attitude towards the Yellowstone wolf project？

A. Doubtful. ? B. Positive.

C. Disapproving. ? D. Uncaring.

31. B

【答案解析】觀察四個(gè)選項(xiàng)可以看出是四

種不同的態(tài)度：A項(xiàng)為懷疑;B項(xiàng)為積極;C項(xiàng)為不贊成;D項(xiàng)為不關(guān)心（中立）。根據(jù)“The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well.”這句話中的a valuable experiment可知，作者認(rèn)為這項(xiàng)工程很有價(jià)值，因此作者的態(tài)度應(yīng)當(dāng)是積極肯定的。

考點(diǎn)4：詞義猜測(cè)題——根據(jù)上下文推斷單詞和短語(yǔ)的意義

【解題策略】

詞義猜測(cè)題旨在考查考生根據(jù)上下文推測(cè)生詞、熟詞生義、短語(yǔ)或句子的意思的能力，突出考查考生對(duì)語(yǔ)境的分析和把握能力。

1. 利用上下文線索猜測(cè)詞義。

2. 根據(jù)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)猜測(cè)詞義。在英語(yǔ)句子中，同位語(yǔ)或同位語(yǔ)從句、定語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)從句等都起著解釋說(shuō)明、補(bǔ)充或限定的作用，因此也能提供猜測(cè)詞義的線索。

3. 根據(jù)上下文邏輯猜測(cè)詞義。有時(shí)單詞或短語(yǔ)所在的上下文中沒(méi)有明顯的解釋說(shuō)明性線索，這時(shí)可根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系進(jìn)行推理，以確定某一難詞或短語(yǔ)的意義。

4. 根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法猜測(cè)詞義。英語(yǔ)中的許多詞匯，特別是不斷出現(xiàn)的新詞大多是通過(guò)構(gòu)詞法生成的。因此，可根據(jù)前綴、后綴、合成及詞性轉(zhuǎn)換等構(gòu)詞法猜測(cè)詞義。

5. 根據(jù)常識(shí)或背景知識(shí)猜測(cè)詞義。有時(shí)考生可運(yùn)用自己的常識(shí)或背景知識(shí)，根據(jù)上下文猜測(cè)詞義。

【考題調(diào)研】

（2019·全國(guó)甲卷）“You can use me as a last resort （選擇）， and if nobody else volunteers， then I will do it.” This was an actual reply from a parent after I put out a request for volunteers for my kids ?lacrosse （長(zhǎng)曲棍球） club.

I guess that there s probably some demanding work schedule， or social anxiety around stepping up to help for an unknown sport. She may just need a little persuading. So I try again and tug at the heartstrings. I mention the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids aren t even on... At this point the unwilling parent speaks up， “Alright. Yes， I ll do it.”

I m secretly relieved because I know there s real power in sharing volunteer responsibilities among many. The unwilling parent organizes the meal schedule， sends out emails， and collects money for end of season gifts. Somewhere along the way， the same parent ends up becoming an invaluable member of the team. The coach is able to focus on the kids while the other parents are relieved to be off the hook for another season. Handing out sliced oranges to bloodthirsty kids can be as exciting as watching your own kid score a goal.

Still， most of us volunteers breathe a sigh of relief when the season comes to a close. That relief is coupled with a deep understanding of why the same people keep coming back for more： Connecting to the community （社區(qū)） as you freely give your time， money， skills， or services provides a real joy. Volunteering just feels so good.

In that sense， I m pretty sure volunteering is more of a selfish act than I d freely like to admit. However， if others benefit in the process， and I get some reward too， does it really matter where my motivation lies？

25. What does the underlined phrase “tug at the heartstrings” in paragraph 2 mean？

A. Encourage teamwork.

B. Appeal to feelings.

C. Promote good deeds.

D. Provide advice.

25. B

【答案解析】heartstrings是由heart+strings組成，可知此短語(yǔ)與心情有關(guān)。由上文可知，作者猜測(cè)這位家長(zhǎng)對(duì)于參與一項(xiàng)不熟悉的運(yùn)動(dòng)可能有一些顧慮，作者需要說(shuō)服她。由“I mention the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids aren t even on...”可知，作者提到了一位有四個(gè)孩子的單親家長(zhǎng)負(fù)責(zé)該活動(dòng)，同時(shí)，一位爸爸即便自己孩子沒(méi)有加入球隊(duì)，也給該球隊(duì)執(zhí)教。由此可猜測(cè)出作者是想從感情上打動(dòng)這位家長(zhǎng)。

考點(diǎn)5：細(xì)節(jié)理解題——理解文中具體信息

【解題策略】

細(xì)節(jié)理解題無(wú)論以怎樣的方式提問(wèn)，考生都要記住一個(gè)解題原則——“本本主義”，一切從原文出發(fā)，無(wú)需讀很多段落甚至全文后去歸納總結(jié)、分析推理，正確答案就對(duì)應(yīng)原文的某一處具體信息。

第一步：審讀題干和選項(xiàng)，回到原文定位信息區(qū)間。通過(guò)題干或選項(xiàng)中的關(guān)鍵詞找到定位點(diǎn)，開(kāi)始精讀文章直到下一題的定位區(qū)域出現(xiàn)。只有兩種情況需要向上找尋信息：定位到的信息為數(shù)字串，或舉例說(shuō)明部分;出現(xiàn)了邏輯關(guān)系詞（therefore、so、as a result）或代詞（that、these、it）。

第二步：將選項(xiàng)和原文一一對(duì)比，求同排異定答案。利用“同義原則”，找出原文中與正確選項(xiàng)匹配的同義詞組，將原文出現(xiàn)的信息和選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行比對(duì)，確定正確選項(xiàng)。做任何閱讀理解題都不是找感覺(jué)，本質(zhì)上是找同義詞，解題時(shí)找出的同義詞組越多，答案就越準(zhǔn)確，這是解答細(xì)節(jié)理解題的基本方法。

【考題調(diào)研】

（2019·全國(guó)甲卷）Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beach s Bar Louie counter by herself， quietly reading her e book as she waits for her salad. What is she reading？ None of your business！ Lunch is Bechtel s “me” time. And like more Americans， she s not alone.

A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America. More than half （53 percent） have breakfast alone and nearly half （46 percent） have lunch by themselves. Only at dinnertime are we eating together anymore， 74 percent， according to statistics from the report.

“I prefer to go out and be out. Alone， but together， you know？” Bechtel said， looking up from her book. Bechtel， who works in downtown West Palm Beach， has lunch with coworkers sometimes， but like many of us， too often works through lunch at her desk. A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping her on the shoulder. She returns to work feeling energized. “Today， I just wanted some time to myself，” she said.

Just two seats over， Andrew Mazoleny， a local videographer， is finishing his lunch at the bar. He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom he s on a first name basis if he wants to have a little interaction （交流）. “I reflect on how my day s gone and think about the rest of the week，” he said. “It s a chance for self reflection. You return to work recharged and with a plan.”

That freedom to choose is one reason more people like to eat alone. There was a time when people may have felt awkward about asking for a table for one， but those days are over. Now， we have our smartphones to keep us company at the table. “It doesn t feel as alone as it may have before all the advances in technology，” said Laurie Demeritt， whose company provided the statistics for the report.

29. Why does Bechtel prefer to go out for lunch？

A. To meet with her coworkers.

B. To catch up with her work.

C. To have some time on her own.

D. To collect data for her report.

30. What do we know about Mazoleny？

A. He makes videos for the bar.

B. He s fond of the food at the bar.

C. He interviews customers at the bar.

D. He s familiar with the barkeeper.

29. C

【答案解析】第3段提到，午餐時(shí)間的休息可以讓Bechtel不受老板差遣，回到工作崗位時(shí)也能精力充沛。第三段最后一句話表明Bechtel想給自己一些時(shí)間，因此Bechtel更愿意在外面吃午餐是因?yàn)樗胍凶约旱臅r(shí)間。

30. D

【答案解析】第4段提到，Mazoleny喜歡安靜地坐著看手機(jī)，也會(huì)和酒吧老板直呼其名，親切地聊會(huì)天。on a first name basis意為“關(guān)系密切直呼其名”。由此可知，Mazoleny與酒吧老板熟識(shí)。