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      綜合性康復訓練對缺氧缺血性腦病早產兒患者智能及神經系統(tǒng)發(fā)育的影響

      2020-04-05 18:50:20王秀娟葉金丹吳岸敏王麗珍
      中國現(xiàn)代醫(yī)生 2020年4期
      關鍵詞:缺氧缺血性腦病早產兒

      王秀娟 葉金丹 吳岸敏 王麗珍

      [摘要] 目的 探討綜合性康復訓練對缺氧缺血性腦病早產兒患者智能及神經系統(tǒng)發(fā)育的影響。 方法 選取2013年1月~2017年2月該院兒科治療HIE早產兒共150例,根據家長是否積極參與康復鍛煉分為康復組114例與對照組36例。兩組早產兒早期均予吸氧、控制驚厥、降顱壓、控制血壓、血糖和營養(yǎng)神經等基礎治療。對照組早產兒予以育兒指導、病情監(jiān)測、門診復查及父母心理干預等常規(guī)干預??祻徒M早產兒在對照組治療基礎上給予綜合性康復訓練。兩組均干預24個月。觀察兩組早產兒干預前后智能發(fā)育指標及神經元特異性烯醇化酶(NSE)變化,并比較兩組神經系統(tǒng)后遺癥。 結果 干預12個月和24個月后,康復組早產兒適應能力、語言能力、精細運動能力、大運動能力和社交能力等智能發(fā)育評分均明顯高于對照組(P<0.05)。干預24個月后,兩組早產兒血清NSE水平均較干預前顯著下降(P<0.05或P<0.01),且康復組早產兒下降幅度更顯著(P<0.05);且康復組神經系統(tǒng)后遺癥發(fā)生率為5.26%(6/114),明顯低于對照組的19.44%(7/36)(χ2=4.06,P<0.05)。 結論 綜合性康復訓練用于HIE早產兒可減少中樞神經系統(tǒng)損傷,促進智能及神經系統(tǒng)發(fā)育,開發(fā)患兒潛在潛能,降低神經系統(tǒng)后遺癥發(fā)生率,改善預后。

      [關鍵詞] 早產兒;缺氧缺血性腦病;綜合性康復訓練;智能發(fā)育;神經系統(tǒng)發(fā)育

      [中圖分類號] R742? ? ? ? ? [文獻標識碼] B? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-9701(2020)04-0094-04

      Effect of comprehensive rehabilitation training on intelligence and nervous system development in premature infants with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy

      WANG Xiujuan1? ?YE Jindan2? ?WU Anmin1? ?WANG Lizhen1

      1.Department of Pediatric Internal Medicine, Taizhou Hospital of Taizhou Enze Medical Center (Group) in Zhejiang Province, Linhai? ?317000, China; 2.Department of Hematology and Oncology, Taizhou Hospital of Taizhou Enze Medical Center (Group) in Zhejiang Province, Linhai? ?317000, China

      [Abstract] Objective To investigate the effects of comprehensive rehabilitation training on the intelligence and nervous system development of premature infants with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Methods A total of 150 children with HIE premature infants in pediatric department of our hospital from January 2013 to February 2017 were enrolled. According to whether the parents actively participated in rehabilitation exercises,the children were divided into 114 patients in the rehabilitation group and 36 patients in the control group. Both groups of preterm infants were given basic treatment including oxygen therapy, control of convulsions, reduction of intracranial pressure, control of blood pressure and blood sugar, and nutrition for nerves. Premature infants in the control group were given routine interventions such as parenting guidance, condition monitoring, outpatient review, and parental psychological intervention. Premature infants in the rehabilitation group were given comprehensive rehabilitation training based on the treatment of the control group.Both groups were treated for 24 months. The changes of intelligent development index and neuron-specific enolase(NSE) before and after intervention in the premature infants of the two groups were observed, and the sequelae of the nervous system were compared. Results After 12 months and 24 months of intervention, the intelligent development scores of adaptablity, language ability, fine motor ability, large exercise capacity and social ability in the rehabilitation group were significantly higher than those in the control group(P<0.05). After 24 months of intervention, the serum NSE levels of the preterm infants in the two groups were significantly lower than those before the intervention(P<0.05 or P<0.01), and the decrease rate of preterm infants in the rehabilitation group was more significant (P<0.05). And the neurological sequelae occurrence rate in the rehabilitation group was 5.26%(6/114), which was significantly lower than that of the control group (19.44% (7/36)(χ2=4.06, P<0.05). Conclusion Comprehensive rehabilitation training for HIE premature infants can reduce central nervous system damage, promote intelligence and nervous system development, develop potential of children, reduce the incidence of neurological sequelae, and improve prognosis.

      [Key words] Premature infants; Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy; Comprehensive rehabilitation training; Intelligent development; Nervous system development

      缺氧缺血性腦?。╤ypoxic ischemic encephalopathy,HIE)是新生兒,尤其是早產兒常見的危重神經系統(tǒng)疾病之一,主要是由于圍產期窒息與產傷引起,治療后部分患兒會遺留下永久的神經傷殘率和智能障礙,對社會和家庭帶來了沉重的負擔[1,2]。隨著圍生醫(yī)學的迅速發(fā)展,HIE早產兒的存活率明顯上升,但后遺癥的發(fā)生率仍居高不下,因此,在保證成活率的同時降低后遺癥的發(fā)生是臨床迫切需要解決的問題[3,4]。研究已證實2歲前兒童的中樞神經系統(tǒng)發(fā)育較迅速,此時可塑性和代償功能亦最強,此段時間予以積極有效康復鍛煉對其中樞神經系統(tǒng)發(fā)育具有積極作用[5,6]。為此,本研究分析了綜合性康復訓練對HIE早產兒智能及神經系統(tǒng)發(fā)育的影響,現(xiàn)報道如下。

      1 資料與方法

      1.1 一般資料

      選擇2013年1月~2017年2月期間在我科就診HIE早產兒150例。納入標準[7]:(1)符合HIE的診斷標準[8];(2)均胎兒宮內或分娩過程中有窘迫或明顯窒息史,且具有典型表現(xiàn)。排除標準[9]:伴先天性畸形或遺傳代謝性疾病引起的腦損傷。根據家長是否積極參與康復鍛煉情況將150例HIE早產兒分為康復組114例與對照組36例。兩組HIE早產兒在性別、胎齡、體重、Apgar評分和病情等方面均衡可比(P>0.05)。見表1。

      1.2 治療方法

      兩組HIE早產兒早期均予吸氧、控制驚厥、控制顱壓、維持血壓、血糖和營養(yǎng)神經等基礎治療。對照組早產兒給予育兒指導、病情監(jiān)測、定期門診復查及父母心理干預等常規(guī)干預??祻徒M早產兒給予綜合性康復訓練,內容包括:(1)視覺康復訓練:用顏色鮮艷的物品放在患兒眼前20~25 cm處,引逗小兒的注意以訓練視覺功能,15 min/次,3次/d;(2)聽覺康復訓練:重復播放輕音樂、鐘聲、鈴聲等方式訓練患兒聽覺功能,20 min/次,3次/d;(3)觸覺康復訓練:通過被動屈曲患兒四肢、變換患兒姿勢、以奶嘴接觸患兒口唇等方式使患兒作出吸吮、覓食等動作以訓練觸覺功能;(4)運動康復訓練:予以肢體曲伸,誘導患兒伸手、抓握蹬腿、被動伸展肢體等主被動訓練來訓練運動功能。兩組早產兒均干預24個月。

      1.3 觀察指標

      觀察兩組早產兒干預前后智能發(fā)育指標及神經元特異性烯醇化酶(NSE)變化,并比較神經系統(tǒng)后遺癥情況。

      1.3.1 智能發(fā)育評估指標[10]? 采用Gesell量表評估其智能發(fā)育情況,包括精細運動能力、社交能力、適應能力、語言能力和大運動能力等五項,每項100分,分數(shù)越高提示智能發(fā)育越好。

      1.3.2 血清NSE水平測定? 采集靜脈血1~2 mL,低溫離心分離出血清,凍存于-70℃冰箱,采用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附法(試劑盒由美國R&D公司提供)測定血清NSE水平。

      1.3.3 神經系統(tǒng)后遺癥? 包括癲癇、運動障礙、腦癱、智力障礙、共濟失調和語言障礙等。

      1.4 統(tǒng)計學處理

      采用軟件SPSS18.0分析數(shù)據,計量資料用均數(shù)±標準差(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗,計數(shù)資料用[n(%)]表示,采用χ2檢驗,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。

      2 結果

      2.1 兩組早產兒干預后智能發(fā)育情況比較

      干預12個月和24個月后,康復組早產兒的適應能力、語言能力、精細運動能力、大運動能力和社交能力等智能發(fā)育評分明顯高于對照組(P<0.05)。見表2。2.2 兩組早產兒血清NSE水平比較

      兩組早產兒干預前血清NSE水平比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05)。干預24個月后,兩組早產兒血清NSE水平較前顯著下降(P<0.05或P<0.01),且康復組早產兒下降幅度更顯著(P<0.05)。見表3。

      2.3 兩組早產兒神經系統(tǒng)后遺癥比較

      干預24個月,康復組早產兒神經系統(tǒng)后遺癥發(fā)生率為5.26%(6/114),明顯低于對照組的19.44%(7/36)(χ2=4.06,P<0.05)。見表4。

      3 討論

      HIE是新生兒,尤其是早產兒在宮內窒息后發(fā)生常見且較嚴重的神經系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥,小部分患兒雖經積極有效干預治療后仍遺留一些神經系統(tǒng)的后遺癥,是導致兒童神經系統(tǒng)殘疾的常見原因[11,12]。以往對HIE早產兒處理首先考慮的是早期生命的搶救,而對HIE早產兒治療后遺留的神經系統(tǒng)后遺癥往往忽視。隨著醫(yī)學的進步,改善HIE早產兒的預后,減輕或避免神經系統(tǒng)后遺癥日益受臨床關注[13,14]。目前HIE的發(fā)病機制迄今國內外尚未完全研究透徹,近年來研究發(fā)現(xiàn)反映顱內組織細胞病理損傷的早期特異性指標如NSE在HIE發(fā)病中起及其重要作用[15]。NSE是中樞神經系統(tǒng)損傷的特異性敏感指標。當中樞神經系統(tǒng)發(fā)生缺血、缺氧改變時引起中樞神經細胞會發(fā)生變性壞死和髓鞘崩解,破壞了腦部神經細胞膜的完整性,胞漿內的NSE可溢出神經細胞大量進入腦脊液,并通過受損血-腦屏障釋放進入外周血中,引起血清NSE水平異常升高,因此,血清NSE水平可反映中樞神經系統(tǒng)損傷的程度,可作為評估HIE患兒治療效果的指標[16,17]。

      2歲前兒童正處于大腦系統(tǒng)發(fā)育核心期和快速期,具有較高的可塑性,代償性和重組能力較強,此時腦細胞具有特殊功能變更,通過軸突繞道投射、橋接和重組,樹突出現(xiàn)不尋常分叉或發(fā)生非常規(guī)的神經突觸等方式代替臨近受損細胞的功能[18,19],如此期間為患兒予以積極有效的康復鍛煉,可激活神經細胞并提高其興奮性,有利于神經軸突及樹突的形成及加快神經纖維發(fā)生髓鞘化,這不僅有利于受損的腦細胞發(fā)生功能性適應,而且使得周圍神經細胞發(fā)生功能代償,減少或避免中樞神經細胞發(fā)生損傷,有利于神經細胞的修復及再生[20-22]。綜合性康復訓練對HIE早產兒的干預主要通過視覺、聽覺、觸覺和運動等康復訓練進行刺激,通過外周感受器傳導進入中樞神經系統(tǒng),能刺激人體腦細胞發(fā)生修復與再生,有利于受損腦細胞功能發(fā)生代償,從而使腦細胞逐漸恢復并促進其正常發(fā)育,有利于肌肉及肢體運動的協(xié)調性;而良好的肢體運動功能鍛煉又可促進腦細胞的生長發(fā)育,進一步加快受損神經功能的恢復過程,促進智力、運動和語言功能的發(fā)育,減少神經傷殘率,逐漸發(fā)生良性循環(huán),改善預后[23-24]。本研究顯示,干預12個月和24個月后,康復組HIE早產兒的適應能力、語言能力、精細運動能力、大運動能力和社交能力等智能發(fā)育評分明顯高于對照組,提示綜合性康復訓練用于HIE早產兒可促進智能發(fā)育,開發(fā)患兒潛在潛能。同時研究發(fā)現(xiàn)干預24個月后,康復組血清NSE水平下降的幅度較對照組更明顯,且神經系統(tǒng)后遺癥發(fā)生率較對照組更低。提示綜合性康復訓練用于HIE早產兒可減少或避免中樞神經受損,使得神經系統(tǒng)后遺癥發(fā)生率更低。

      總之,綜合性康復訓練用于HIE早產兒可減少中樞神經系統(tǒng)損傷,促進智能及神經系統(tǒng)發(fā)育,開發(fā)患兒潛在潛能,減少神經傷殘率,改善其預后。但本研究納入的樣本量相對較小,研究所得結果和結論還需進一步通過擴大樣本量進行深入研究探討證實。

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      (收稿日期:2019-06-14)

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