淺談如何提高高中生的英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作能力

朱美玲

英語(yǔ)學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)包括語(yǔ)言能力、文化意識(shí)、思維品質(zhì)和學(xué)習(xí)能力。其中，語(yǔ)言能力是指在社會(huì)情境中以聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、讀、看、寫(xiě)等方式理解和表達(dá)意義的能力。通過(guò)文本課程的學(xué)習(xí)，學(xué)生能進(jìn)一步發(fā)展語(yǔ)言意識(shí)和英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)感；掌握英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)并在語(yǔ)境中整合性地運(yùn)用所學(xué)知識(shí)；有效使用口筆頭語(yǔ)傳遞意義和進(jìn)行人際交流（梅德明、王薔2018）。這無(wú)疑突出了英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作或英語(yǔ)書(shū)面表達(dá)在高中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中舉足輕重的地位。然而，由于學(xué)生自身的語(yǔ)言素養(yǎng)不高，語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的積累有限，加之中英文語(yǔ)言體系的差異，導(dǎo)致他們?cè)谶M(jìn)行英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作時(shí)往往無(wú)從下手，心有余而力不足。許多學(xué)生在英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作中通常是根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)思維來(lái)疊加單詞，拼湊句子，根本無(wú)句子結(jié)構(gòu)概念和語(yǔ)法規(guī)則，也談不上語(yǔ)言的美感和上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，遑論內(nèi)容拓展和內(nèi)容升華。

高中英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作教學(xué)是一個(gè)漫長(zhǎng)且任重而道遠(yuǎn)的過(guò)程。怎樣充分利用手頭的教學(xué)資源和現(xiàn)實(shí)的教學(xué)環(huán)境提高學(xué)生的英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作能力，是一個(gè)值得英語(yǔ)教師認(rèn)真思考和深入探索的主題。

一、以讀促寫(xiě)，讀寫(xiě)結(jié)合

無(wú)論是哪個(gè)版本的高中英語(yǔ)教材，都是以閱讀文章為主。例如，正在使用的北師大版高中英語(yǔ)教材（必修）每個(gè)單元有四課，外加Communication Workshop和Culture Corner。前四課中有2—3篇是閱讀文章，且Culture Corner部分是拓展閱讀，也屬于閱讀文章。這些閱讀文章涉及的話題十分廣泛，內(nèi)容也比較新穎。北師大版高中英語(yǔ)教材共有33個(gè)話題，這些話題具有時(shí)代性、科技性、文化性、體育性和藝術(shù)性。涉及的題材都與高中生的現(xiàn)實(shí)生活密切相關(guān)，包括生活習(xí)俗、文化藝術(shù)、自然和環(huán)保、社會(huì)和社會(huì)生活、未來(lái)世界等，內(nèi)容生動(dòng)且有梯度，是很好的寫(xiě)作范本。

此處的“以讀促寫(xiě)，讀寫(xiě)結(jié)合”并不是指把閱讀和寫(xiě)作這兩個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)單純地疊加，而是閱讀中有與之休戚相關(guān)的寫(xiě)作，寫(xiě)作中有與之息息相關(guān)的閱讀，是兩個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)的“水乳交融，相融共生”。教師要做到在閱讀教學(xué)中恰當(dāng)、有效地融入“寫(xiě)”的練習(xí)和鞏固，在寫(xiě)作教學(xué)中充分發(fā)揮“讀”的有效輸入和引領(lǐng)作用，從而最大限度地發(fā)揮閱讀與寫(xiě)作相互促進(jìn)的作用，即相輔相成的作用（徐杰2015）。

具體做法如下：利用教材中閱讀文章的題材、體裁、話題、話題詞匯、話題句型、文章架構(gòu)、寫(xiě)作手法、時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)等傳授給學(xué)生寫(xiě)作文的技能。在很大程度上，不同語(yǔ)言的教與學(xué)有著相通之處。換句話說(shuō)，英語(yǔ)閱讀文章的教學(xué)和語(yǔ)文閱讀文章的教學(xué)有著相似之處，都應(yīng)該注重對(duì)文本的分析，包括宏觀分析——整篇文章的謀篇布局，文章的體裁、題材和寫(xiě)作順序等及微觀分析——每個(gè)段落的展開(kāi)方式、寫(xiě)作手法和表達(dá)技巧等，句子結(jié)構(gòu)、經(jīng)典句型、有用的表達(dá)方式等，時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)和人稱等。閱讀文章中的一些精彩段落、美詞美句值得學(xué)生反復(fù)閱讀和背誦，是很好的仿寫(xiě)素材。在對(duì)閱讀文章進(jìn)行宏觀分析和微觀分析并傳授相關(guān)的寫(xiě)作技巧之后，教師應(yīng)鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生嘗試仿寫(xiě)或者對(duì)課文進(jìn)行編寫(xiě)、續(xù)寫(xiě)，從而開(kāi)拓其寫(xiě)作思路，培養(yǎng)其寫(xiě)作思維，提高其寫(xiě)作水平，以讀促寫(xiě)，讀寫(xiě)結(jié)合。

以北師大版高中《英語(yǔ)》Module 1 Unit 1 Lesson 1 A Perfect Day?為例，教師在閱讀教學(xué)過(guò)程中引導(dǎo)學(xué)生分析、總結(jié)并提煉出下列有效信息：

題材：生活方式（Lifestyles）

體裁：記敘文（Narrative）

話題：不同的生活方式（Different Lifestyles）

話 題 詞 匯：boring，bored，busy，dangerous，active，easy，lazy，exciting，free，interesting，peaceful，relaxing，stressful...

話題句型：

1.My little brother and I usually do our home work after school while my mother is busy doing chores and preparing meals.

2.Of course，he couldn’t be so outstanding without living such a busy and organized lifestyle.

3.The instant he hears his alarm clock goes off，he jumps out of his bed.

4.It usually takes him about half an hour to brush his teeth，wash his face，get dressed up，eat breakfast，set out and get aboard a bus.

5.It happens that he is always the first student to arrive at the classroom and the last one to leave because he is the class monitor.

6.I go through some important documents brought back from the office in order that I can make preparations for the next day’s work.

時(shí)態(tài)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)（Present Simple and Present Continuous）

寫(xiě)作手法：時(shí)間順序?yàn)橹鳎臻g順序?yàn)檩o（Time Sequence supplemented by spatial order）

文章架構(gòu)：When（time）—Where（place）—What（activities）—How（ways）

高級(jí)詞匯：urgent，remote，portable，document，TV series，switch/turn on，switch/turn off，switch/turn over，haven’t got，go off，get changed，take up，be filled with，bring back，complain about...

學(xué)生通過(guò)閱讀獲得上述有效的信息輸入之后，就可以利用課本上的練習(xí)或者結(jié)合實(shí)際生活，以討論結(jié)合寫(xiě)作的方式進(jìn)行輸出。課堂上的輸出部分可直接利用課本資源，即Exercise 10 On Page 9 of Module 1。先讓學(xué)生組成兩人合作小組，討論生活方式，邊討論邊做筆記；然后根據(jù)上述閱讀輸入信息和提示寫(xiě)一篇100詞左右的短文，介紹搭檔的生活方式。課后練習(xí)的輸出部分要求學(xué)生根據(jù)閱讀教學(xué)的輸入內(nèi)容和實(shí)際生活寫(xiě)一篇150詞左右的作文，介紹自己正在就讀的學(xué)?！戏适械谒闹袑W(xué)學(xué)生的生活方式。寫(xiě)作要求如下：

Based on the input during the reading comprehension part，design your perfect day in No.4 senior high school and write a short composition of about 150 words to introduce your lifestyle in No.4 senior high school，using as much Present Simple and Present Continuous as possible.Title：My Perfect Day in Hefei No.4 Middle School.

下面是課堂輸出環(huán)節(jié)某位學(xué)生的習(xí)作：

My partner Jim，who has too many rules in his house lives a busy and organized lifestyle.He has to get up at six o’clock every morning while most of his friends are still sleeping.The instant the alarm clock goes off，he jumps out of his bed.It usually takes him about half an hour to brush his teeth，wash his face，get dressed up，eat breakfast，set out and get aboard a bus.It happens that he is always the first student to arrive at the classroom and the last one to leave because he is the class monitor.He can’t meet his friends after school because he has got to walk his dog and do some chores so that he can earn some pocket money.Neither can he listen to music nor can he watch TV on school nights.And he has to be in bed by 10：00 o’clock so that he can have enough sleep.On weekends，he has got to do some washing and cleaning.Besides，he has to go to the Children’s Palace to learn the guitar.Of course，he couldn’t be so outstanding without this busy and organized lifestyle.

二、課文縮寫(xiě)和句子擴(kuò)寫(xiě)

課文縮寫(xiě)不是把單詞縮寫(xiě)或把句子縮短，而是指在不改變?cè)囊馑嫉那疤嵯?，把比較長(zhǎng)的課文縮寫(xiě)成比較短的文章，保留精髓部分，并進(jìn)行適當(dāng)拓展。通常情況下，縮寫(xiě)后的文章在150詞左右，接近于一篇作文的詞數(shù)。

句子擴(kuò)寫(xiě)是指把簡(jiǎn)單句擴(kuò)展成復(fù)雜句，并運(yùn)用相關(guān)的高級(jí)單詞、高級(jí)短語(yǔ)和高級(jí)句型，同時(shí)盡量做到句型的豐富多樣性，避免單一句型的重復(fù)性。

學(xué)生在對(duì)課文進(jìn)行縮寫(xiě)的同時(shí)，兼顧句子擴(kuò)寫(xiě)，盡量做到縮寫(xiě)后文章短、句子長(zhǎng)，句子結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜且句型多樣化，如倒裝句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句、省略句、主從復(fù)合句及非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、介詞短語(yǔ)等。

英語(yǔ)教師應(yīng)成為教學(xué)的研究者。通過(guò)開(kāi)展課堂教學(xué)研究，教師能對(duì)教育理論的體驗(yàn)和了解進(jìn)一步深化，對(duì)教育實(shí)踐的改進(jìn)和提高更加有效，對(duì)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)有更大的促進(jìn)和幫助，同時(shí)能使自身專業(yè)發(fā)展的能力不斷地、可持續(xù)地發(fā)展和提高（王薔、張虹2014）。因此，英語(yǔ)教師可以教材中的閱讀課文作為研究對(duì)象，對(duì)其進(jìn)行縮寫(xiě)、改寫(xiě)、句子擴(kuò)充和拓展。以北師大版高中《英語(yǔ)》Module 1 Unit 1 Lesson 1 A Perfect Day?為例，原文由兩篇短文組成，分別是A Couch Potato和A Workaholic，講述了兩種截然不同的生活方式——A Couch Potato的生活方式和A Workaholic的生活方式。除標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)外，共496個(gè)單詞。教師可以引導(dǎo)學(xué)生把兩篇短文縮寫(xiě)成兩段，保留重點(diǎn)和精華，對(duì)保留下來(lái)的原文句子進(jìn)行擴(kuò)充，改寫(xiě)并適當(dāng)拓展升華。

例如：第一篇文章A Couch Potato中，如下內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)要概括了Brian Blakey早上醒來(lái)后所做的事情：When I awake from sleep，I don’t get out of bed at once.I switch the television on and watch the programs meant for kids and movies dating back to long ago until about half-past eleven.After that I get out of bed，walk downstairs and switch the TV in the sitting room on.

教師可以引導(dǎo)學(xué)生把它改寫(xiě)并擴(kuò)充成：In the morning，instead of/rather than getting up right away，Brian switch the television on to watch the programs meant for kids and movies dating back to long ago until about half-past eleven，after which he goes downstairs and switches on the TV in the sitting room.

改寫(xiě)并擴(kuò)充后的句子含有介詞短語(yǔ)instead of，高級(jí)短語(yǔ)rather than及高級(jí)句型——定語(yǔ)從句。

第一篇文章A Couch Potato中，如下內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)要概括了Brian Blakey中午所做的事情：For lunch，I eat some biscuits and drink a glass of milk.After that I go on to watch the news.

教師可以引導(dǎo)學(xué)生把它改寫(xiě)并擴(kuò)充成：At noon，what he would like to eat and drink are biscuits and a glass of milk in order that he can save more time for watching the news.

改寫(xiě)并擴(kuò)充后的句子含有高級(jí)句型——主語(yǔ)從句和目的狀語(yǔ)從句。

第一篇文章A Couch Potato中，如下內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)要概括了Brian Blakey晚上在家中所做的事情：After supper，I like to watch TV series，sports and the news，especially the main news at seven o’clock，the prime time.At eight o’clock，as long as there is a good programme on BBC 1，I switch over and never miss it.Then after nine o’clock，I enjoy more movies and I usually switch the TV off at about three o’clock.I never watch TV throughout the night.

教師可以引導(dǎo)學(xué)生把它改寫(xiě)并擴(kuò)充成：In the evenings，it’s（a）common practice that he watches TV series，sports or the news.It is not until about 3：00 that he switches off the TV.

改寫(xiě)并擴(kuò)充后的句子含有高級(jí)句型——主語(yǔ)從句，it作形式主語(yǔ)和強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。

第二篇文章A Workaholic中，如下內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)要概括了Bob Black早上醒來(lái)后所做的事情：I normally awake from sleep approximately ten minutes before my alarm clock goes off.The instant I hear my alarm clock ringing，I jump out of my bed.It takes me less than twenty minutes to wash my face，brush my teeth，get dressed up，eat breakfast，set out and get aboard a bus.

教師可以引導(dǎo)學(xué)生把它改寫(xiě)并擴(kuò)充成：Bob Black，who always gets up early，usually awake from sleep approximately ten minutes before his alarm clock goes off.It usually takes him less than twenty minutes to wash his face，brush his teeth，get dressed up，eat breakfast，set out and get aboard a bus.

改寫(xiě)并擴(kuò)充后的句子含有高級(jí)句型——定語(yǔ)從句。

第二篇文章A Workaholic中，如下內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)要概括了Bob Black上班時(shí)在辦公室里所忙碌的事情：It happens that I’m always the first person to arrive at the office.The mornings at the office are usually very busy and the afternoons are a lot more busier!Most of the day time is taken up by important meetings as well as phone calls.Nearly every minute of the day is full of urgent matters that require coping with immediately.At about eight o’clock，I usually manage to spare some time to deal with my own paperwork and reply to some private e-mails.

教師可以引導(dǎo)學(xué)生把它改寫(xiě)并擴(kuò)充成：Being busy and having too much work to do，he is always the first person to get to the office and the last one to leave.So busy is he that nearly every minute of the day is full of urgent matters that require coping with immediately.It’s not until eight o’clock that he manages to spare some time to deal with his personal paperwork and reply to some private e-mails.（Only at about eight o’clock can he manage to spare some time to deal with his personal paperwork and reply to some private e-mails.）

改寫(xiě)并擴(kuò)充后的句子含有非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作原因狀語(yǔ)及高級(jí)句型——倒裝句和強(qiáng)調(diào)句。

第二篇文章A Workaholic中，如下內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)要概括了Bob Black下班后回到家中所從事的事情：After I go back home from work at about ten，I make it a rule to go through some important documents brought back from the office in order that I can make preparations for the next day’s work.

教師可以引導(dǎo)學(xué)生把它改寫(xiě)并擴(kuò)充成：When going back home from work，he makes it a rule to go through some important documents brought back from the office in order that he can make preparations for the next day’s work.

改寫(xiě)并擴(kuò)充后的句子含有非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和后置定語(yǔ)，高級(jí)句型——定語(yǔ)從句和目的狀語(yǔ)從句和it作形式賓語(yǔ)，不定式作真正的賓語(yǔ)。

第二篇文章A Workaholic中，如下內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)要表達(dá)了Bob Black的家人對(duì)他的抱怨與不滿及Bob Black自己的想法：I hardly have free time for fun and other activities with my family members.My wife and children are not satisfied with it and complain a lot about it to me.But I just want to work hard and make more money for them so that they can live a better life.In addition，I become fed up if there’s nothing to do.I am used to being busy.

教師可以引導(dǎo)學(xué)生把它改寫(xiě)并擴(kuò)充成：Seldom does he have time for fun as well as other activities，which his wife and children are not content with and complain a lot about.But what he wants is to work hard and earn more money so that his family can lead a better life.In addition，he likes being busy and has already been accustomed to it，otherwise，he would become fed up.

改寫(xiě)并擴(kuò)充后的句子含有高級(jí)短語(yǔ)be content with，be accustomed to和高級(jí)句型——倒裝句、定語(yǔ)從句和隱含的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。

此外，又拓展了一句作為結(jié)尾：Were he not so occupied with/engaged in his work，he would have more leisure time to keep his family company.

拓展的句子是一個(gè)省略倒裝的虛擬語(yǔ)氣句子，且含有高級(jí)單詞leisure和高級(jí)短語(yǔ)be occupied with/engaged in，keep sb.company。把改寫(xiě)、擴(kuò)充和拓展后的句子連句成篇，如下：

In the morning，instead of/rather than getting up right away，Brian switch the television on to watch the programs meant for kids and movies dating back to long ago until about half-past eleven，after which he goes downstairs and switches on the TV in the sitting room.At noon，what he would like to eat and drink are biscuits and a glass of milk in order that he can save more time for watching the news.In the evenings，it’s（a）common practice that he watches TV series，sports or the news.It is not until about 3：00 that he switches off the TV.

Bob Black，who always gets up early，usually awake from sleep approximately ten minutes before his alarm clock goes off.It usually takes him less than twenty minutes to wash his face，brush his teeth，get dressed up，eat breakfast，set out and get aboard a bus.Being busy and having too much work to do，he is always the first person to get to the office and the last one to leave.So busy is he that nearly every minute of the day is full of urgent matters that require coping with immediately.It’s not until eight o’clock that he manages to spare some time to deal with his personal paperwork and reply to some private e-mails.（Only at about eight o’clock can he manage to spare some time to deal with his personal paperwork and reply to some private e-mails.）When going back home from work，he makes it a rule to go through some important documents brought back from the office in order that he can make preparations for the next day’s work.Seldom does he have time for fun as well as other activities，which his wife and children are not content with and complain a lot about.But what he wants is to work hard and earn more money so that his family can lead a better life.In addition，he likes being busy and has already been accustomed to it，otherwise，he would get fed up.Were he not so occupied with/engaged in his work，he would have more leisure time to keep his family company.

這樣的課文縮寫(xiě)既簡(jiǎn)明扼要、句型豐富多樣、高級(jí)句型層出不窮，又不乏高級(jí)詞匯，且語(yǔ)言充滿美感。學(xué)生多讀、多背這樣的課文，多練習(xí)改寫(xiě)、擴(kuò)充，甚至仿寫(xiě)，久而久之，寫(xiě)作能力一定會(huì)得到提高。

結(jié)語(yǔ)

總之，語(yǔ)言的學(xué)習(xí)是一個(gè)日積月累的漫長(zhǎng)過(guò)程，寫(xiě)作能力的培養(yǎng)和提高也絕非一日之功。在高中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中，教師要高度重視語(yǔ)言的載體——教材，要對(duì)教材里的閱讀課文物盡其用，用以讀促寫(xiě)、讀寫(xiě)結(jié)合的方法，并輔助課文縮寫(xiě)和句子擴(kuò)寫(xiě)的訓(xùn)練，培養(yǎng)和提高學(xué)生的英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作能力。只有堅(jiān)持不懈，持之以恒，隨著時(shí)間的推移，學(xué)生的英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作能力才能大大提高。