扎里亞季耶公園，莫斯科，俄羅斯

（尚晉 譯）

1 克里姆林宮、紅場和圣瓦西里大教堂鳥瞰/Aerial view of the Kremlin, Red Square, and St. Basil's Cathedral（攝影/Photo: Iwan Baan, 供圖/Courtesy of Diller Scofidio + Renfro）

地處中心位置的扎里亞季耶公園與圣瓦西里大教堂、紅場和克里姆林宮只有幾步之遙。這個歷史悠久的地段滿載著俄羅斯集體主義的過去與不斷發(fā)展的追求。作為一個折射歷史的萬花筒，這個約14.16hm2的地段從19世紀起就是一個猶太居民的飛地，后來又成為一棟斯大林式摩天樓夭折的搖籃，以及俄羅斯大酒店的所在地——直到2007年拆除之前它都是歐洲最大的酒店。在隨后的5年中，這個占市中心1/4的莫斯科房地產核心地段一直被圍起，等待諾曼·福斯特對其商業(yè)中心的用途進行拓展規(guī)劃。2012年，莫斯科市與總建筑師謝爾蓋·庫茲涅佐夫組織了一場設計競賽，將這處歷史上的私有商業(yè)地段改造成公共公園。由Diller Scofidio + Renfro建筑事務所領銜，與哈格里夫斯事務所和Citymakers組成的國際設計聯合體從代表27個國家的90個方案中脫穎而出。

作為近50年來莫斯科建造的首個大型公園，扎里亞季耶創(chuàng)造了一個難以歸類的公共空間。它既是公園和城市廣場，也是社交空間、文化設施和休閑樞紐。為了達到這種多重性，自然景觀被覆在人造環(huán)境之上，形成了一系列基本的對立關系：自然與人工、城市與鄉(xiāng)村、室內與室外。天然與人造景觀的交織創(chuàng)造出一種“野趣橫生的城市主義”，以一種新的手法與致敬莫斯科歷史上規(guī)整對稱的公園空間相反相成。基泰-戈羅多歷史地區(qū)的獨特要素和紅場的卵石鋪地與克里姆林宮蔥郁的花園結合在一起，創(chuàng)造出一座兼有都市和綠色特征的新公園。特制的石鋪裝體系使人工與自然景觀融為一體——形成了一種融合，而不是界限——吸引著來客暢游其間。扎里亞季耶公園正是舉世聞名的歷史古跡與構成莫斯科中心的城區(qū)之間所缺的連接點。

徜徉于公園的各個角落之間，游人會遇到再現和贊美俄羅斯四大多樣化地域景觀的臺地：凍原、大草原、林地和濕地。這些特色區(qū)組織在東北高西南低的臺地中，依次疊置，形成14,000m2獨具匠心的圍合空間，并與景觀融為一體：自然與建筑合二為一。游人可以在出挑70m的地方欣賞河濱美景，將莫斯科河、媒體中心、自然中心、餐廳、市場、兩座圓形劇場和愛樂音樂廳盡收眼底。

這種剖面上的疊置也形成了更好的微氣候，其目的是延長相對較短的公園開放季。其被動式氣候控制策略包括調節(jié)公園中一座景觀山的地形以及圓形劇場的玻璃殼，以便利用暖空氣的自然浮力。這樣一來，風力被降到最小，植物也更綠更持久，而氣溫會在游客下坡的過程中逐漸升高。暖空氣會保留到更寒冷的幾個月，而在夏季，機動式玻璃板會開啟，通過屋頂排出熱風。這些自然地區(qū)提供了集會、放松和賞景的場所，并與表演空間和圍合式文化場館相協調。在這些匠心獨運的場所之外，一系列賞景點提供了重新發(fā)現城市景觀的景框。每個游客的感受都是專門為他們、也是由他們創(chuàng)造出來的?！?/p>

（尚晉 譯）

Centrally located steps from St. Basil's Cathedral, Red Square and the Kremlin, Zaryadye Park sits on a historically charged site saturated by Russia's collective past and evolving aspirations. As a historic palimpsest, the 35-acre site has been populated by a Jewish enclave in the 1800's, the foundations of a cancelled Stalinist skyscraper, and the Hotel Rossiya-the largest hotel in Europe until its demolition in 2007. For five years, this central piece of Moscow real estate-encompassing a quarter of downtown Moscow-remained fenced as plans to extend its use as a commercial centre by Norman Foster were underway. In 2012, the City of Moscow and Chief Architect Sergey Kuznetsov organised a design competition to transform this historically privatised, commercial territory into a public park. An international design consortium led by Diller Scofidio + Renfro with Hargreaves Associates and Citymakers was selected out of ninety submissions representing 27 different countries.

As the first large scale park to be built in Moscow in the last fifty years, Zaryadye provides a public space that resists easy categorisation. It is at once park, urban plaza, social space, cultural amenity, and recreational armature. To achieve this simultaneity, natural landscapes are overlaid on top of constructed environments, creating a series of elemental face-offs between the natural and the artificial, urban and rural, interior and exterior. The intertwining of landscape and hardscape creates a "Wild Urbanism", introducing a new offering to compliment Moscow's historically formal, symmetrical park spaces. Characteristic elements of the historic district of Kitay-Gorod and the cobblestone paving of Red Square are combined with the lush gardens of the Kremlin to create a new park that is both urban and green. A traditional stone paving system knits hardscape and landscape together-generating a blend rather than a borderencouraging visitors to meander freely. Zaryadye Park is the missing link that completes the collection of world-famous monuments and urban districts forming central Moscow.

2 俯瞰莫斯科河對岸歷史悠久的奧西波夫公寓樓/Moscow River overlook view towards the historic Osipov tenement building (now the Balchug Kempinsky Moscow hotel)（攝影/ Photo: Iwan Baan, 供圖/Courtesy of Diller Scofidio + Renfro）

3 總平面/Site plan

4 場地剖面/Site section

5 場地東西向剖面/Site section: East-West

Traversing between each corner of the park, visitors encounter terraces that recreate and celebrate four diverse, regional landscapes found in Russia: tundra, steppe, forest and wetland. These zones are organised in terraces that descend from northeast to southwest, with each layering over the next to create a total of 14,000 square metres of enclosed, programmed spaces integrated into the landscape: nature and architecture act as one. Visitors can enjoy a river overlook cantilevering 70 metres over Moscow River, media centre, nature centre, restaurant, market, two amphitheatres and a philharmonic concert hall.

The sectional overlay also facilitates augmented microclimates that seek to extend the typically short park season. These passive climate-control strategies included calibrating the typography of one of the park's landscaped hills and the amphitheatre's glass crust to leverage the natural buoyancy of warm air. As a result, wind is minimised, plants stay greener longer, and the temperature rises gradually as visitors ascend the slope. Warmer air is retained during the colder months, while in the summer, motorised glass panels open to expel heat through the roof. These natural zones provide places of gathering, repose and observation, in concert with performance spaces and enclosed cultural pavilions. In addition to these programmed destinations, a series of vista points provide a frame for the cityscape to rediscover it anew. Each visitor's experience is customised for them and by them.□

6 歷史教堂鳥瞰/Aerial view of historic churches

7 莫斯科河遠景與河堤/Moscow River overlook & embankment

8 圓形劇場的露天座位與框架/Open air seating with framed views（攝影/Photo: Iwan Baan, 供圖/Courtesy of Diller Scofidio + Renfro）

項目信息/Credits and Data

客戶兼競賽組織者/Client, Competition Organiser: 莫斯科市首席建筑師謝爾蓋·庫茲涅佐夫/City of Moscow, Chief Architect Sergey Kuznetsov

團隊負責人兼概念總體規(guī)劃設計師/Consortium Lead, Concept Masterplan Designer: Diller Scofidio + Renfro (USA)

團隊/Team: Charles Renfro（合伙人/Partner）, David Chacon（項目總監(jiān)/Project Director）, Brian Tabolt（首席設計師/Lead Designer）, Ayat Fadaifard, Seongbeom Mo, Dino Kiratzidis, Gabriel Bollag, James Murray, Zoe Small, Trevor Lamphier, Mike Robitz, Lindsay Harkema, Jose Tijerina, Kelsey Olafson

景觀和總體規(guī)劃設計師/Landscape and Masterplan Designer: Hargreaves Associates （美國/USA）

當地合作伙伴，城市設計師/Local Partner, Urban Designer: Citymakers（俄羅斯/Russia）

氣候工程和能源顧問/Climate Engineering and Energy Consultant: Transsolar（德國/Germany）

工程顧問/Engineering Consultant: Buro Happold（英國/United Kingdom）

公園管理/Park Management: Central Park Conservancy（美國/USA）

成本顧問/Cost Consultant: Directional Logic（美國/USA）照明設計/Lighting: ARUP（美國/USA）

本地植物專家/Native Planting Expert: Arteza（俄羅斯/Russia）

建筑師和工程師/Architect and Engineer: MAHPI（俄羅斯/Russia）

承包商/Contractor: Mosinzhproekt（俄羅斯/Russia）

場地面積/Site Area: 14公頃/14hm2

展館/附表分類/Pavilions/Enclosed Program Breakdown: 7000m2(媒體中心/Media Centre）, 3000m2（自然中心和冰洞/Nature Centre and Ice Cave）, 2000m2（餐廳/Restaurant）, 2000 m2（市場/Market）

狀態(tài)/Status: 2013年贏得競賽，2017年秋季開業(yè)/Competition Selection 2013, Opened Fall 2017

評論

李存東：這是一個富有標志性的公園，它的標志性不僅體現在跨越街道懸挑在莫斯科河上的觀景天橋，以及公園中的各種建筑物、水面和植物，更重要的是，所有人的活動場所都將景觀設施和自然環(huán)境有機地融合在一起，使人在其中能夠享受輕松自在的生活，感受獨特的城市環(huán)境魅力。個性鮮明的景觀臺地結合微氣候調節(jié)，增添了公園的現代性和舒適度，使得古老的城市中心煥發(fā)出新的生機。

藍冰可：不同于以往所見的俄羅斯公園，位于莫斯科市中心的扎里亞季耶公園巧妙地將都市與自然環(huán)境融為一體。這座公園具有著徹底的開放性，設計師并未采用嚴肅拘謹的軸線式設計，而是讓曲線型的步道從各個方位蜿蜒展開，相互交織，由此而生的空間體驗自由而靈活。這個公共空間為城市提供了社交互動的平臺，同時也展現了地域文化特色。懸挑距離長達70m的觀景臺向著莫斯科河延伸展望，為公園設計增添了一抹頗具未來感的元素，開拓了公園來訪者的視野，也讓公共公園的休閑娛樂性上升到新的高度。

Comments

LI Cundong: The Zaryadye Park is an iconic park, not only because of its overhung skywalk looking over Moscow River and the surrounding streets, but also for the diverse buildings, watercourses and vegetation in the park. Most importantly, the design of this project has blended people's activity spaces, landscape infrastructures and the natural environment all together. Visitors are able to enjoy the relaxing lifestyle and appreciate the unique urban surroundings. The viewing platform, in particular, facilitates augmented microclimates to enhance the park's modernity and comfortability. This project has revived the activeness of the ancient city centre. (Translated by Jue Chen)

Binke Lenhardt: Zaryadye Park in the centre of Moscow is different from common Russian parks, linking naturally the urban with the nature, it is entirely open to all sites of the city, with no formal axis, but consists of multidirectional pathways and gathering points, punctured with diversified structures. It is a civic park and public plaza with the objective of social interaction and cultural awareness, all at the same time. The overlook cantilevering 70m over Moscow river gives a final, uplifting and futuristic touch that widens the common public park experience and reflects its recreational role in the modern city life.

9 圓形劇場玻璃天棚及人工山/Glass canopy and artifical hill of Amphitheatre（攝影/Photo: Philippe Ruault, 供圖/Courtesy of Diller Scofidio + Renfro）

10 自然中心花卉園/Florarium in Nature centre（攝影/Photo: Iwan Baan, 供圖/Courtesy of Diller Scofidio + Renfro）