赫爾辛基頌歌中央圖書館，赫爾辛基，芬蘭

（劉佳澳 譯）

1 全景/Overall view

概念介紹

以赫爾辛基頌歌中央圖書館為代表，圖書館迎來了新的時代。這座位于赫爾辛基市中心的全新建筑包含了幾乎所有的公共空間類型，并為市民提供各式各樣的公共服務(wù)。開放一年以來，它已成為城市公共圖書館網(wǎng)絡(luò)中令人印象深刻的新中心點。

圖書館的設(shè)計將功能主要劃分為3個特質(zhì)分明的區(qū)域：熱鬧活潑的首層、安靜休閑的頂層和位于兩層之間的為特定功能服務(wù)的補充層。設(shè)計將這種概念具象化為一個巨大的拱形結(jié)構(gòu)，邀請人們來充分地使用拱形上下不同的空間，而由此產(chǎn)生的建筑結(jié)果成為了赫爾辛基和蝶略湖街區(qū)的城市生活中一個更為豐富的補充。

議會大廈街對面的市民廣場一直延續(xù)到圖書館的拱形結(jié)構(gòu)之下，這個靈活的公共空間適合舉辦各種類型的公共活動。首層的電影院和多功能廳既可以作為開放式大堂空間的一部分來使用，也可以各自分開以滿足特定活動的需要。步行穿過一樓，可以快速地了解整個建筑的功能服務(wù)分區(qū)。在這層，雕塑般的木質(zhì)表面從地面隆起，呈現(xiàn)出戲劇般的橋梁結(jié)構(gòu)，這種創(chuàng)新的結(jié)構(gòu)解決方案創(chuàng)造出了一個大體量的無柱空間，也最大程度地提高了建筑的可達性與辨識度。

位于頂層的“圖書天堂”是一個巨大的開放式景觀，頂部由如云朵般起伏的白色天花板裝飾。在這里，由最新技術(shù)提供的可能性塑造出了現(xiàn)代圖書館的最佳特征——邀請使用者進行閱讀、學(xué)習(xí)、思考和享受自我的寧靜平和氛圍。在這一層，人們也可以欣賞到360°無死角的城市景觀。

中間層如“閣樓”一般，是位于橋梁桁架結(jié)構(gòu)之間的空間，由靈活不規(guī)則形狀的各功能房間與空間組成。封閉的空間形式旨在同時滿足嘈雜與安靜的活動需求。

通過直接開放向周邊城市空間同時消解室內(nèi)外區(qū)域的邊界，建筑與整個蝶略湖區(qū)域相融合。大型門廳和由落地玻璃幕墻圍合的多功能廳就如同室外公共空間在室內(nèi)的延續(xù)。

拱形的木制體量在室外廣場上空形成了一個巨大的遮蔽，營造出了一個大型的建筑灰空間，同時將建筑內(nèi)部的功能延續(xù)到室外，如餐廳、咖啡店等。橋梁結(jié)構(gòu)上方大型的公共露臺使得圖書館使用者可以利用的戶外公共空間增加一倍，也為人們聚會及鳥瞰觀察城市生活提供了一個便利的場所。

建筑主要有3個公共入口：一個位于南面，主要服務(wù)于來自中央火車站的人流；一個位于市民廣場旁邊，在建筑物的西面；還有一個位于建筑的東北角，主要服務(wù)于電影院的使用者。

維護和圖書館的運輸?shù)群笄诠δ芏嘉挥趫D書館的地下空間，在地上大眾可到達的空間中盡量少的布置管理和儲存空間，目的是為了最大化地將公共空間提供給圖書館使用者。圖書館的主要行政管理功能則保留在位于附近帕西拉街區(qū)的主圖書館中。

圖書館的運作在芬蘭是有相關(guān)的法律規(guī)定與規(guī)范的，基本的圖書館服務(wù)都應(yīng)該是免費的。這座新圖書館站在了城市圖書館服務(wù)更新的最前沿，除了核心業(yè)務(wù)外，圖書館還提供其他更為廣泛的服務(wù)，例如赫爾辛基信息中心、歐盟相關(guān)信息中心、國家視聽研究所的電影院等。新的圖書館每天都向公眾開放，它成為了赫爾辛基大都市圈里最大的公共圖書館，同時也成為了大都市圈最受歡迎的公共活動空間。該圖書館每天都吸引9000名訪客，總計吸引300萬訪客。

圖書館為蝶略湖街區(qū)創(chuàng)造出一個更加活躍和多樣化的城市新環(huán)境。它為所有年齡段的人提供活動與體驗，有足夠的空間讓人們可以聚集在一起共度時光而無需消費。圖書館使用者所扮演的角色從被動的媒體使用者轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榉e極的參與者及內(nèi)容制造者。作為一個非商業(yè)性的開放式公共空間，新的中央圖書館充當了赫爾辛基居民的公共客廳、工作室與書房。

技術(shù)特點

頌歌圖書館3層公共空間的概念通過一個橫跨地面公共空間的超過100m的不對稱橋梁結(jié)構(gòu)來實現(xiàn)。鋼桁架和鋼梁組成的橋梁結(jié)構(gòu)由兩個巨大的鋼制拱型結(jié)構(gòu)支撐，這兩個支撐同時又被鋼筋混凝土樓板緊密地連結(jié)在一起。這種創(chuàng)新的結(jié)構(gòu)解決方案既可以構(gòu)建靈活的無柱內(nèi)部空間，也為未來在現(xiàn)場下方建造隧道公路提供了便利。第二級鋼桁架從拱形結(jié)構(gòu)出發(fā)支撐懸臂式陽臺和屋頂遮篷，形成獨特的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計，以適應(yīng)圖書館和公共區(qū)域的永久和臨時功能。

頌歌圖書館使用在地材料建造，并考慮到當?shù)氐臍夂驐l件，其中木質(zhì)立面貼材采用預(yù)制元素制成——33mm厚的芬蘭高品質(zhì)云杉。為達到復(fù)雜的曲面幾何形狀所需的精度，構(gòu)件使用算法輔助參數(shù)化3D設(shè)計方法進行設(shè)計和制造。隨著時間的變化，立面的顏色將朝著更深沉更豐富的原木色彩演變。

對幕墻性能的詳細分析為環(huán)境解決方案提供了幫助，并使建筑能夠最大限度地減少對機械環(huán)境控制系統(tǒng)的需求，這也使得高度靈活的建筑解決方案成為了可能。在公共區(qū)域，玻璃幕墻的使用為室內(nèi)空間提供了更多的日光，減少了人造光的使用，從而提高了室內(nèi)空間的使用質(zhì)量。

精心規(guī)劃的建筑功能布局和優(yōu)化使空間布局具有靈活性。該建筑的所有公共樓層都可在150年的建筑使用壽命中進行功能更新與更改。

同時，圖書館非常節(jié)能，是近乎零能耗（nZEB）的建筑。這主要得益于建筑設(shè)備的能效。材料能效則主要得益于外表皮使用的木材。建筑信息模型被用于建筑與工程設(shè)計，以及檢查設(shè)計兼容性，也被用于維護?！?/p>

2 西側(cè)入口/West entrance

（劉佳澳 譯）

3 面向市民廣場旁邊的西側(cè)入口/West entrance of the building is next to the Kansalaistori Square

Architectural concept

Oodi represents a new era of libraries. The newly completed building at the heart of Helsinki consists almost entirely of public space and offers a wide selection of services. Having been open for a year, Oodi has already become the new central point for the city's impressive public library network.

The design divides the functions of the library into three distinct levels: an active ground floor, a peaceful upper floor, and an enclosed in-between volume containing the more specific functions. This concept has been developed into an arching form that invites people to utilise the spaces and services underneath, inside and on top of it. The resulting building is an inspiring and highly functional addition to the urban life of Helsinki and the T??l?nlahti area.

The Kansalaistori square ("Citizens' Square") across the street from the Parliament House seamlessly continues inside the ground floor level of the library building. The flexible spaces are suitable for both small events and large happenings. The movie theatre and the multipurpose hall can be used as continuation of the open lobby space or separated off to cater for specific events. Walking through the ground floor offers a quick glimpse at the services available in the building. The sculptural wooden surface arches over the ground floor areas as a dramatic bridge-like structure. This innovative structural solution has enabled the creation of a column free public space to maximise the accessibility and visibility of the programme.

The "Book Heaven" on the top floor, is a vast open landscape topped with an undulating cloud like white ceiling. Here the best features of the modernist library meet the possibilities provided by up-to-date technologies. A calm, serene atmosphere invites visitors to read, learn, think, and relax. From this level visitors can enjoy an unobstructed 360-degree panorama view of the city centre.

The middle floor, the "Attic", consists of flexible irregularly shaped rooms, nooks and corners inhabiting the spaces between the trusses of the bridge structure. The enclosed spaces are designed to accommodate both noisy and quiet activities. The stepped seating in the open central area of this floor is the result of the form of the cantilevering, twisting west fa?ade.

By opening directly to the surrounding cityscape and by dissolving the border between indoor and outdoor areas, the building engages directly with the T??l?nlahti area. The large foyer and the glass-walled multi-purpose hall on ground level act as indoor extensions of the outdoor spaces.

The arching wooden volume creates an entrance canopy over the Kansalaistori square forming a covered outdoor space that expands the building's functions such as the ground level restaurant to the square. The large public terrace on top of the canopy doubles the amount of public outdoor space available for library visitors and creates a new destination where people can meet and observe the city below.

There are three public entrances in the building: one in the south for the main pedestrian flow from the direction of the Central Railway Station, one next to the Kansalaistori square to the west of the building shielded by the overhanging canopy, as well as one for the visitors to the movie theatre at the northeastern corner.

The spaces for maintenance and library logistics are located at basement level. The administration and storage spaces are kept to the minimum on the publicly accessed levels to maximise the open and accessible nature of the library. The administrative and storage functions of Helsinki Public Library remain at the main library in the nearby Pasila district.

Library operations are statutory in Finland. Basic library services are free of charge and freely available to everyone. The new library is at the forefront of the renewal of the city's library services. In addition to the core operations, there is a wide range of services available inside the building alongside an abundance of lounge spaces and auxiliary services that support the operations such as Helsinki Info - the City of Helsinki's information centre; Europa Experience - the centre for EU related information; and Kino Regina - the National Audiovisual Institute's movie theatre. In terms of services offered, the new library, a public space open seven days a week, is the largest public library in the Helsinki metropolitan area, and has also become the metropolitan area's most popular spot for returns and reservations. The library has attract 9000 visitors per day and 3 million visitors total.

The library has enlivened and diversified the new urban environment created in the T??l?nlahti area. It offers activities and experiences for people of all ages. There are plenty of spaces that enable people to gather and spend time together, free of charge. The role of the library's clients has evolved from passive media users to active agents, participants and content producers. As a noncommercial open public space, the new Central Library acts as Helsinki residents' common living room, work space and learning environment.

Technical details

Oodi's spatial concept based on three individual public floors is executed by building the library as an inhabited, asymmetrical bridge spanning over 100 metres over the open ground floor. The bridge structure consisting of steel trusses and beams is supported by two massive steel arches, tensioned together with a reinforced concrete tension slab. The innovative structural solution has enabled both the construction of the flexible column-free interior spaces and the possibility for the construction of a future road tunnel under the site. Secondary steel trusses support the cantilevering balcony and roof canopy asymmetrically from the arch structure, forming a unique structural design to accommodate both permanent and temporary functions for both the library and the public realm.

4 外景/Exterior view

5 鳥瞰/Aerial view

6 分解軸測/Exploded axonometric drawing

Oodi has been built using local materials and with local climate conditions in mind. The wooden fa?ade is made from pre-fabricated elements. 33-millimetre-thick Finnish spruce of high quality has been used for the cladding. A specific grading and quality control system was developed for the timber, the sawing and the treatment of the slats. The complex curved geometry was designed and manufactured using algorithm-aided parametric 3D design methods in order to achieve the required precision. The appearance of the fa?ade will develop over the years towards a deeper, richer version of its initial hue.

The design of the building envelope is intrinsic to the passive energy approach adopted by the project team. Detailed analysis of the fa?ade performance has informed the environmental solutions and has allowed the team to minimise the requirement for mechanical environmental control systems, which facilitates the highly flexible architectural solution. The glass fa?ades allow for large amounts of functional daylight in the public areas, reducing the use of artificial light and enhancing the quality of the interior spaces as a multifunctional citizen's forum.

The carefully planned placement and optimisation of building services has enabled the flexibility of the spatial arrangements. All public levels of the building are equipped with access floors to allow for changes in use during the estimated 150-year life span of the building.

The library building is extremely energy efficient. Its energy consumption level is that of a nearly Zero Energy Building (nZEB). This is mostly due to the efficiency of the building services. The material efficiency of the building has benefited among other things from the use of wood in the exterior cladding. Building information modeling was used in both architectural and engineering design, as well as in checking the compatibility of the designs. Building information model will also be utilised for maintenance.□

7 剖面/Section

8 剖面/Section

項目信息/Credits and Data

功能/Programme: 圖書館設(shè)施，多功能廳，電影劇場，展覽空間，信息亭，咖啡，餐飲，社區(qū)廚房，辦公空間，工作室空間，會議室，錄音室，攝影室，編輯室，創(chuàng)作空間，室內(nèi)游樂等/Library facilities, multi-purpose hall, movie theatre, exhibition facilities, information booths, café, restaurant, community kitchen, office space, group working space, meeting rooms, recording studios, photography studio, editing rooms, maker space, indoor playground, etc.

地點/Location: T??l?nlahdenkatu 4, 00100 Helsinki, Finland

客戶/Client: 赫爾辛基市政府/City of Helsinki

主持建筑師/Principal Architects: 高玉和，南安迪，譚亞寧，王三立/Juho Gr?nholm, Antti Nousjoki, Janne Ter?svirta (至2015年/until 2015), Samuli Woolston

競賽設(shè)計團隊/Team at ALA in Competition Phase: Aleksi Niemel?inen, Jussi Vuori, Erica ?sterlund, Willem Barendregt, Martin Genet, Vladimir Ilic, Tiina Liisa Juuti, Julius Kekoni, Auvo Lindroos, Pekka Sivula, Pekka Tainio, Jyri Tartia

施工設(shè)計團隊/Team at ALA in Implementation Phase: Niklas Mahlberg (執(zhí)行建筑師/executive architect), Jussi Vuori, Heikki Ruoho, Tom Stevens, Tuulikki Tanska, Nea Tuominen, Pauliina Rossi, Anna Juhola, Miguel Silva, Michal Bala, Marina Diaz Garcia, Jyri Eskola, Zuzana Hejtmanková, Harri Humppi, Mette Kahlos, Anniina Kortemaa, Felix Laitinen, Malgorzata Mutkowska, T. K. Justin Ng, Marlène Oberli-R?ih?, Olli Parviainen, Alicia Pe?a Gomez, Anton Pramstrahler, Jack Prendergast, Akanksha Rathi, Niina Rinkinen, Mikael Rupponen, Mirja Sillanp??, Pekka Sivula

9 露臺剖面/Balcony section

競賽過程中的能源技術(shù)專家，機械工程，結(jié)構(gòu)工程和外墻工程/Energy Technical Specialist, Mechanical Engineering, Structural Engineering and Facade Engineering in Competition Phase: Arup

渲染效果圖/Visualisations: VIZarch

比例模型/Scale Models: Klaus Stolt

主要承建/Main Contractor: YIT

挖土和地下室施工承包商/Contractor for Excavation Work and Basement Construction: E.M. Pekkinen

項目經(jīng)理/Project Manager: Ramboll CM

結(jié)構(gòu)工程/Structural Engineering: Ramboll Finland/UK/ Denmark

地基巖土工程/Geo Planning: Finnmap Infra & Sipti Infra

暖通空調(diào)/HVAC: Projectus Team

電氣工程/Electrical Engineering: Insin??ritoimisto Lausamo

電氣工程和視聽顧問/Electrical Engineering and AV Consulting: Rejlers

劇場技術(shù)/Theatre Technology: Granlund

聲學(xué)工程/Acoustical Engineering: Helimaki Acoustics

消防/Fire Safety: Insin??ritoimisto Markku Kauriala

交通規(guī)劃/Traffic Planning: P?yry Finland

廚房設(shè)計/Kitchen Design: Saircon

BIM配合/BIM Coordinator: Gravicon

總建筑面積/Total Floor Area: 17,000m2

項目預(yù)算/Project Budget: 9800萬歐元/98M EUR

施工時間/Construction Started: 2015.09.01

開放時間/Open Time: 2018.12.05

攝影/Photos: Tuomas Uusheimo

10 三層內(nèi)景/Interior view of second floor

11 露臺/View of balcony

12 遠景/Distant view

評論

李存東：項目非常綜合地解決了圖書館的城市公共屬性與內(nèi)部功能有效銜接的問題。建筑底層對周邊環(huán)境的開放使得圖書館能夠吸引更多的人在此活動，同時也為周邊的公共空間增添了活力。頂層的通透性處理以及露天咖啡座的設(shè)置，豐富了圖書館與城市的互動體驗，塑造出特有的建筑形態(tài)和新的城市形象。

鮑里斯·沙德-賓索：公共圖書館不僅是一個向所有人開放的書架，它還應(yīng)該成為一個讓所有不同生活境遇的人都能感到平等相待的地方。沒有人會感到受排斥，無論他們智力如何、年紀如何、財富幾何。這是圖書館員必須營造的環(huán)境，但實際上建筑師才是對最初的設(shè)計和最終的建成作品負有根本責(zé)任的人。赫爾辛基的頌歌圖書館就是這樣的地方。這座建筑本身并不具有精英主義的意味，周圍的公共空間將其置于城市環(huán)境的核心，所有人都能進入圖書館而不會感到任何生理上或智力上的阻礙。（潘奕 譯）

Comments

LI Cundong: This project resolved the connectivity problem between external and internal functions. Opening its ground floor directly to the surrounding cityscape enabled the library to attract more users and at the same time enhance the adjacent communal space. The glazed fa?ade and outdoor cafe terrace enriched the interactiveness between the library and the urban area, altogether contributing to shaping a unique architectural form and city symbol. (Translated by Jue Chen)

Boris Schade-Bünsow: A public library is more than just a bookshelf that is open to everyone; it is meant to be a place where people of all walks of life can feel equally welcome. No one should feel excluded no matter how clever they are, how old or young they might be, or how much money they have. This is the environment the librarians have to create, although it is the architects who are fundamentally responsible with their initial design and ultimately, once constructed, the final product. The Oodi Library in Helsinki is exactly this sort of place. There is nothing elitist about the building itself, and the surrounding public space places it right at the heart of the urban environment to make the library accessible to all without any physical or intellectual barriers.