下一個十年，建筑的未來

鮑里斯·沙德-賓索

龐凌波 譯

在未來的10年里，建筑師、工程師、城市規(guī)劃師和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施規(guī)劃師的成就，不僅將決定我們未來建成環(huán)境的可生存性，也將不容置疑地決定我們社會的可持續(xù)性。若他們失敗，諸如氣候變化、人口變化等今日之挑戰(zhàn)，將演變成不可估量的危機(jī)。所需的解決方案是多元復(fù)雜的，單一策略無法產(chǎn)生我們需要的結(jié)果。這種情況呼吁著跨學(xué)科的合作，這種合作已然超越了我們的專業(yè)范疇。我們的首要任務(wù)，是集中建設(shè)力量滿足社交與社會的需求和變化，這意味著以經(jīng)濟(jì)為首要地位創(chuàng)建規(guī)則和框架，來促進(jìn)我們社會的發(fā)展穩(wěn)步提升。

世界未來城市計(jì)劃（IUPA）旨在頒發(fā)給那些滿足以下一項(xiàng)或多項(xiàng)要求，并始終對社交與社會發(fā)展有突出貢獻(xiàn)的項(xiàng)目。

材料

迄今為止，建筑與基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施似乎總是為了永久保留而設(shè)計(jì)的。建筑構(gòu)件與產(chǎn)品、系統(tǒng)在這樣的前提下相互連接，這樣一來，它們永遠(yuǎn)不會被分離成單獨(dú)的構(gòu)成元素。但這意味著建筑工業(yè)作為一個整體比任何其他行業(yè)都要產(chǎn)生更多的垃圾。事實(shí)上，全世界有超過40%的廢物是由建筑產(chǎn)生的。若要改善這種情況，一種全新的施工方法很有必要，這種施工方法將極大地受到最新型連接技術(shù)的影響。未來，建造可能不再是黏合、焊接或涂抹水泥砂漿，而是用螺絲接合，或是裝配式，鑒于這是唯一可以確保建筑在將來仍可被拆分成有價(jià)值的獨(dú)立構(gòu)件的建造方式。

雖然混凝土、玻璃和鋼材在過去一直是建筑材料的首選，但未來需要可持續(xù)的、能耗更低的新型替代材料。我們將看到黏土、木材和磚比以往發(fā)揮更大的作用。

耐久性

1 芬蘭赫爾辛基頌歌中央圖書館位于赫爾辛基市中心，采用 在地材料建造。立面貼材使用芬蘭云杉，隨著時間的變化， 其顏色將朝著更深沉更豐富的原木色彩演變/The Helsinki Central Library Oodi completed at the heart of Helsinki, Finland, which has been built using local materials. The wooden fa?ade is made of Finnish spruce. The appearance of the fa?ade will develop over the years towards a deeper, richer version of its initial hue（攝影/Photo: Tuomas Uusheimo）

我們的建筑必須更加耐用，這其實(shí)并不是在討論靜力學(xué)、支撐結(jié)構(gòu)或穩(wěn)定性，而是在考慮到內(nèi)部與外部變化的基礎(chǔ)上提出來的耐久性要求。如今的建筑設(shè)計(jì)多半只能滿足一種運(yùn)作狀態(tài)和單一類型的使用：例如辦公大樓始終是辦公大樓，住宅建筑就是住宅建筑，生產(chǎn)設(shè)施也只作為生產(chǎn)設(shè)施使用。展望未來，我們需要在開始設(shè)計(jì)建筑時，就采取一種方式，不僅能夠使建筑可以承載其他的用途，而是切實(shí)地?fù)肀н@種可能性。唯一可以實(shí)現(xiàn)這一點(diǎn)的方法，就是在一開始就設(shè)計(jì)和建造盡可能可以靈活使用的建筑。

從運(yùn)行的角度，建筑也應(yīng)當(dāng)更加耐久。當(dāng)今的建筑主要是為適應(yīng)氣候狀況而優(yōu)化的，這樣可以盡可能少地消耗能源。幾十年來，人們關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)始終是在盡量削減對化石燃料的消耗上。這種改進(jìn)帶來的是，即使是對運(yùn)作狀態(tài)最小的擾動也會破壞平衡，并且最終導(dǎo)致建筑比預(yù)期消耗更多的能量。然而在未來，內(nèi)外部的變化只會更頻繁，在使用行為習(xí)慣上的調(diào)整使得對建筑運(yùn)作技術(shù)的反復(fù)調(diào)試十分必要，然而適用于此種目的的建筑系統(tǒng)正在變得愈加復(fù)雜而幾乎不可能操控。除此之外，當(dāng)然，還有外部環(huán)境的變化。氣候變化帶來的影響使建筑暴露在比以往任何時候都更加多樣化的環(huán)境條件下，甚至在某些時候，這些條件更加極端，人們期望建筑能夠抵御這些變化。這就要求技術(shù)不僅要更加明確，而且要更加靈活。實(shí)際的建筑外殼應(yīng)當(dāng)從結(jié)構(gòu)的角度改進(jìn)，體積指數(shù)、朝向以及儲能容量都應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)玫胶艽蟪潭壬系奶嵘?/p>

能源與數(shù)字化

在過去的150年中，建筑對化石燃料的使用幾未受限。畢竟，如果沒有這些化石燃料，過去幾十年建造的建筑根本不可能存在。玻璃幕墻摩天大樓、巨大的工業(yè)廠房、玻璃天頂?shù)闹型ヒ约按笠?guī)模的公共建筑都有賴于這些看似廉價(jià)的能源來實(shí)現(xiàn)環(huán)境調(diào)控和氣候控制。今天，數(shù)以百萬計(jì)的住宅建筑受益于供暖和制冷系統(tǒng)，這種情況不太可能改變，鑒于無論如何也沒有人會自愿放棄現(xiàn)有的舒適。不過我們現(xiàn)在可以改變采用的能源。在未來，建筑的電能供給將由可再生能源實(shí)現(xiàn)，不過如果我們真的要充分利用這個條件，那就有必要改變我們視建筑為孤立個體的觀念。相反，建筑可以彼此共享、優(yōu)化需求和功能，它們預(yù)測自己的能源需求或能源剩余，并與周邊其他建筑共享這些信息。能源流的分配和控制通過復(fù)雜的自主學(xué)習(xí)算法控制系統(tǒng)中所有建筑的數(shù)字網(wǎng)絡(luò)來實(shí)現(xiàn)——不僅包含了使用者的行為和移動的數(shù)據(jù)，還有對這些數(shù)據(jù)的預(yù)判。

Over the next 10 years, the achievements of architects, engineers, town planners and infrastructure planners will determine not only the future viability of our built-up environments, but also the sustainability of our society in no uncertain terms. If they should fail, today's challenges such as climate change and demographic change are set to evolve into incalculable risks. The solutions needed are complex. Individual measures alone will not deliver the results we need; the situation calls for interdisciplinary cooperation that extends far beyond the boundaries of our profession. The priority here is focusing our building efforts on social and societal needs and change, which means creating rules and structures for economic primacy aiming to promote the development of our society both as it stands and going forward.

The International Urban Project Award (IUPA) will be presented to projects that meet one or more of its requirements and that always make a contribution to social and societal development.

Materials

Until now, buildings and infrastructure have always been built as if designed to remain in place for eternity. Building components, products and systems are joined together in such a way that they can practically never be separated out into their individual constituent elements. But this means that the construction industry as a whole is responsible for producing more waste than any other industry. In fact, more than 40% of waste generated worldwide can be attributed to building. If this is to change, we are in need of an entirely new approach to construction, which will be heavily influenced by all-new joining and connecting technology. In the future, building will no longer be characterised by bonding, welding and mortar, but by screwing and assembling, as this is the only way to ensure the building can be disassembled into its valuable individual components further down the line.

While concrete, glass and steel have traditionally been the building materials of choice in the past, the future is calling for sustainable new alternatives that are less energy-intensive. We will see clay, wood and brick playing a greater role than ever before.

Durability

Our buildings simply have to become more durable. This is actually less to do with their statics, supporting structures and stability and more to do with durability with regard to changes in internal and external influences. Buildings today are designed to facilitate just one operational state and a single type of use: for example, an office block remains an office block, a residential building remains a residential building, and a production facility remains a production facility. Going forward, we have to start designing buildings in a way that not only facilitates alternative uses, but actually welcomes them. The only way to achieve this is for architects to design and construct a building that is as flexible as possible right from the outset.

Buildings also have to become more durable in terms of how they operate. Today's buildings are optimised for a climatic operating state, which should be created using as little energy as possible. The focus for decades has been on minimising the consumption of fossil fuels. As a result of making this improvement, even the slightest disruption to the operating state would cause an imbalance, and the building would end up consuming even more operational energy than ever intended. In future, however, there are set to be more changes both from within as well as externally. Adjustments in usage behaviour make it necessary to adapt the operating technology over and over again, yet the systems suitable for this purpose are becoming increasingly complex and almost impossible to control. And then, of course, there are the external changes. The effects of climatic change will see buildings exposed

2 從美國紐約第30街看向藝術(shù)棚的夜景。這個可移動的“棚 子”對于未知的未來保持著靈活性，并能應(yīng)對規(guī)模、媒介、 技術(shù)和藝術(shù)家不斷發(fā)展的需求等諸多變化/Evening view of The Shed from 30th Street, New York, USA. The movable "shed" can be permanently flexible for an unknowable future and responsive to variability in scale, media, technology, and the evolving needs of artists（攝影/Photo: Iwan Baan, 供圖/Courtesy of The Shed）

比例與人體尺度

建筑與公共空間的規(guī)模應(yīng)當(dāng)契合人體尺度，而不是超過這個尺度。對于公共空間而言，這意味著建筑與基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施應(yīng)當(dāng)直接服務(wù)于社交互動，實(shí)現(xiàn)直接的視線交流。這同樣與建筑的高度有關(guān)，鑒于它要求城市的人視視角而不是上帝視角。公共空間不能被精英化，而是對所有人一視同仁且不帶來任何消費(fèi)壓力。

社會與人口學(xué)

社會總會受到人口變化的影響，而且隨著時間的推移，平均年齡增長，人口變化往往會縮小。這個過程并沒有什么驚人之處，事實(shí)上，它很容易計(jì)算。人口變化同時也是不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的。無論人口政策有多么明智，出生率在未來兩代內(nèi)都不會上升了，因?yàn)榕匀后w中，已經(jīng)基本沒有愿意生育小孩以逆轉(zhuǎn)老齡化的人了。

這是社會必須面對和適應(yīng)的問題，不論是好是壞。為此，必須為這些社區(qū)提供足夠的居住和工作空間。

社會公平

人人有權(quán)在合適的地方擁有合適的居所。如果這一點(diǎn)長期得不到保障，我們的社會將分崩離析，因?yàn)槟切碛凶》康娜伺c那些無住房的人之間將形成一道難以逾越的鴻溝。社會體系的崩潰也會在我們生活的其他方面隱現(xiàn)，在那些有經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)的人和沒有經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)的人之間，在教育、文化、健康、能源，以及許多其他領(lǐng)域皆是如此。社會公平也表現(xiàn)在建成環(huán)境中，也就是說，建筑應(yīng)為所有人提供平等的空間和機(jī)會。

建筑與美

建筑不僅僅是對空間的美學(xué)演繹。在維特魯威的經(jīng)典解析中，建筑基于堅(jiān)固、實(shí)用、美觀三原則。今天，這三項(xiàng)原則不再被平等對待，美正在失去它的重要地位。這實(shí)在是錯得離譜——建成環(huán)境的美學(xué)正是其社會生活的真實(shí)寫照。我們必須銘記這一點(diǎn)，因?yàn)槲覀兪峭ㄟ^不斷回顧那些造就了今天的我們的過去，來明確我們對自己的身份認(rèn)知。我們不能簡單剝奪未來幾代人的這項(xiàng)權(quán)利。我們有責(zé)任確保為他們提供共同身份認(rèn)知的場所。

3 德國達(dá)姆施塔特市的安娜圖拉工作園區(qū)的新總部大樓采用了獨(dú)特的創(chuàng)新夯土外墻，是世界上第一個墻身加熱供暖的建成實(shí)例/The new headquarter building of Alnatura Arbeitswelt in the city of Darmstadt, Germany, offers special features such as the use of an innovative rammed-earth fa?ade and it is the first worldwide instance of using geothermal wall heating（攝影/Photo: Roland Halbe）

4 位于中國深圳城市中心的南頭古城，在近百年間，城市與村莊此消彼長、環(huán)環(huán)相扣，呈現(xiàn)出了復(fù)雜的空間格局。都市實(shí)踐為南頭古城保護(hù)與更新提出了以介入實(shí)施為導(dǎo)向、由點(diǎn)及面漸進(jìn)式激活、以文化活動促進(jìn)古城復(fù)興的發(fā)展模式/The Nantou Old Town in the city centre of Shenzhen, China, in the past century, the historic town has gradually vanished, while the village was constantly expanding. The exacerbation of urbanisation in Shenzhen has resulted in an intertwined layering with complex pattern of the historical town embedded in the urban village, which is again encircled by the city. Urbanus proposed a development model of promoting the rejuvenation of the ancient city with the guidance of the intervention, promoting the revival of the ancient city with cultural activities with the gradual activation from point to surface（攝影/Photo: 張超/Zhang Chao, 圖片版權(quán)/Copyrights: ?UABB）

5 作為俄羅斯莫斯科在近50年中建造的首個大型公園，扎里亞季耶創(chuàng)造了一個難以歸類的公共空間。到達(dá)這里的每一位游客都能感受到專門為他們創(chuàng)造、也是由他們創(chuàng)造出來的場所/As the first large scale park to be built in the last 50 years in Moscow, Russia, Zaryadye provides a public space that resists easy categorisation. Each visitor's experience is customised for them and by them in there（攝影/Photo: Philippe Ruault, 供圖/Courtesy of Diller Scofidio + Renfro）

6 南非約翰內(nèi)斯堡的住宅樓——傳動組公寓，其社會含義和議題與其周邊新興的城市社區(qū)相一致，在城市的振興、再活化和重塑中發(fā)揮著積極的作用。他們想要傳達(dá)的信息是明確的：這個城市，尤其是其中心，應(yīng)該再次平等地屬于每個人/Drivelines Studios is a residential building in Johannesburg, South Africa. The building's social intention and agenda is in line with the emerging urban community of its surrounding neighbourhood, taking an active role in the revitaliasation, reactivation and reimagining of the city downtown. The message here is clear: this city, and above all its centre, should belong to everyone equally once again（攝影/Photo: Dave Southwood）

世界未來城市計(jì)劃獎的獲得者，不論是已獲獎的還是將在未來獲得這項(xiàng)榮譽(yù)的，都或多或少地會滿足以上這些面向未來的建筑特征。而他們的共同點(diǎn)則體現(xiàn)在，他們展現(xiàn)了對社交與社會責(zé)任的鄭重承諾?！鮰o more diverse - and in some cases more extreme - weather conditions than ever before, and they will be expected to stand up to them. This calls for the technology to be not only more straightforward, but also more flexible. The actual building shell has to be improved from a structural point of view, and the cubic volume, orientation and storage values have to be included to a much greater extent.

Energy and digitalisation

In the last 150 years, architecture has been characterised by the unrestricted use of fossil fuels. After all, if it were not for fossil fuels then the buildings erected over the past decades would not have been possible at all. Skyscrapers with glass facades, huge industrial halls, glass-covered atriums, and huge public buildings all relied on the seemingly cheap energy available in abundance for air conditioning and climate control. Today, millions of residential buildings benefit from heating and cooling systems, which is a situation unlikely to change, since no one would voluntarily give up comfort like this on any level. But we must now change the energy source. In the future, buildings will be powered by electricity generated from renewable sources, but if we are to really make the most of this situation, then it is essential for us to stop considering buildings as solitary entities. Instead, buildings will have to share and optimise their needs and usage in combination with other buildings. They will have to anticipate their own future energy requirements or surpluses and share this information with other buildings in the surrounding areas. The distribution and control of energy flows can only be achieved by digitally networking all buildings in a system controlled by complex, self-learning algorithms. This also involves not only including the behaviour and mobility of the users, but also anticipating them.

Proportion and human scale architecture

Buildings and public spaces must be adapted to the human scale; the dimensions must not exceed this scale. For public spaces, this means that the buildings and infrastructure should directly facilitate social interaction, allowing for direct eye contact. This is also relevant in terms of the height of the building, as there must be the possibility of a direct view into the city and not beyond. Public spaces must not be elitist; they must be available to all equally without any pressure to consume.

Society and demography

Every society is affected by demographic change, often shrinking as time goes on, with the average age of the population rising. There is nothing phenomenal about this process; in fact, it is easy enough to calculate. It is also irreversible. The birth rate will not rise within the next two generations no matter how clever family policy is, because the women who were supposed to have these children in order to reverse the process of increasing the average age were never will be born.

This is something society will have to adapt to, whether it likes it or not. And to do so, adequate space must be made available to provide these communities with somewhere to live and work.

Social justice

Everyone has the right to adequate housing in an appropriate place. If this cannot be guaranteed in the long term, our society will fall apart at the seams, since a division will form between those who can afford housing and those who cannot. This societal collapse is also looming in other areas of our lives between those who can afford mobility and those who cannot, and it continues to be the case in education, culture, health, energy and many other areas besides. The social justice of a society also finds expression in the built-up world, which must provide equal space and access for all.

Architecture and beauty

Architecture is about more than just the aesthetic examination of space. In the classical understanding of Vitruvius, architecture is based on the three principles of strength (Firmitas), functionality (Utilitas) and beauty (Venustas). Today, these three principles are no longer treated equally, as beauty is losing its significance. But this is a real mistake, since the aesthetics of the built-up world reflect the identity of the society living within it. This is essential to remember, because the way we assure ourselves of our identity time and again is by revisiting past places that have made us who we are today. We simply cannot deprive future generations of this opportunity; it is our responsibilities to ensure that they have a place of common identity.

The past and future winners of the International Urban Project Award each tick one or more of various boxes associated with future-oriented architecture. But what they all have in common is that the projects demonstrate their commitment to social and societal responsibilities.□

7 中國江西的陶瓷產(chǎn)業(yè)代表城市景德鎮(zhèn)，在陶溪川片區(qū)的保Porcelain Distric, a large area of water feature was created 護(hù)與整治詳細(xì)規(guī)劃中建立的大面積水景，不僅形成了舊建筑between the museum and gallery. It not only forms a surreal 和煙囪倒影的超現(xiàn)實(shí)形象，還可以幫助在炎熱的夏天為該image of the reflection of the old building and chimney but also 場所降溫/Jingdezhen is a representative city of the world ceramic helps to cool down the place in the hot summer（供圖/Sources: industry, in Jiangxi Province, China. In the TAOXICHUAN 北京華清安地建筑設(shè)計(jì)有限公司）