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      籽用大麻性別連鎖標(biāo)記的驗(yàn)證及SCAR標(biāo)記開(kāi)發(fā)

      2019-12-14 14:06:48趙銘森方書(shū)生陳瑤康紅梅高金虎陳思遠(yuǎn)楊昕馮旭平張立武
      熱帶作物學(xué)報(bào) 2019年10期
      關(guān)鍵詞:大麻雄性連鎖

      趙銘森 方書(shū)生 陳瑤 康紅梅 高金虎 陳思遠(yuǎn) 楊昕 馮旭平 張立武

      摘 ?要??大麻是雌雄異株的異花授粉作物,在苗期鑒定出植株的性別,對(duì)大麻育種及生產(chǎn)具有重要的意義。為開(kāi)發(fā)與籽用大麻品種性別連鎖的SCAR標(biāo)記,本研究以汾麻3號(hào)、榆社麻和蒼山麻為試驗(yàn)材料,研究已有的11個(gè)性別連鎖標(biāo)記在籽用大麻品種中的適用性。結(jié)果表明,3個(gè)標(biāo)記(OPD-05、UBC-354和MADC2)在籽用大麻品種中呈雄性特異,尚未發(fā)現(xiàn)雌性特異條帶?;厥招坌蕴禺悧l帶并測(cè)序,根據(jù)測(cè)序結(jié)果新開(kāi)發(fā)了6個(gè)SCAR標(biāo)記,其中MADC2-8表現(xiàn)最好;進(jìn)而利用123份已知性別的樣本來(lái)檢測(cè)MADC2-8的準(zhǔn)確性,發(fā)現(xiàn)其平均準(zhǔn)確性高達(dá)98.34%。該研究不僅豐富了大麻性別鑒定的分子標(biāo)記,而且為大麻性別研究和實(shí)際應(yīng)用奠定基礎(chǔ)。

      關(guān)鍵詞 ?大麻;籽用品種;性染色體;SCAR;MADC中圖分類號(hào)??S563.3??????文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼??A

      Evaluation of Markers Linked to Sex-specific and Development of SCAR Makers in Seed Hemp (Cannabis sativa?L.)

      ZHAO Mingsen1,2, FANG Shusheng2,3*, CHEN Yao2,3, KANG Hongmei1, GAO Jinhu1, CHEN Siyuan2,3, YANG Xin2,3, FENG Xuping1, ZHANG Liwu2,3**

      1.?Institute of Economic?Crops, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, Shanxi?030000, China; 2. Key Laboratory for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops,?Ministry of Education / Fujian Key Laboratory for Crop Breeding by Design, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian?350002, China; 3.?Experiment Station of Jute and Kenaf in Southeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Public Platform for Germplasm Resources of Bast Fiber Crops of Fujian, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian?350002, China

      Abstract ?Hemp?(Cannabis sativa L.) is a dioecious and cross pollinated plant. Sex identification of plants at seedling stage is of great significance for breeding and production in hemp. To develop new SCAR markers linked to sex-specific, three Chinese local seed hemp varieties, Fenma No.3, Yushema and Cangshanma, were used as the experimental materials to investigate the application of 11 markers linked to sex-specific in Chinese local seed hemp varieties in this study. The results showed that three makers (OPD-05 and UBC-354 as well as MADC2) were male-specific, while no female specific bands were found. Novel SCAR markers were developed on the basis of sequences of male specific bands. Among them, MADC2-8 was the best. Furthermore, 123 samples with known sex identification were used to assess the accuracy of MADC2-8. The average accuracy was 98.34%. These results?would?not only enrich the molecular markers linked to sex-specific, but also lay a foundation for the research and practical application of sex identification in hemp.

      Keywords ?Cannabis sativa; seed variety; sex chromosome; SCAR; MADC

      DOI10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2019.10.023

      大麻(Cannabis sativaL.)為大麻科(Cannabinaceae)大麻屬(CannabisL.),屬短日照異花授粉作物,雌雄異株[1]。按栽培目的進(jìn)行分類,大麻可分為纖用型(工業(yè)大麻)、籽用型(油用型)、藥用型等。籽用型品種籽產(chǎn)量高,含油可達(dá)32%以上;纖用型品種麻皮產(chǎn)量高,出麻率高,纖維柔軟、色白、有光澤;藥用型品種花葉產(chǎn)量高,大麻二酚含量高[1-4]。大麻植株有雌株及雄株不同類型,不同性別的植株形態(tài)存在較大差異。大麻從種子萌發(fā)到開(kāi)花一般需要3個(gè)月以上的時(shí)間,在此之前不能從形態(tài)上準(zhǔn)確判斷植株性別[5],只有在開(kāi)花時(shí)才能從形態(tài)上準(zhǔn)確判斷植株性別,生產(chǎn)上通常采用多留苗,到時(shí)雄性植株開(kāi)花后自然死亡,這樣造成極大的浪費(fèi)。因此,在苗期鑒定出植株的性別,對(duì)大麻育種及栽培均具有重要的意義。利用分子標(biāo)記技術(shù)能夠克服形態(tài)和生理生化指標(biāo)受環(huán)境及發(fā)育階段影響的缺點(diǎn),從分子水平上在苗期鑒定出植株的性別。

      關(guān)于大麻性別,前人早在20世紀(jì)初就展開(kāi)了研究。Hirata等[6]發(fā)現(xiàn)大麻是有2個(gè)異型性染色體的雌雄異型植株,Yamada等[7]指出大麻雌株有2個(gè)X染色體,雄株有1個(gè)X染色體和1個(gè)Y染色體。Warmke等[8]研究表明,常染色體并不參與大麻性別表達(dá),其性別表達(dá)差異與X、Y染色體上分別攜帶雌性和雄性表達(dá)的基因有關(guān)。大麻的核型是由9對(duì)常染色體和1對(duì)性染色體(X和Y)[9-10],其性別表達(dá)是由Y染色體控制[11-12]。而同大麻親緣關(guān)系最近的啤酒花(Humulus lupulus)性別卻受X染色體與常染色體比值影響?[13-14]。在其他物種中如黃瓜,其性別性狀可以由一個(gè)大片段DNA序列拷貝數(shù)決定[15],而在大麻中將轉(zhuǎn)座子和序列拷貝數(shù)與表型性狀相關(guān)聯(lián)仍然是個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)[16]。但有研究顯示,大麻性別分化跟反轉(zhuǎn)座子存在著相關(guān)性[17-18]。Faux等[19]首次整合了雌雄異株和雌雄同株的連鎖圖譜,并進(jìn)行了QTL分析,將雌雄同株性別基因定位到X染色體上。鑒于大麻植株性別鑒定的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益,前人還開(kāi)發(fā)出性別特異的分子標(biāo)記用于雌雄單株的早期鑒定,如Saka m oto[20]、Mandolino[21]利用RAPD技術(shù)分別開(kāi)發(fā)出雄性特異SCAR標(biāo)記MADC1(730?bp)、MADC2(390?bp);T?rjék等[22]也開(kāi)發(fā)出雄性特異標(biāo)記MADC5(323?bp)和MADC6(119?bp)。宋書(shū)娟等[23]和Shao等[24]分別用RAPD引物OPX09、OPA04和OPF05得出雌性特異的帶型。盡管前人開(kāi)發(fā)了一些性別連鎖的標(biāo)記,但是這些研究主要集中在纖用和藥用大麻,是否適用于籽用大麻品種還屬未知。

      本研究以籽用大麻為材料,驗(yàn)證已有的性別連鎖標(biāo)記在籽用大麻的適用性,并開(kāi)發(fā)SCAR標(biāo)記。

      1??材料與方法

      1.1材料

      2018年2月1日在福建省三明市福建農(nóng)林大學(xué)洋中科教基地玻璃溫室內(nèi)分2個(gè)小區(qū)種植榆社麻和汾麻3號(hào),鋼架大棚中種植榆社麻,每個(gè)品種隨機(jī)挑選100株苗編號(hào)掛牌,取幼嫩葉片于10?mL離心管中,保存于–80?℃冰箱備用;待其開(kāi)花后,記錄編號(hào)單株性別并統(tǒng)計(jì)其品種的雌雄單株總數(shù)。

      1.2方法

      1.2.1 ?DNA提取??利用改良CTAB法提取基因組DNA[25],1.2%瓊脂糖凝膠電泳檢測(cè)DNA質(zhì)量,紫外分光光度計(jì)測(cè)定其濃度并統(tǒng)一稀釋為50 ng/L,作為模版保存于-20?℃?zhèn)溆谩?/p>

      1.2.2 ?引物選擇及PCR擴(kuò)增??選用前人文獻(xiàn)中性別鑒定相關(guān)引物[20-22,24],送至福州擎科生物科技有限公司合成。利用榆社麻和汾麻3號(hào)兩個(gè)品種的雌雄單株各5個(gè)作為模版,進(jìn)行PCR擴(kuò)增。RAPD引物PCR反應(yīng)體系為10 μL,含2?TaqMaster Mix(試劑購(gòu)自上海進(jìn)岸生物科技有限公司)3.8 μL、ddH2O 3.8 μL、10 μmol/L引物0.4 μL,DNA模版2 μL;SCAR引物PCR反應(yīng)體系10 μL,含2?TaqMaster mix 3.8 μL、ddH2O?3.8 μL、10?μmol/L引物對(duì)左右各0.2 μL,DNA模版2 μL。

      雖然本研究開(kāi)發(fā)的標(biāo)記與雄性高度連鎖,但試驗(yàn)材料選用的品種還是較少,下一步有必要擴(kuò)大品種數(shù)及品種類型,驗(yàn)證新開(kāi)發(fā)的性別連鎖標(biāo)記是否具有廣泛適用性。在驗(yàn)證前人開(kāi)發(fā)的分子標(biāo)記中,并未發(fā)現(xiàn)雌性特異的條帶。因此,在本研究的基礎(chǔ)上,有必要通過(guò)集團(tuán)分離分析法結(jié)合測(cè)序技術(shù)對(duì)大麻群體進(jìn)行分析,進(jìn)一步開(kāi)發(fā)雌性特異分子標(biāo)記甚至雌雄同株特異標(biāo)記,進(jìn)而利用多重PCR反應(yīng)[32]快速鑒定出大麻三種性別。

      4??結(jié)論

      本研究驗(yàn)證了3個(gè)性別連鎖標(biāo)記適用于中國(guó)地方籽用大麻品種,并新開(kāi)發(fā)出6個(gè)雄性特異SCAR標(biāo)記,其中,MADC2-8在中國(guó)地方籽用大麻品種中準(zhǔn)確率高達(dá)98.34%。這些標(biāo)記可用于籽用大麻早期性別田間鑒定。

      參考文獻(xiàn)

      [1]?熊和平.?麻類作物育種學(xué)[M].?北京:?中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社, 2008: 297-318.

      [2]?孫小寅, 管映亭, 溫桂清, 等. 大麻纖維的性能及其應(yīng)用研究[J]. 紡織學(xué)報(bào), 2001, 22(4): 34-36, 3.

      [3]?ElSohly M A, Slade D. Chemical constituents of marijuana: The complex mixture of natural cannabinoids[J]. Life Sciences, 2005, 78(5): 539-548.

      [4]?Radwan M M, Ross S A, Slade D,et al. Isolation and characterization of new cannabis constituents from a high potency variety[J]. Planta Medica, 2008, 74(3): 267-272.

      [5]?王玉富, 粟建光, 趙立寧. 大麻的性別分化及其分子生物學(xué)研究進(jìn)展[J]. 中國(guó)麻業(yè), 2006, 28(3): 117-119.

      [6]?Hirata K. Sex determination in hemp (Cannabis sativaL.)[J]. Journal?of Genet, 1927, 19(1): 65-79.

      [7]?Yamada I. The sex-chromosome ofCannabis sativa L.[J].?Seiken Ziho, 1943, 2: 64-68.

      [8]?Warmke H E, Davidson H. Polyploid investigation[J]. Year Book of the Carnegie Institution of Washinton, 1944, 43: 135-139.

      [9]?Sakamoto K, Akiyama Y, Fukui K,et al. Characterization; genome sizes and morphology of sex chromosomes in hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) [J]. Cytologia(Tokyo), 1998, 63(4): 459-464.

      [10]?Divashuk M G, Alexandrov O S, Razumova O V,et al. Molecular cytogenetic characterization of the dioeciousCannabis sativawith an XY chromosome sex determination system[J]. PLoS?One, 2014, 9(1): e85118.

      [11]?Shepdard H L, Parker J S, Dabby P,et al. Sexual development and sex chromosomes in hop[J]. New Phytologist, 2000, 148(3): 397-411.

      [12]?Vyskot B, Hobza R. Gender in plants: sex chromosomes are emerging from the fog[J]. Trends in Genetics, 2004, 20(9): 432-438.

      [13]?Westergaard M. The Mechanism of sex determination in dioecious flowering plants[J]. Advances in Genetics, 1958, 9: 217-281.

      [14]?Ming R, Bendahmane A, Renner S S. Sex chromosomes in land plants[J]. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 2011, 62: 485-514.

      [15]?Zhang Z, Mao L, Chen H,et al. Genome-wide mapping of structural variations reveals a copy number variant that determines reproductive morphology in Cucumber[J]. The Plant Cell, 2015, 27(6):?1595-1604.

      [16]?Pisupati R, Vergara D, Kane N C. Diversity and evolution of the repetitive genomic content inCannabis sativa[J]. BMC genomics, 2018, 19(1): 156.

      [17]?Sakamoto K, Ohmido N, Fukui K,?et al. Site-specific accumulation of a LINE-like retrotransposon in a sex chromosome of the dioecious plantCannabis sativa[J].?Plant Molecular Biology, 2000, 44(6): 723-732.

      [18]?Sakamoto K, Abe T, Matsuyama T,?et al. RAPD markers encoding retrotransposable elements are linked to the male sex inCannabis sativaL.[J]. Genome, 2005, 48(5): 931-936.

      [19]?Faux A M, Draye X, Flamand M C,?et al. Identification of QTLs for sex expression in dioecious and monoecious hemp (Cannabis sativaL.) [J]. Euphytica, 2016, 209(2): 357-376.

      [20]?Sakamoto K SK, Komeda Y, Kamada H,et al. A male-associated DNA sequence in a dioecious plant,Cannabis sativa[J]. Plant and Cell Physiology, 1996, 36(8): 1549-1554.

      [21]?Mandolino G, CarbonicA, Forapani S,?et al. Identification of DNA markers linked to the male sex in dioecious hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) [J].?Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 1999, 98(1): 86-92.

      [22]?T?rjék O, Bucherna N, Kiss E,?et al. Novel male-specific molecular markers (MADC5, MADC6) in hemp[J]. Euphytica, 2002, 127(2): 209-218.

      [23]?宋書(shū)娟, 劉??卉, 邵??宏. 大麻性別連鎖的特異DNA標(biāo)記的初步研究[J]. 中國(guó)藥物依賴性雜志, 2002, 11(3): 182-184.

      [24]?Shao H, Song S J, Clarke R C. Female-associated DNA polymorphisms of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) [J]. Journal of Industrial Hemp, 2003, 8(1): 5-9.

      [25]?徐建堂, 祁建民, 方平平,?等. CTAB法提取紅麻總DNA技術(shù)優(yōu)化與ISSR和SRAP擴(kuò)增效果[J]. 中國(guó)麻業(yè)科學(xué), 2007, 29(4): 179-183.

      [26]?Flachowskyes H, Weber W E, Peil A. Application of AFLP for the detection of sex-specific markers in hemp[J]. Plant Breeding, 2001, 120(4): 305-309.

      [27]?陳其軍, 韓玉珍, 傅永福,?等. 大麻性別的RAPD和SCAR分子標(biāo)記[J]. 植物生理學(xué)報(bào), 2001, 27(2): 173-178.

      [28]?Mandolino G, Carboni A, Bagatta M,?et al. Occurrence and frequency of putatively Y chromosome linked DNA markers inCannabis sativa L.[J]. Euphytica, 2002, 126(2): 211-218.

      [29]?Peil A, Flachowsky H, Schumann E,?et al. Sex-linked AFLP markers indicate a pseudoautosomal region in hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) [J].?Theoretical and Applied Genetics,?2003, 107(1): 102-109.

      [30]?Moliterni C V M, Cattivelli L, Ranalli P,?et al. The sexual differentiation ofCannabis sativa L.. A morphological and molecular study[J]. Euphytica, 2004, 140(1-2): 95-106.

      [31]?呂佳淑, 趙立寧, 臧鞏固,?等. 大麻性別相關(guān)AFLP分子標(biāo)記篩選[J]. 湖南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(自然科學(xué)版), 2010, 36(2):?123-127.

      [32]?何堯聲, 沈文濤, 黎小瑛, 等. 利用多重PCR技術(shù)快速鑒定番木瓜性別[J]. 熱帶作物學(xué)報(bào), 2008, 29(3): 347-351.

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