王學(xué)斌
(陜西省鎮(zhèn)安中學(xué),陜西商洛 711500)
英語(yǔ)中的分詞既具有形容詞和副詞的功能,又具有動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn),用途較為廣泛,在句子中可以作狀語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)等[1]。從時(shí)間上來(lái)劃分,分詞可以分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞,也就是動(dòng)詞的ing 形式和ed 形式,本文主要對(duì)現(xiàn)在分詞的用法進(jìn)行了分析和探討。
現(xiàn)在分詞由動(dòng)詞原形后加-ing 構(gòu)成,有以下四種形式。
(1)在動(dòng)詞原形后直接加-ing,如work →working,start →starting,build →building,teach →teaching。
(2)去掉“e”,再加-ing,如make→making,take→taking, produce→ producing。
(3)以元音字母加重讀閉音節(jié)字母結(jié)尾時(shí),雙寫(xiě)重讀閉音節(jié)字母,再加-ing,如stop →stopping,begin →beginning,win →winning,swim →swimming。
(4)以字母-ie 結(jié)尾時(shí),變ie 為y,再加-ing,例lie→lying,tie →tying,die →dying,等等。
在語(yǔ)法上,現(xiàn)在分詞具有形容詞和副詞的特點(diǎn)。
由于現(xiàn)在分詞具有形容詞和副詞的特點(diǎn),它在句子中可以作表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。
觀察下列例句,探究現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)。
(1)This TV program is very interesting.
(2)The theme parks are very amazing.
(3)What he did is very disappointing.
(4)The words he said to his father were frightening.
歸納:
第一,作表語(yǔ)的現(xiàn)在分詞一般具有情感色彩。例如,disappointing, interesting, moving, boring, exciting, surprising, worrying, tiring, frightening, pleasing, amazing, satisfying, discouraging, encouraging, shocking, confusing, delighting, embarrassing, terrifying, disgusting。
第二,一般來(lái)說(shuō),現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí),句子的主語(yǔ)常指事物。
觀察下列五個(gè)例句,探究現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)以及定語(yǔ)從句作定語(yǔ)與現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)的轉(zhuǎn)換規(guī)律。
(1)There is a sleeping girl under the tree.
轉(zhuǎn)換后:There is a girl who is sleeping under the tree.
(2)I know the man standing there.
轉(zhuǎn)換后:I know the man who is standing there.
(3)A picture which dates from 118 BC has been found.
轉(zhuǎn)換后:A picture dating from 118 BC has been found.
(4)Zhuge Liang was a Chinese army general who lived from 181 to 234 AD.
轉(zhuǎn)換后:Zhuge Liang was a Chinese army general living from 181 to 234 AD.
(5)Look! A smiling girl is coming here.
轉(zhuǎn)換后:Look! A girl who is smiling is coming here.
歸納:
第一,在位置上,現(xiàn)在分詞單獨(dú)作定語(yǔ)時(shí)一般放在所修飾名詞之前,如例(1)(5);現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí)必須放在所修飾詞之后,如例(2)(3)(4)。
第二,被修飾名詞與現(xiàn)在分詞之間有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,如例(1)—(5),其作用相當(dāng)于定語(yǔ)從句。
第三,定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí),可將從句作定語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換為現(xiàn)在分詞或現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)(從句主謂為主動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí))[2]。
第四,一般來(lái)說(shuō),在時(shí)態(tài)上,現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作為現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)或一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)等。
觀察下列例句,探究現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)。
(1)The teacher found his students discussing the math problem when he passed the classroom.
(2)The salesman caught the boy stealing but let him off.
(3)His grandmother always suggests him getting on well with his classmates.
(4)I heard Jack and his classmates singing in the classroom just now.
歸納:
第一,在邏輯上,賓語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)之間有主謂關(guān)系,如例(1)—(4)。
第二,在時(shí)間上,句子謂語(yǔ)與現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行,如例(1)(2)(4)。
第三, 現(xiàn)在分詞常在suggest, leave, feel, hear, catch, imagine, make 等之后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
觀察下列例句,探究現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)以及某些狀語(yǔ)從句與現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)的轉(zhuǎn)換規(guī)律。
(1)When he was walking in the street, he came across his English teacher.
轉(zhuǎn)換后:(When)walking in the street, he came across his English teacher.
轉(zhuǎn)換后:He came across his English teacher when walking in the street.
(2)She sat at the door (,) watching TV.
(3)Jack and Ann went into the teacher's office, talking and
laughing.
(4)I will help her to learn English if I have time.
轉(zhuǎn)換后:(If)Having time, I will help her to learn English.轉(zhuǎn)換后: I will help her to learn English if having time.
歸納:
現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),一般分為以下兩種情況。
第一,在時(shí)間、原因、條件或讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中,若主從句的主語(yǔ)一致且從句主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),可將從句變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)在分詞或現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)。放句首時(shí),從句的引導(dǎo)詞可以帶上,也可以不帶上;若放句末時(shí),狀語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞必須帶上,如例(1)(4)。
第二,如簡(jiǎn)單句含有多個(gè)謂語(yǔ),且它們的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生時(shí),須用現(xiàn)在分詞置句末(主語(yǔ)和該動(dòng)詞之間為主動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí))作方式、伴隨或結(jié)果狀語(yǔ),如例(2)(3)。
總之,在中學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中,教師要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生通過(guò)觀察、發(fā)現(xiàn)、歸納以及有效的訓(xùn)練,來(lái)把握現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成、詞性、作用及應(yīng)用規(guī)律,這樣他們就能掌握和突破現(xiàn)在分詞這一學(xué)習(xí)重難點(diǎn),并能對(duì)其進(jìn)行正確而靈活的運(yùn)用。