阮燁卿
摘 要:本文著重討論2016年《普通高等學(xué)校招生全國(guó)統(tǒng)一考試英語科考試說明》中高考綜合改革試驗(yàn)省份浙江省新高考測(cè)試模式下將閱讀和寫作緊密相結(jié)合的續(xù)寫新題型,作者從通過分析讀后續(xù)寫特點(diǎn)和考查內(nèi)容出發(fā),分析其對(duì)考生思維性及體驗(yàn)性的關(guān)注,提高學(xué)生續(xù)寫能力的應(yīng)對(duì)策略,探討如何提高學(xué)生的續(xù)寫寫作能力。
關(guān)鍵詞:變化說明;讀后續(xù)寫特點(diǎn);考查內(nèi)容;應(yīng)對(duì)策略
一、浙江省英語高考變化說明
浙江屬于高考綜合改革實(shí)驗(yàn)省份,實(shí)行一年兩考。2016年10月份開始的浙江英語新高考與自主命題的浙江卷相比,考試形式與試卷結(jié)構(gòu)均發(fā)生了重大變化,特別是寫作部分?,F(xiàn)在寫作部分為兩部分,第一部分是應(yīng)用文寫作,第二部分是讀后續(xù)寫或概要寫作,這對(duì)浙江師生,是前所未有的新題型,是很大的挑戰(zhàn),教育部考試中心劉慶思、陳康老師在《中小學(xué)外語教學(xué)》(教育部主管、北京師范大學(xué)主辦)2016年第1期發(fā)表文章《關(guān)于一年兩考高考英語試卷中讀后續(xù)寫的研究》中提到“讀后續(xù)寫題是在世界范圍內(nèi)首次應(yīng)用于大規(guī)模的利害考試”。除了2018年11月份的概要寫作,高考改革后幾次英語高考考的都是續(xù)寫。
二、續(xù)寫寫作的特點(diǎn)
讀后續(xù)寫的特點(diǎn)主要指所給材料的特點(diǎn)及要續(xù)寫的內(nèi)容的特點(diǎn)。
(1)關(guān)于所給材料
自從2016年上半年接觸續(xù)寫寫作以來,作者發(fā)現(xiàn)讀后續(xù)寫所給語言材料多以記敘文故事類文章為主,偶有夾敘夾議類文章和表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)看法的議論文形式的文章。所給材料的話題多樣,一般是350個(gè)詞左右,涉及個(gè)人經(jīng)歷、家庭成員、周圍的人、人際交往、人物故事、學(xué)校生活等方面。
(2)關(guān)于所寫內(nèi)容
續(xù)寫部分兩大類別:半開放性質(zhì),必須依據(jù)文章的語境邏輯推理續(xù)寫;完全開放性質(zhì),可以依據(jù)文章的思路,自己發(fā)揮。但讀后續(xù)寫不是考生隨心所欲,隨便寫。讀后續(xù)寫要求考生讀懂所給語言材料的,理清文章的脈絡(luò)和關(guān)系。要求考生根據(jù)提示詞語,順著原來文章的思路對(duì)后面的情節(jié)進(jìn)行合理推理預(yù)測(cè),適當(dāng)發(fā)揮想象,使其發(fā)展為邏輯銜接,情節(jié)和結(jié)構(gòu)完整的短文(150詞左右),盡量保持原文的風(fēng)格。
三、應(yīng)對(duì)策略
根據(jù)浙江省英語新高考讀后續(xù)寫的特點(diǎn)和考查內(nèi)容,續(xù)寫寫作是讀和寫作相結(jié)合,要做到以讀促寫,在平時(shí)高中英語閱讀教學(xué)中,把閱讀材料的語言和知識(shí)、篇章和結(jié)構(gòu)、話題和體裁、主題和內(nèi)涵加以分析和運(yùn)用進(jìn)行讀寫結(jié)合的教學(xué)模式,來提高學(xué)生的英語運(yùn)用能力,從而達(dá)到教學(xué)的最優(yōu)化。作者通過具體的教學(xué)實(shí)例從以下幾個(gè)方面對(duì)學(xué)生續(xù)寫寫作進(jìn)行指導(dǎo),提高學(xué)生續(xù)寫寫作能力。
1.解讀文本,構(gòu)建框架意識(shí)
讀后續(xù)寫,顧名思義,先讀后寫,讀前文,寫后文。所給的350詞左右的語言材料用于閱讀輸入信息,考生首先要做的是讀懂文章,掌握文章主旨大意,明確前文作者態(tài)度和關(guān)鍵信息的前提下,在大腦思維中建立一個(gè)對(duì)前文的理解框架和概括,高考讀后續(xù)寫寫文章記敘文出現(xiàn)頻率最高,其次是夾敘夾議類文章,還有少量的議論文。為了幫助學(xué)生所給文本材料,教師得首先幫助學(xué)生對(duì)記敘文及議論文的段落結(jié)構(gòu)和特點(diǎn)有一個(gè)清晰的認(rèn)識(shí)和把握,通過的閱讀信息的輸入讓學(xué)生形成一定的閱讀思維能力。因此,教師可以從這個(gè)意圖出發(fā),設(shè)計(jì)一些教學(xué)活動(dòng)幫助學(xué)生更好地把握所給文本材料的脈絡(luò)和整體框架,體現(xiàn)英語學(xué)科核心價(jià)值觀。
(教學(xué)實(shí)例)
利用記敘文的各個(gè)要素對(duì)文章信息進(jìn)行分類。
T:Now we know it is a narration,try to find the six elements of a narrative passage,which are who ,when,where,what,why and how.Browse the passage for the information of six elements.
Who:I,the old lady
When:on a winter afternoon when I was a twelve years old
Where:near the old lady’s backyard
What:I broke the window of the old lady’s house when a friend and I played games in the yard.
Why:Although I ran away at that time,I wanted to say sorry and cover the cost of her window.
How:I put the seven dollars in the envelope with a note explaining that I was sorry for breaking her window.
T:Now you have found the basic information of the passage ,try to summarize the main idea of the passage.
設(shè)計(jì)目的:該環(huán)節(jié)主要幫助學(xué)生掌握文章脈絡(luò)和梗概,通過確定文本體裁——記敘文,找出記敘文的六要素(并不是每篇記敘文留個(gè)要素都齊全,沒有的可以不體現(xiàn))。讓學(xué)生串聯(lián)六要素,說出故事的主要內(nèi)容,一方面可以顯現(xiàn)學(xué)生對(duì)故事的掌握情況,另一方面也可以訓(xùn)練新高考中另一寫作能力——概要寫作,鍛煉學(xué)生概括和歸納信息能力,關(guān)注作者的情感變化。
2.關(guān)注文本劃線詞,提取必要的信息
續(xù)寫文本中有10處左右的標(biāo)有下劃線的關(guān)鍵詞語,按續(xù)寫要求考生所續(xù)寫短文應(yīng)使用5個(gè)以上, 并在作文中用橫線標(biāo)注。值得注意的是有一部分關(guān)鍵詞對(duì)于預(yù)測(cè)下面的情節(jié)是很有導(dǎo)向意義的。 作為教師,我們可引導(dǎo)學(xué)生從10處劃線關(guān)鍵詞歸類,提取key information。其中,人物關(guān)鍵詞(the old lady)、地點(diǎn)關(guān)鍵詞(route、the yard)、時(shí)間關(guān)鍵詞(無)、動(dòng)作關(guān)鍵詞(smile,explaining,breaking her window)、主題關(guān)鍵詞(forgiveness)和其他關(guān)鍵詞(the paper,envelope,comfortably)。
設(shè)計(jì)目的:使學(xué)生關(guān)注劃線單詞和詞組, 并利用記敘文六要素將它們,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生思考這些單詞或詞組能引發(fā)什么后續(xù)情節(jié)故事,以便故事順利開展。
3.利用文中信息,對(duì)故事結(jié)局進(jìn)行推測(cè)
前面提到過續(xù)寫寫作分為兩大類別:半開放性質(zhì)和完全開放性質(zhì)。這篇文本屬于半開放性,所給文本開頭對(duì)故事結(jié)局有了一定的限制,要對(duì)學(xué)生做好引導(dǎo)工作,以免偏離寫作方向。
T:Before you start writing ,Can you guess whether it is a happy end or not according to the passage? Why ?
S:It is a happy ending.Because there is a sentence in the first paragraph: Yet it remains in my memory that she taught me a lesson in forgiveness that I shall never forget.From this sentence,we know the writer got forgiveness from the old lady finally.
設(shè)計(jì)目的:續(xù)寫寫作是要求考生順著原來文本材料的脈絡(luò)和思路進(jìn)行續(xù)寫,與所給文本材料合理銜接,半開放性的續(xù)寫寫作,對(duì)于結(jié)局,有些文本材料會(huì)有一定的提示,這個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)對(duì)后續(xù)故事的結(jié)局猜測(cè)幫助學(xué)生把握寫作方向。
4.關(guān)注所給續(xù)寫段落開頭語
兩個(gè)段首語是很重要的續(xù)寫提示,因此我們要特別重視。續(xù)寫寫作要求上下文連貫,與所給短文及段落開頭語的銜接程度,它們?cè)诤艽蟪潭壬项A(yù)示著情節(jié)的發(fā)展方向。
T:we can’t write as we wish.We are supplied with the beginning of two paragraphs.Therefore,our story should be developed not only to the given text but also the given beginning of the two paragraphs.Now read the beginning of the two paragraphs and see what they tell us.
T:The beginning of the first paragraph tell us the clue of what may happen next.What do you think may happen.
S:The writer may put the envelope with a note in front of the old lady’s door.
T:The beginning of the second paragraph gives us more information.Cookies are mentioned ,who do you think gave the cookies to the writer.
S:The old lady.
T:Very good.We know the beginning of the first paragraph has a close contact with the beginning of the second paragraph.So when you are writing the rest of the story,you should pay attention to the coherence of the context.
設(shè)計(jì)說明:本文是半開放性的,但一般高考作文的主題總是積極向上的,從上個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)知道文章結(jié)尾是個(gè)happy ending,但也不能隨意續(xù)寫,段首語的理解很重要,本文所給段落開頭語對(duì)續(xù)寫故事進(jìn)一步進(jìn)行了限制,學(xué)生可以仔細(xì)閱讀這兩句話,獲得很多的信息。
5.根據(jù)所獲得信息,列出續(xù)寫大綱
在這個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)是列故事大綱,幫助學(xué)生理清文章寫作思路,告知學(xué)生寫作時(shí)需要注意故事的人稱、時(shí)態(tài)、故事發(fā)展的連貫性、邏輯性,合理性。同時(shí)也關(guān)注文章的情感線索,作者從made a mistake-realize his mistake-made an apology-got the forgiveness的變化。
6.學(xué)生動(dòng)筆寫作前,要重申續(xù)寫寫作的三大要求
另外還要提醒學(xué)生注意卷面整潔程度、拼寫、標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)等方面,適量使用高級(jí)詞匯和句型結(jié)構(gòu),體現(xiàn)學(xué)生思考的合理性和創(chuàng)造性,使他們的寫作更符合續(xù)寫要求。
由于課堂時(shí)間比較緊湊,在課堂上完成全部寫作有困難,所以要求學(xué)生在課堂上寫好第一段續(xù)寫,第二段作為家庭作業(yè)。
學(xué)生第一段的習(xí)作:
I waited until it was dark,snuck up ( 偷偷地走進(jìn) ) old lady’s house.I put my envelope in front of her door.The envelope,explaining that I was so sorry to break her window,made me feel comfortable.I hoped that I could get the forgiveness from the old lady.The next day,when I gave the paper to her,she smiled and gave me a bag of cookies,which was made by herself.Tears filling my eyes,I ate them on my route.
四、教學(xué)反思
讀后續(xù)寫是浙江省新高考的全新題型,主要考查學(xué)生在閱讀理解文本解讀能力和在此基礎(chǔ)上的故事構(gòu)思和語言運(yùn)用寫作能力,教師可以根據(jù)學(xué)生的實(shí)際情況,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生發(fā)散性思維,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生對(duì)故事情節(jié)發(fā)展的合理性和邏輯性的把握,有時(shí)學(xué)生的思維也可以幫助教師改進(jìn)教學(xué)構(gòu)思。例如在講到故事情節(jié)結(jié)尾時(shí),有些學(xué)生提到文章第二段提到曲奇餅袋中有一個(gè)信封,“what is in the envelope?”信封中的東西也是我們可寫的內(nèi)容,有同學(xué)就大膽地猜測(cè)信封中放著就文本中提到的seven dollars,使故事情節(jié)更加連貫,形成上下文呼應(yīng)。
五、結(jié)束語
讀后續(xù)寫浙江英語新高考的測(cè)試內(nèi)容,對(duì)學(xué)生來說也是全新的。教師在日常教學(xué)中可以引導(dǎo)學(xué) 生在閱讀時(shí)認(rèn)真分析文本內(nèi)容和語言,并將分析 結(jié)果應(yīng)用于之后的續(xù)寫中,幫助學(xué)生通過語言模 仿和內(nèi)容創(chuàng)新不斷提高自己的寫作能力(劉慶思、 陳康 2016)。在教師備課環(huán)節(jié),教師仔細(xì)研讀續(xù)寫文本材料,深入挖掘文本中的所隱含的信息,理清續(xù)寫文本的脈絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu),分析劃線短語的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系,激發(fā)學(xué)生的故事構(gòu)思能力,使續(xù)寫寫作日?;?。
附錄:續(xù)寫文本閱讀材料
Forty-three years seems like a long time to remember the name of a mere acquaintance.I have forgotten the name of an old lady,who was a customer on the paper route in my home town when I was a twelve-year-old boy.Yet it stays in my memory,for she taught me a lesson of forgiveness that I shall never forget.
On a winter afternoon,a friend and I were throwing stones onto the roof of the old lady’s house from a spot near her backyard.The object of our play was to observe how the stones changed to missiles(導(dǎo)彈、發(fā)射物) as they rolled to the roof’s edge and shot out into the yard like comets falling from the sky.I found myself a perfectly smooth rock and threw it out.The stone was too smooth,however,so it slipped from my hand as I let it go and headed straight not for the roof but for a small window.At the sound of fractured glass,we knew we were in trouble.
I was too scared about getting caught that first night to be concerned about the old lady with the broken window in winter.However,a few days later,when I was sure that I hadn’t been discovered,I started to feel guilty for her misfortune.She still greeted me with a smile each day when I gave her the paper,but I was no longer able to act comfortably in her presence.
I made up my mind that I would save my paper delivery money,and in three weeks I had the seven dollars that I thought would cover the cost of her window.I put the money in an envelope with a note explaining that I was sorry for breaking her window and hoped that the seven dollars would cover the cost.
Paragraph 1
I waited until it was dark,snuck up( 偷偷地走進(jìn)) to the old lady’s house. 。
Paragraph 2
After several cookies,I felt an envelope and pulled it out of the bag. 。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1]教育部考試中心.普通高等學(xué)校招生全國(guó)統(tǒng)一考試英語科考試說明[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2015,8(1):6-7.
[2]劉慶思,陳康.關(guān)于一年兩考高中英語試卷中讀后續(xù)寫設(shè)計(jì)的研究[J].中小學(xué)外語教學(xué)(中學(xué) 篇),2016,(1):1-5.
[3]王朝銀.步步高英語高考總復(fù)習(xí)[M].黑龍江教育出版社,2016,3(2):71.