生態(tài)環(huán)?！」步ňG色絲綢之路

蜀山

在中國參加完防沙治沙國際培訓(xùn)班后，來自埃及開羅的園藝研究所研究員納希德·沙耶卜給自己設(shè)定了一個計(jì)劃：把中國的節(jié)水梯田種植模式“搬到”西奈半島山區(qū)，以這種方式在當(dāng)?shù)鼗哪B(yǎng)水源、防止水土流失。目前，她的愿望已逐步變成現(xiàn)實(shí)，埃及農(nóng)業(yè)部正在研究她提交的西奈半島梯田方案。

有同樣想法的還有來自伊拉克國家荒漠化防治委員會農(nóng)業(yè)副總工程師薩馬德·卡米勒·阿里。作為和埃及一樣重要的文明古國，近幾十年，隨著土壤鹽堿化和荒漠化，曾經(jīng)輝煌的兩河文明逐漸被沙塵掩埋，文明的起源早已被黃沙掩蓋。因此，對于薩馬德·卡米勒·阿里來說，他急切地希望學(xué)習(xí)防沙治沙的有效手段，將沙漠重新變?yōu)榫G洲。

納米比亞學(xué)員埃麗娜在甘肅省治沙研究所國際合作中心學(xué)習(xí)

“荒漠化”被形象地定義為地球的癌癥，在聯(lián)合國環(huán)境規(guī)劃署《全球環(huán)境展望》系列報(bào)告中的首份主題報(bào)告《全球沙漠展望》中，赤裸裸的數(shù)據(jù)震懾著所有人：目前全球有110多個國家10億多人受到沙漠化威脅，其中1.35億人面臨流離失所的危險;全球氣候變暖導(dǎo)致占全球41%的干旱地區(qū)土地不斷沙化，且面積正在逐漸擴(kuò)大，目前養(yǎng)活引億人口的干旱地區(qū)中有10% -20%的土地?zé)o法耕種;非洲是沙漠化最嚴(yán)重的地區(qū)，據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，非洲有大約三分之二的面積被沙漠和干旱土地所覆蓋，世界上已經(jīng)沙漠化的土地有一半在非洲。

而在我國，甘肅省是防沙治沙的重點(diǎn)省份，最近幾年甘肅省依靠科技手段取得了不錯的成效。于是，為降低國際荒漠化進(jìn)程，將更多有益手段傳播出去，甘肅省治沙研究所建成了荒漠化與風(fēng)沙災(zāi)害防治國家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室、荒漠草地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)國家野外科學(xué)觀測研究站、荒漠化防治國際培訓(xùn)中心等重點(diǎn)科研基地。先后舉辦了36期“中國沙漠治理技術(shù)和荒漠化防治國際培訓(xùn)班”，培訓(xùn)了90多個發(fā)展中國家的1000多名學(xué)員，其科研基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)、研究成果及培訓(xùn)水平均為國際領(lǐng)先。

中國生態(tài)建設(shè)的腳步不僅僅只局限于防沙治沙環(huán)節(jié)，對于一切涉及到環(huán)保的大事，中國政府都將義無反顧地倡導(dǎo)并執(zhí)行下去。2018年11月6日，國家市場監(jiān)督管理總局與中國人民對外友好協(xié)會在中國國際進(jìn)口博覽會期間共同舉辦“一帶一路”生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)與食品安全論壇，論壇的主題是“擴(kuò)大食品進(jìn)口 豐富百姓生活”。與會嘉賓共同研討了國際生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)對食品安全保障作用，探索了中國食品消費(fèi)結(jié)構(gòu)變化趨勢。9月12日，“一帶一路”生態(tài)治理民間合作國際論壇在甘肅省武威市召開，推廣民勤生態(tài)治理的中國案例及“一帶一路”生態(tài)治理成果，讓“一帶一路”民間力量攜起手來，共建綠色“絲綢之路”。

科倫坡國際集裝箱碼頭“油改電”獲贊（本版圖片/新華社 供圖）

除此以外，在2017年，環(huán)境保護(hù)部發(fā)布的《“一帶一路”生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)合作規(guī)劃》指出，在生態(tài)環(huán)保合作領(lǐng)域，中國積極與沿線國家深化多雙邊對話、交流與合作，強(qiáng)化生態(tài)環(huán)境信息支撐服務(wù)，推動環(huán)境標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、技術(shù)和產(chǎn)業(yè)合作，取得積極進(jìn)展和良好成效。同年，中國與聯(lián)合國環(huán)境規(guī)劃署建立“一帶一路”綠色發(fā)展國際聯(lián)盟，旨在為更多飽受荒漠化困擾的國家提供生態(tài)治理與荒漠化防治經(jīng)驗(yàn);中國生態(tài)環(huán)境部牽頭的對外援助環(huán)境管理研修班被聯(lián)合國譽(yù)為“南南合作典范”;中非環(huán)境合作中心在肯尼亞建立，旨在推進(jìn)環(huán)保交流的“綠色絲路使者”計(jì)劃啟動……

位于斯里蘭卡西南部深水自由港的科倫坡國際集裝箱碼頭（簡稱“CICT”）如今已成為南亞地區(qū)規(guī)模最大的綠色碼頭?？苽惼麓a頭隸屬于科倫坡港，其港口是斯里蘭卡最大的海港，連接著亞洲和歐洲貿(mào)易航線的必經(jīng)之路，是南亞重要中轉(zhuǎn)樞紐。

中國援建的阿爾及爾歌劇院 ? ?（新華社供圖）

2011年，中國招商局港口控股有限公司投資了位于斯里蘭卡的科倫坡國際集裝箱碼頭。相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)顯示，自2013年7月開始運(yùn)營以來，CICT業(yè)務(wù)快速增長，2013年集裝箱吞吐量僅5.8萬標(biāo)箱，到2014年達(dá)68萬標(biāo)箱，而2018年上半年吞吐量已完成130萬標(biāo)箱。在全球港口排名中，科倫坡港由2012年的第34位大幅躍升至2016年的第23位。

經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)上來了，生態(tài)指標(biāo)也必須要達(dá)標(biāo)。2017年11月，碼頭完成全部40臺龍門吊及40個集裝箱堆場的“油改電”改造，也就是這個技術(shù)改造讓科倫坡國際集裝箱碼頭一躍成為斯里蘭卡第一家，也是南亞地區(qū)規(guī)模最大的綠色碼頭。

據(jù)估算，龍門吊作業(yè)動力從柴油發(fā)電機(jī)組改為市電提供后，不僅每年節(jié)省150萬美元經(jīng)濟(jì)成本，而且對環(huán)境也更為友好：每月至少減少油耗22萬升，減少碳排放一千噸以上。此外，在龍門吊放下集裝箱時，重力勢能還會轉(zhuǎn)化為再生電能，除了供給碼頭其他設(shè)備使用外，剩余電能直接免費(fèi)反饋回當(dāng)?shù)貒译娋W(wǎng)。

項(xiàng)目工程技術(shù)人員介紹，這一碼頭低架、直流、安全滑觸線電氣化改造工程，采用世界先進(jìn)的綠色環(huán)保技術(shù)，并進(jìn)行了創(chuàng)新及熱帶適應(yīng)性改造，不僅減少了空氣污染和噪音，還降低了運(yùn)營和維護(hù)成本，提高了設(shè)備出勤率。

面對經(jīng)濟(jì)和生態(tài)的雙豐收，斯里蘭卡港務(wù)局主席迪薩納亞克也不無感嘆地說，科倫坡國際集裝箱綠色碼頭項(xiàng)目為斯港口航運(yùn)業(yè)其他企業(yè)作出了表率。

同樣對中國企業(yè)在環(huán)保領(lǐng)域贊譽(yù)有佳的還有巴基斯坦前總理阿巴西，他深情地說：“冰凍三尺非一日之寒，中國電建克服重重困難，用無可匹敵的速度提前完成建設(shè)任務(wù)，用最低的成本建造了全世界最環(huán)保、最先進(jìn)的電站，這將極大緩解巴基斯坦電力短缺現(xiàn)狀，為巴基斯坦經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和改善人民生活提供持續(xù)的電力能源供應(yīng)?！?/p>

2017年11月末，在一個陽光明媚的下午，中國電建投資建設(shè)的“中巴經(jīng)濟(jì)走廊”首個落地能源項(xiàng)目——巴基斯坦卡西姆港燃煤電站首臺機(jī)組發(fā)電儀式在電站隆重舉行?？ㄎ髂犯廴济弘娬卷?xiàng)目，位于巴基斯坦信德省卡拉奇市東南方約37公里的卡西姆港工業(yè)園內(nèi)，是中國電建與卡塔爾王室AMC公司按照股比51%：49%的比例共同投資建設(shè)的混合所有制項(xiàng)目，總投資20.85億美元。

自1983年起進(jìn)入巴基斯坦市場以來，中國電建就積極參與巴基斯坦水利、電力、基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施等多領(lǐng)域的規(guī)劃、設(shè)計(jì)和建設(shè)工作，努力將電站打造成為“一帶一路”和“中巴經(jīng)濟(jì)走廊”精品項(xiàng)目和示范工程。2015年4月20日，在中巴兩國領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的見證下，簽署了項(xiàng)目《實(shí)施協(xié)議》和《購電協(xié)議》。兩臺660MW超臨界機(jī)組已在2018年6月全部實(shí)現(xiàn)商業(yè)運(yùn)行，年均上網(wǎng)發(fā)電量約90億度，能夠滿足巴基斯坦當(dāng)?shù)?00萬戶家庭用電需求，大大緩解巴基斯坦電力短缺現(xiàn)狀，并對巴基斯坦國家調(diào)整電力能源結(jié)構(gòu)、降低發(fā)電成本、緩解供需矛盾、優(yōu)化投資環(huán)境、促進(jìn)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、改善民生等方面產(chǎn)生深遠(yuǎn)影響。

“一帶一路”倡議提出至今，在不斷加強(qiáng)的國際合作與交流中，中國不僅著眼于經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)，更是將生態(tài)建設(shè)放在了至關(guān)重要的位置。基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)和經(jīng)貿(mào)往來讓“一帶一路”成為經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮之路，而低碳、環(huán)保理念也必將“一帶一路”建設(shè)成為造福人類的綠色發(fā)展之路。

Having been trained in an international workshopon desertification prevention and control inChina. Nasheed Shayeb，a researcher from theHorticulture Research Institute， Cairo， Egypt， workedout a plan to "copy" China's cropping pattern ofwater-saving terraces to mountainous areas of theSinai Peninsula for water conservation and preventionof soil erosion in local deserts. Presently. the Ministryof Agriculture and Land Reclamation of Egypt isstudying her plan of building terraces in the SinaiPeninsula， gradually tuming her vision into reality

Sarmad Kamil Ali， Deputy Chief AgriculturalEngineer of Iraq's State Board of CombatingDesertification， held the same idea. Iraq has animportant ancient civilization as Egypt. In recentdecades， due to salinization of soil and desertification，the Mesopotamian civilization that used to be splendidhas been buried under sand， where no traces of itsorigin can be found， Therefore，Sarmad Kamil Aliwas eager to leam effective means of preventing andcontrolling desertification so as to turn deserts intooases.

“Desertification" is vividly depicted as the cancerof the earth. The figures from the Global DesertsOutlook， the first thematic assessment report intheGlobal Environment Outlook （GEO） series of theUnited Nations Environment Programme （UNEP），shocked all people. At present， desertification threatensthe livelihoods of over one billion people in morethan 110 countries around the world and 135 millionof them are likely to become destitute and homeless.Global warming has led to the desertification of 41%of the land in arid regions worldwide and such areais gradually expanding. 2.1 billion people currentlylive in arid regions but 10% t0 20% of the land hereis non-cultivable. The most serious desertificationoccurs in Africa. According to the statistics， two thirdsofAfrica is covered by deserts and arid lands with halfof the desertified land in the world located here.

In China， Gansu is a key province for preventingand controlling desertification and has achievedgood results by scientific and technological means.Therefore， to slow down the desertification processon a global scale and spread more beneficial measuresit has taken to combat this issue worldwide， theGansu Desert Control Research Institute （GDCRI）has established several key scientific research bases，including the State Key Laboratory of Desertificationand Aeolian Sand Disaster Combating， the NationalField Observation & Research Station on Ecosystemof Desert Grasslands. and the Intemational TrainingCenter for Desertification Control. The GDCRI hasheld 36 sessions of intemational training on China'stechnologies of desert and desertification control withover l，000 learners from more than 90 developingcountries trained. Its basic research facilities， researchresults and training level are all world-leading.

China's efforts in ecological improvement aremore than desertification prevention and control.The Chinese government will advocate and act outevery major event involving environmental protectionwithout hesitation. On November 6， 2018， the Belt& Road Eco-Agriculture and Food Safety Forum（BREAFSF）， with a theme of "expanding foodimports to enrich people's lives"， was jointly hostedby the State Administration for Market Regulation（SAMR） and the Clrinese People's Association forFriendship with Foreign Countries （CPAFFC） duringthe China International Import Expo. Attendeesdiscussed about how the intemational eco-agriculturefunctions to ensure food safety， and exploredthe change trend of China's food consumptionstructure. On September 12， 2018， the Belt andRoad Intemational Forum on Public Cooperation forEcological Remediation was convened in WuweiCity， Gansu Province to popularize Minqin County'scase of ecological remediation and the ecologicalremediation results achieved under the BRI. Thisevent hoped to pool the public strengths along the BRIroutes to jointly build a green Silk Road.

Besides， the Ministry of Ecology and Environmentof China issued the Belt and Road Ecological andEnvironmental Cooperation Plan in 2017. The planpresented the encouraging progress and impressiveresults China made by actively deepening bilateraland multilateral dialogues， exchanges and cooperationwith countries along the Belt and Road， improvingsupport services related to ecological environmentinformation， and promoting cooperation inenvironmental standards， technologies and industries.In the same year， the Intemational Coalition for GreenDevelopment on the Belt and Road was built byChina and the UNEP to offer experience in ecologicalremediation and desertification control for countriessuffering from desertification; the training prograrnfor foreign aid on environmental management led bythe Ministry of Ecology and Environment was hailedby the UN as a model of South-South cooperation;the China-Africa Environmental Cooperation Centerwas established in Kenya; and the Green Silk RoadEnvoys Program aimed at promoting environmentalexchanges was launched.

Currently， the Colombo International ContainerTerminals （CICT） located in the deep-water free portin southwest Sri Lanka has become the largest greenterminal within South Asia. The CICT is under thejurisdiction of the Port of Colombo， the largest seaportin Sri Lanka. The port is the only place that connectstrade routes between Asia and Europe， serving as animportant transit hub in South Asia.

In 2011， China Merchants Port HoldingsCompany Limited invested in the CICT in Sri Lanka.Relevant data indicates that the CICT's businesshas grown rapidly since its operation in July 2013.The CICT's container handling capacity surgedsurprisingly from 58，000 TEUs in 2013 t0 680，000TEUs in 2014 and further t0 1.3 million TEUs till thefirst half of 2018. That helped the Port of Colombo move to the 23rd in the global ports ranking in 2016from the 34th in 2012.

While economic indicators have risen， ecologicalones must reach the standard. In November 2017， theCICT completed the oil-to-electricity transformationfor 40 gantry cranes and 40 container yards， whichmade CICT the first green temunal in Sri Lanka andthe largest green terminal in South Asia.

According to the estimate， since gantry craneswere powered by AC rather than diesel generatorsets， the CICT has seen a savmg in economic costof USD l.5 million every year and has becomemore environmentally friendly as the project hasreduced the fuel consumption by 220，000 liters andcarbon emission by over l，000 tons every month.Additionally， when the gantry crane lowers containers，gravitational potential energy can be transformedinto renewable electric energy， which can powerother equipment at the CICT. And surplus energy canprovide for the local State Grid freely.

An engineering technician of the oil-to-electricitytransformation project introduced that the CICTemployed low-rack DC safety sliding contact lines forelectrification， with world-leading environmentallyfriendly technologies adopted. In addition， thoselines were renovated and tropicalized. As a result， airpollution， noise as well as operation and maintenancecosts have been reduced while the participation rate ofequipment has been improved.

Seeing fruitful achievements in local economy andecology， Mr. Parakrama Dissanayake， Chairman ofSri Lanka Ports Authority， said joyfully that the CICTGreen Terminal Project has set an example for otherenterprises in Sri Lanka's port and shipping industry.

Mr. Shahid Khaqan Abbasi， former PrimeMinister of Pakistan， also highly appreciated Chineseenterprises for their contributions to environmentalprotection. "Rome was not build in one day.POWERCHINA overcame difficulties to buildthe most environmentally friendly and advancedpower plant in the world ahead of schedule at anunprecedented pace with the lowest cost， which couldgreatly relieve the power shortage in Pakistan as it willsupply sustainable electrical energy for developinglocal economy and improving people's livelihoods，"he said affectionately.

On a sunny afiernoon at the end of November2017， the ceremony for the first unit of Port QasimCoal Fired Power Plant Project to commence powergeneration in Pakistan was held in the plant. Investedprimarily and constructed by POWERCHINA， it isthe first implemented energy project of China-PakistanEconomic Corridor （CPEC）. Port Qasim Coal FiredPower Plant is located in the Bin Qasim IndustrialZone， 37 km southeast of Karachi， Sindh， Pakistan. Theproject， invested jointly by POWERCHINA （51%） andAMC from Qatar（49%）， runs in a mixed ownershipmodel with a total investment of USD 2.085 billion.

Since POWERCHINA entered the Pakistanimarket in 1983， it has been actively engaged inthe planning， design and construction of projectsin various fields in Pakistan， including waterconservancy， electric power and infrastructure， strivingto build the Port Qasim Coal Fired Power Plant intoan excellent demonstration project of the BRI as wellas CPEC. On April 20， 2015， the ImplementationAgreement and Power Purchase Agreement weresigned as witnessed by the leaders of China andPakistan. Tw0 660MW supercritical units bothachieved commercial operation in June 2018 with theannual average on-grid power generation reachingsome 9 billion kWh. They meet the power demandof 4 million households in Pakistan， greatly alleviatethe power shortage here and have far-reachinginfluences on the country in adjusting the electricalenergy mix， reducing the generating cost， relieving thecontradiction between supply and demand， optimizingthe investment environment， promoting infrastructureconstruction and economic development as well asimproving people's livelihoods.

Since the proposal of the BRI till now. China hasnot only been focusing on economic constructionbut also giving priority to ecological constructionduring its increasingly intensified cooperationand communications with the rest of the world.Infrastructure construction and economic and tradecontacts make the Belt and Road a path to economicprosperity while the concept of low carbon andenvironmental protection builds it into a path to greendevelopment which benefits all humans.