民生：在“非洲屋脊”共筑希望

李卉嬪

People's livelihood： building dreams together on the "roof ofAfrica"

“十年”這個(gè)時(shí)間段，對(duì)埃塞俄比亞來(lái)說(shuō)，有著非同尋常的意義：十年是埃塞義務(wù)教育的起點(diǎn)：是徹底消除瘧疾的終點(diǎn);是經(jīng)濟(jì)騰飛、GDP平均增長(zhǎng)10%的節(jié)點(diǎn)，是成為東非第一大經(jīng)濟(jì)體的蛻變。

埃塞是非洲最大的竹林國(guó)家，竹制品是其重要的外匯來(lái)源之一。2018年9月，四川省瀘州市納溪區(qū)白節(jié)鎮(zhèn)，迎未了不遠(yuǎn)萬(wàn)里而來(lái)的38名埃塞俄比亞學(xué)員。他們來(lái)這里學(xué)習(xí)竹產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)加工技藝：將藤條扭成適合的形狀，連接接頭，切割機(jī)去料，紗布打磨等一系列工序下來(lái)，小巧的吊燈、臺(tái)燈，實(shí)用的餐墊、精美的竹藤家具便誕生了。師傅手把手教，學(xué)生一點(diǎn)一滴學(xué)，短短一周時(shí)間，埃塞學(xué)員進(jìn)步神速。學(xué)員們感慨，沒(méi)想到竹木藤能做出這么多東西，希望通過(guò)這次學(xué)習(xí)，把優(yōu)秀的技藝帶回家鄉(xiāng)。

十年來(lái)，從手工藝品、服裝、鞋等輕工業(yè)品制作，到火車(chē)駕駛、鐵路運(yùn)營(yíng)、飛機(jī)駕駛等大型工種，中國(guó)有針對(duì)性地為埃塞俄比亞開(kāi)展各種職業(yè)技能培訓(xùn)、援建學(xué)校。2008年開(kāi)始投入使用的埃塞一中國(guó)職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院是中國(guó)援助非洲的最大教育項(xiàng)目。

十年來(lái)，中國(guó)向埃塞俄比亞派遣教師、捐贈(zèng)教學(xué)設(shè)施、提供培訓(xùn)課程，發(fā)展職業(yè)教育以促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和人力資源開(kāi)發(fā)，成績(jī)斐然。在埃塞的中國(guó)企業(yè)為當(dāng)?shù)厝颂峁┘寄芘嘤?xùn)，提供實(shí)習(xí)機(jī)會(huì)，埃塞已成為中國(guó)援外培訓(xùn)資源的最大受益國(guó)之一。

隨著兩國(guó)教育合作愈加緊密，“留學(xué)”不再是夢(mèng)想，越來(lái)越多埃塞年輕人選擇到中國(guó)“圓夢(mèng)”。操著一口流利普通話(huà)的納必永是一名埃塞留學(xué)生。2012年，他在父親的鼓勵(lì)下，來(lái)到天津大學(xué)建筑學(xué)院開(kāi)始本科學(xué)業(yè)。幾年后，對(duì)中國(guó)文化的喜愛(ài)讓他繼續(xù)留下攻讀碩士學(xué)位?！皩?duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)，天津大學(xué)是我的第二個(gè)家，當(dāng)我18歲來(lái)到這里時(shí)，還是個(gè)懵懂的少年，但當(dāng)我即將離開(kāi)時(shí)，已對(duì)自己有了清晰的人生規(guī)劃?！奔{必永說(shuō)。

十年前，埃塞俄比亞的中學(xué)課本載入了這樣的一課：中國(guó)在近代也貧窮落后，但近幾十年通過(guò)勤奮創(chuàng)造了經(jīng)濟(jì)奇跡;既然中國(guó)能由窮變富，那么我們埃塞俄比亞也能創(chuàng)造經(jīng)濟(jì)奇跡。中國(guó)奇跡來(lái)自其人民都受過(guò)基本的教育，渴望用自己的勤奮努力獲得更好的生活。這篇課文在埃塞俄比亞青年中產(chǎn)生了極大的震撼，希望學(xué)習(xí)中國(guó)模式、到中國(guó)學(xué)習(xí)的年輕人越來(lái)越多。

埃塞俄比亞曾經(jīng)瘧疾肆虐，人民深受其害，為此，埃塞制定了“醫(yī)療十年”計(jì)劃，計(jì)劃在2030年前徹底消除瘧疾。

十年消除瘧疾計(jì)劃來(lái)源于中國(guó)對(duì)抗瘧疾的成功經(jīng)驗(yàn)：過(guò)去十年里，中國(guó)在非洲設(shè)立了幾十個(gè)防治瘧疾中心，幫助馬拉維實(shí)現(xiàn)了瘧疾零死亡，以清除傳染源為核心的中國(guó)原創(chuàng)青蒿素復(fù)方在非洲很多國(guó)家證明了其可行性。

十年消除瘧疾計(jì)劃的完成也與中埃40年醫(yī)療合作打下的堅(jiān)實(shí)基礎(chǔ)密切相關(guān)。

45年前，中國(guó)首批援助醫(yī)療隊(duì)來(lái)到季馬，心血管專(zhuān)家梅庚年擔(dān)任醫(yī)療隊(duì)隊(duì)長(zhǎng)，期間他的團(tuán)隊(duì)攻克了多個(gè)醫(yī)療難題。次年8月，埃塞俄比亞發(fā)生嚴(yán)重旱災(zāi)，參與救災(zāi)的梅庚年不幸遭遇車(chē)禍、以身殉職。他被譽(yù)為非洲的“中國(guó)白求恩”。埃塞政府在梅庚年墓前立起三座大理石墓碑，以紀(jì)念他的國(guó)際主義精神。

40多年來(lái)，一批批援助埃塞的中國(guó)醫(yī)務(wù)人員，踏著梅庚年的足跡，奉獻(xiàn)在埃塞俄比亞高原。尤其是在“一帶一路”倡議的推動(dòng)下，中國(guó)對(duì)埃塞的醫(yī)療援助力度越來(lái)越大。

2018年8月，在首都亞的斯亞貝巴的中國(guó)一埃塞俄比亞友好醫(yī)院，來(lái)自河南省平頂山市第二人民醫(yī)院的外科副主任醫(yī)師張?zhí)禊i正在與當(dāng)?shù)蒯t(yī)生溝通患者的病情。時(shí)年37歲的他隨中國(guó)援埃塞第20批醫(yī)療隊(duì)在這里已經(jīng)工作一年了。

張?zhí)禊i說(shuō)，“這一年的經(jīng)歷對(duì)我一生都是一種很難得的歷練?！弊咴卺t(yī)院會(huì)有人突然說(shuō)“你好！” “China！”。有一次手術(shù)做到一半，發(fā)現(xiàn)后面圍了一圈當(dāng)?shù)氐尼t(yī)生在拍照觀察?！耙灿屑覍倬o緊地握著我們的手，雖然很多當(dāng)?shù)卦?huà)我們聽(tīng)不懂，但能看出他們眼神中帶著由衷的感激?！睆?zhí)禊i回憶道。

一年多里，張?zhí)禊i所在的這支醫(yī)療隊(duì)在受援醫(yī)院共開(kāi)展各類(lèi)手術(shù)512臺(tái)次：日常門(mén)診病人共11647人次;麻醉386人次;×光檢查11151人次，B超檢查9759人次，化驗(yàn)檢查1370人次，針灸治療9356人次，帶動(dòng)了埃塞醫(yī)療水平的提高。

埃塞衛(wèi)生部國(guó)務(wù)部長(zhǎng)凱貝德·沃爾庫(kù)表示，“中國(guó)幫助我們健全完善了醫(yī)療體系，援建了現(xiàn)代化醫(yī)院，并配備藥品和急需的醫(yī)療設(shè)備，我們期待著更多的雙邊合作?！?/p>

十年教育鑄魂，十年醫(yī)療強(qiáng)身，前者為發(fā)展指路，后者為發(fā)展護(hù)航。未來(lái)十年，還有更多如梅庚年、張?zhí)禊i一樣的中國(guó)醫(yī)生將奉獻(xiàn)于埃塞俄比亞高原，為其無(wú)數(shù)個(gè)十年醫(yī)療計(jì)劃的如期完成添磚加瓦。

For Ethiopia， a decade implies particular importance.In the past decade， the country has witnessed itseconomic take-off， with its annual GDP growth reaching10%; in the upcoming decade， it will fulfill its medicalplan to eliminate malaria; one decade also represents thetime span forits compulsory education.

Education： "we can also create miracles"

Etlriopia has the largest bamboo forests in Africa，with bamboo products as one of its important sourcesof foreign exchange. In September 2018， Baijie Town，Naxi District， Luzhou Sichuan， embraced 38 Ethiopianapprentices who came from afar to learn the productionand processing skills of bamboo products， fromwrenclung rattan into desired shapes to connectingwith joints， from deflashing with cutters to polishingwith abrasive paper. From such small ornaments asceiling lamps and table lamps to practical placematand exquisite rattan furniture， the masters taught thestudents hand by hand， while the students learned littleby little. In such a short period of one week， theseEthiopian students made rapid progress. The studentssighed with emotion that they never thought they couldmake so many objects with rattan， and hoped to bringback excellent skills through this training session.In the past decade， from the production of suchlight industry products as handicrafts， apparel， andfootwear to such major professions as the operationof trains， railways， and aircrafi， China has providedvarious kinds of vocational skill trainings to Ethiopiaand assisted in building schools there. Ethio-ChinaPolytechnic College， which has been in operation since2008， is the largest education project aided by China inAfrica.

During the past decade， China sent teachers，donated teaching facilities， and provided trainingcourses to Ethiopia， aiming to boost the developmentof economy and human resources by developingvocational education， which has recorded remarkableachievements. Chinese enterprises in Ethiopiaalso provided locals with skill trainings and internopportunities， making Ethiopia the largest beneficiaryofChina's training resources for foreign countries.

With the closer cooperation in education betweenChina and Ethiopia， "studying abroad" is no longeronly a dream for Ethiopians， and more and moreEthiopian youngsters choose to "fulfill their dreams" inChina. Nabiyong， who speaks Mandarin fluently， is anEthiopian student in China.Encouraged by his father，he came to pursue his bachelor's degree in the Schoolof Architecture， Tianjin University. As interested inChinese culture， he continued to study for the master'sdegree a few years later. "For me， Tianjin University ismy second home. When I came here at 18 years old， Iwas still an innocent teenager， but when I am about toleave here， I have a clear life plan，"said Nabiyong.

Ten years ago， there was a lesson in the text bookfor secondary school students in Ethiopia， which read：China used to be a poor underdeveloped country inmodern times too， but has created economic miraclesthrough diligent work in recent decades; as long asChina can develop from a poor country to a rich one，then Ethiopia can also create economic miracles.China's economic miracles result from the fact thatmost of its people have received basic education， andare eager to live a better life through hard work. Thistext shocked many Ethiopian youngsters， and thenan increasing number of them hoped to learn fromChina's development mode and study in China.

Medical care： fighting against malaria and

safeguard health

Ethiuopia was once a malaria-endernic countrywith its people deeply suffered. Therefore， Ethiopiaprepared a "ten-year" medical plan namely the plan toeliminate malaria before 2030.

The "ten-year" malaria elimination plan comesfrom China's successful practice of fighting againstmalaria： in the past decade， China has set up dozensof malaria prevention centers in Africa， helpingMalawi realize the goal of zero death from malaria;"China's malaria prevention program"， the core ofwhich is using artemisin in compound to eliminateinfection sources， has proved its feasibility in manyAfrican countries.

The completion of the "ten-year" malariaelimination plan is closely related to the solidfoundation laid by the 40-year China-Ethiopiamedical cooperation.

45 years ago， the first Chinese medical aid team，which was led by angiocarpy expert Mei Gengnian，came to Jimma. During their stay there， the teamovercame many medical difficulties. In the nextAugust after their arrival， Ethiopia was hit by severedrought. Mei Gengnian participated in the disasterrelief， and unfortunately died at his post in a caraccident. He has been reputed as "Chinese Bethune"in Africa. The Ethiopian government set up threemarble tombstones in front of Mei Gengnian's tombto commemorate his spirit of intemationalism.

Over the past over 40 years， groups of Chinesemedical aid workers followed the footsteps of MeiGengnian， devoting themselves on the EthiopianHighlands. Especially with the boost ofthe Belt andRoad Initiative， China is providing more and moremedical aids to Ethiopia.

In August 2018， in the Ethio-China FriendshipHospital in Addis Ababa， the capital of Etluopia，Mr. Zhang Tianpeng， associate chief surgeon fromPingdingshan the Second People's Hospital ofHenan was talking about patient's conditions withlocal doctors. He， 37-year-old at that time， had beenworking with the 20th batch of the Chinese medicalteam in Ethiopia for one year.

Zhang Tianpeng said， "This is a valuableexperience in my life." When he was walkingin the hospital， someone would suddenly say"Hello！""China！". Once when he was performingan operation， he found himself surrounded by localdoctors who were taking photos and observing."Some patients' family members would hold ourhands tightly. Although we cannot understand manylocal words， we can see the gratitude in their eyes：'Zhang Tianpeng recalled.

In the past year， the medical team which ZhangTianpeng belongs to has performed 512 0perations inthe aided hospitals; received 11，647 person-times ofroutine outpatients; anaesthetized 386 person-times;performed X-ray examinations for 11，151 person-times;performed medical ultrasound examinations for 9，759person-times; performed laboratory examinations for1，370 person-times; acupunctured 9，356 person-times，improving the medical services in Ethiopia.

Kebede Worku， State Minister of Health ofEthiopia， said， China helps us improve our medicalsystem， aids the construction of modem hospitals，and supplies medicines and medical equipmentneeded badly. We are looking forward to morebilateral cooperation.

A decade of education aid shapes the soul， and adecade of medical aid improves physical fitness. Theformer shows the direction of development， whilethe latter guarantees the development. In the comingdecade， there will be more doctors like Mei Gengnianand Zhang Tianpeng devoting themselves on theEthiopian Highlands， and helping Ethiopia completeits several "ten-year" medical plans.