China’s Successful Experience in Poverty Reduction中國扶貧成功之路

鄭豐田

China’s reform and opening up originated2 in rural areas with adjustment of the relationship between farmers and land. Before 1978， hundreds of millions of Chinese people were struggling to meet their basic daily needs. After 40 years of development， more than 700 million people in rural areas of China were lifted out of3 poverty. This not only laid a solid foundation for China to build a moderately prosperous society in all respects， but also made great contributions to poverty alleviation4 and development for all mankind.

In 1978， farmers from 18 households in Xiaogang Village of Fengyang County， Anhui Province took the leads in signing a secret agreement to divide communal5 farmland into individual plots， which inadvertently6 gave birth to the household responsibility system7 and lit the torch for China’s rural reform.

By breaking up the people’s commune system， removing many of the constraints of the planned economy and implementing8 the household responsibility system， farmers received contracted9 land they could freely decide what to grow， which greatly stimulated their enthusiasm for agricultural production.

Rural reform laid a solid foundation for the country’s development in the next stage. From 1978 to 1985， the profound reform of China’s rural economic system provided a strong impetus10 for unconventional11 economic growth and dramatic reduction of the poverty-stricken12 population. According the standards at that time， 50 percent of the rural population in poverty met their basic needs during this period. And even according to the poverty alleviation standards updated in 2011， more than 100 million rural people were lifted out of poverty during the period.

From the 1980s to the 1990s， township enterprises13 developed rapidly in the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta， which brought tremendous14 influence to the development of China’s rural areas and greatly promoted the progress of national poverty alleviation.

Thanks to rural reform and scientific and technological progress in agriculture， a huge number of rural laborers have been emancipated15 from the land. Many farmers set up township enterprises to become entrepreneurs16， driving more villagers to work in town for considerably increased income. Many credit township enterprises with17 fueling18 a leap forward in the transformation of farmers to workers.

To eliminate19 poverty， China promulgated20 and implemented the Seven-Year Priority Poverty Alleviation Program in 1994， which was designed to lift 80 million people out of absolute poverty through development-oriented poverty relief efforts in a period of seven years from 1994 to 2000.

During the seven years after the program was implemented， the central government invested 124 billion yuan in poverty alleviation， and the rural poverty-stricken population dropped from 80 million to 32 million.

To improve basic production and living conditions and consolidate the achievements of meeting basic needs of people in poverty-stricken areas， from 2001 to 2010， China’s poverty alleviation policy narrowed its target from county level to village level and implemented the strategy of developing the whole village instead of individuals.

In 2011， China launched21 the Outline for Development-Oriented Poverty Alleviation for China’s Rural Areas （2011—2020） and put forward new poverty alleviation goals and strategies. A dozen of contiguous22 poor areas were designated as the main battlefield for poverty alleviation and development， and the poverty alleviation standard was raised by 92 percent. According to the new standard， by the end of 2012， the number of people defined as living under the poverty line had risen to 98.99 million.

Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China in 2012， China has comprehensively23 deepened reform in the field of poverty alleviation， innovated ideas， measures and institutional mechanisms， and established the basic strategy of target poverty relief24， optimizing25 achievements in poverty alleviation in the country to levels never seen before.

From 2013 to 2017， the poverty-stricken population in China’s rural areas was reduced from 98.99 million to 30.46 million， according to the current poverty alleviation standards， with average annual poverty reduction of 13.7 million people. A solid step has been taken to solve overall poverty in rural China.

Living standards and quality have generally improved in rural areas of China， and even production and living conditions in the poorest areas have seen tremendous changes.

Traffic problems have severely restricted rural economic development， but over the past several years， China has continued to invest heavily in infrastructure26. By the end of 2017， 98.45 percent of towns and 96.87 percent of administrative villages in poverty-stricken areas had paved roads. And the proportion of administrative villages in poverty-stricken areas with access to electricity， telephones and television signals has increased to more than 98 percent.

Social undertakings27 such as education and healthcare have also developed rapidly in those areas. The rate of illiteracy28 and semi-illiteracy has continued to decline， the completion rate of compulsory education has risen， and the quality of the labor force has improved significantly.

Furthermore， due to the implementation of the new rural cooperative medical system and other systems， healthcare conditions and service capabilities have continued to increase in rural areas.

According to the poverty alleviation standard of per capita annual net income of 2，300 yuan， the poverty-stricken population in rural China decreased from 770 million in 1978 to about 30 million in 2017， with more than 700 million people lifted out of poverty.

According to the US$1.9 a day standard that the World Bank uses for global poverty monitoring， the global poverty-stricken population decreased by 1.1 billion during the period from 1981 to 2012， a drop of 55.1 percent. In contrast， the poverty-stricken population in China dropped by 790 million during the same period， accounting for 71.82 percent of the global number. China created a miracle in global poverty reduction history and contributed Chinese wisdom and a Chinese approach to global poverty alleviation undertakings.

China’s sound national governance structure has ensured the in-depth promotion of national strategies， effective implementation of national policies and rapid economic and social development， which has been a core factor in China’s successful poverty reduction.

China has set up special poverty alleviation organizations， integrated poverty alleviation and development into its national development strategy， formulated poverty alleviation strategies and plans， carried out poverty alleviation actions targeting specific groups of people， and promoted implementation of policies from top to grassroots29 level.

Implementation efforts from the central government down to local governments have been strong and effective， reflecting sound governance capacity and good operational efficiency of the Chinese government as well as the advantages of the Chinese system.

China considers targeted poverty alleviation an important measure to tackle key problems in poverty reduction work. It involves finding the root causes of poverty before prescribing a suitable remedy and delivering targeted treatment.

The days of general poverty alleviation efforts have given way to30 a compound poverty alleviation governance system. Led by the government and focused on the poverty-stricken population as well as the grassroots rural communities， it has attracted enterprises， non-governmental organizations and volunteer groups to participate in poverty reduction efforts， which effectively promotes targeted poverty alleviation and helps achieve the goal of sound governance of poverty-stricken areas.

Since its reform and opening up began in the late 1970s， China’s economy has maintained high-speed growth for a long time. Alongside letting some people get rich first， the country has also handled the issue of equity and development well by improving the social security system and subsidizing31 the poor with tools to escape poverty.

中國的改革開放始于農(nóng)村地區(qū)農(nóng)民與土地關(guān)系的調(diào)整。1978年之前，數(shù)億中國人還在為溫飽問題發(fā)愁。經(jīng)過40年的發(fā)展，中國有7億多農(nóng)村貧困人口脫貧。這不僅為全面建設(shè)小康社會打下了堅實的基礎(chǔ)，而且為全人類的扶貧和發(fā)展做出了巨大貢獻(xiàn)。

1978年，安徽省鳳陽縣小崗村的18戶農(nóng)民率先實行包產(chǎn)到戶，無意中誕生了家庭聯(lián)產(chǎn)承包責(zé)任制，并點燃了中國農(nóng)村改革的火炬。

打破人民公社制度、破除計劃經(jīng)濟(jì)的諸多束縛、實行家庭聯(lián)產(chǎn)承包責(zé)任制后，農(nóng)民獲得了可以自由耕種的承包土地，使他們以巨大的熱情投入到農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)之中。

農(nóng)村改革為下一階段的城國家發(fā)展奠定了堅實的基礎(chǔ)。從1978年到1985年，中國農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)體制的深刻變革為非常規(guī)的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長與貧困人口的銳減提供了強(qiáng)大助力。根據(jù)當(dāng)時的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，50%的農(nóng)村貧困人口在這一時期基本實現(xiàn)溫飽。甚至根據(jù)2011年更新的脫貧標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，1億多的農(nóng)村人口在這一時期實現(xiàn)脫貧。

從1980年代到1990年代，長三角和珠三角地區(qū)的鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)企業(yè)發(fā)展迅速，深刻地影響了中國農(nóng)村地區(qū)的發(fā)展，極大地推動了國家的脫貧進(jìn)程。

有賴于農(nóng)村改革與農(nóng)業(yè)的科技進(jìn)步，大量農(nóng)村勞動力從土地中解放出來。許多農(nóng)民開辦鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)企業(yè)，成為企業(yè)家，使更多農(nóng)民為大幅提高收入而進(jìn)城務(wù)工。許多人認(rèn)為，鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)企業(yè)在農(nóng)民向工人轉(zhuǎn)變的躍進(jìn)過程中居功至偉。

1994年，為了消除貧困，中國出臺并實施《國家八七扶貧攻堅計劃》，在從1994年到2000年的7年里，努力通過開發(fā)式扶貧使8000萬人口擺脫絕對貧困。

在計劃實施的7年間，中央政府投入扶貧資金1240億元，農(nóng)村貧困人口從8000萬下降到3200萬。

從2001年至2010年，為了改善貧困地區(qū)基本生產(chǎn)生活條件、鞏固貧困地區(qū)所取得的溫飽成果，中國的扶貧政策將目標(biāo)從鄉(xiāng)級降低到村級，實施整村脫貧，而非個人脫貧。

2011年，中國頒布了《中國農(nóng)村扶貧開發(fā)綱要（2011—2020年）》，出臺了新的扶貧目標(biāo)與舉措。一批連片貧困地區(qū)被指定為扶貧開發(fā)的主要陣地，扶貧標(biāo)準(zhǔn)也提高了92%。根據(jù)新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，截至2012年年底，被確定為生活在貧困線以下的人口數(shù)量已上升至9899萬。

自從2012年中國共產(chǎn)黨第十八屆全國代表大會以來，中國在扶貧領(lǐng)域全面深化改革，革新觀念、措施和體制機(jī)制，建立了精準(zhǔn)扶貧的基本策略，將國家扶貧成果優(yōu)化到了前所未有的水平。

從2013年到2017年，根據(jù)現(xiàn)有扶貧標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，中國農(nóng)村地區(qū)的貧困人口從9899萬降至3046萬，平均每年減貧1370萬人。在全面解決農(nóng)村貧困問題上已邁出堅實的一步。

中國農(nóng)村地區(qū)的生活水平和質(zhì)量總體提高，甚至最貧困地區(qū)的生產(chǎn)生活條件也發(fā)生了巨大改變。

交通問題嚴(yán)重制約農(nóng)村的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，但在過去幾年中，中國不斷投入巨資發(fā)展基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)。截至2017年年底，貧困地區(qū)98.45%的鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)和96.87%的行政村都鋪設(shè)了道路。貧困地區(qū)行政村電網(wǎng)、電話、電視信號覆蓋率已提升至98%以上。

貧困地區(qū)的教育、醫(yī)療等社會事業(yè)也發(fā)展迅速。文盲與半文盲比率不斷下降，義務(wù)教育完成率增加，勞動力質(zhì)量也大幅提升。

此外，由于新型農(nóng)村合作醫(yī)療制度和其他制度的施行，農(nóng)村地區(qū)的醫(yī)療條件和服務(wù)能力也不斷提升。

根據(jù)每年人均純收入2300元的扶貧標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，中國農(nóng)村貧困人口從1978年的7.7億降至2017年的3000萬，超過7億人口脫貧。

根據(jù)世界銀行一天1.9美元的國際貧困線標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，全球貧困人口從1981年到2012年減少了11億，降幅55.1%。與之相比，同期中國貧困人口減少了7.9億，占全球減貧數(shù)量的71.82%。中國創(chuàng)造了全球減貧史的奇跡，為全球扶貧事業(yè)貢獻(xiàn)了中國智慧和中國方案。

中國合理的國家治理結(jié)構(gòu)保證了國家戰(zhàn)略的深入推進(jìn)、國家政策的有效實施以及經(jīng)濟(jì)與社會的快速發(fā)展，這也是中國成功扶貧的一大核心要素。

中國建立了專門的扶貧機(jī)構(gòu)，將扶貧開發(fā)融入國家發(fā)展策略，制定了扶貧策略與方案，開展針對特定人群組織的扶貧行動，促進(jìn)政策由上至下的實施。

從中央政府到地方政府都強(qiáng)力有效地努力落實工作，不僅反映了中國體制的優(yōu)勢，也體現(xiàn)了中國政府良好的治理能力與優(yōu)良的運(yùn)作效率。

中國將精準(zhǔn)扶貧視為解決扶貧工作關(guān)鍵問題的一項重要措施。這項措施需要找出貧困根源，進(jìn)而對癥下藥，藥到病除。

過去一般化的扶貧措施已經(jīng)讓位于一種綜合的扶貧管理體制。這一體制由政府領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，聚焦基層農(nóng)村群體和貧困人口，已經(jīng)吸引了企業(yè)、非政府組織和志愿團(tuán)體參與扶貧工作，而這有效促進(jìn)了精準(zhǔn)扶貧，有助于實現(xiàn)貧困地區(qū)的合理治理。

自1970年代后期實行改革開放以來，中國經(jīng)濟(jì)長期保持高速增長的態(tài)勢。在讓一部分人先富起來的同時，中國還通過完善社會保障制度、為貧困人口提供脫貧渠道，很好地處理了公平與發(fā)展的問題。

（譯者為“《英語世界》杯”翻譯大賽獲獎選手）