超越場(chǎng)所營(yíng)造

蒂姆·斯通納

場(chǎng)所營(yíng)造是空間規(guī)劃與設(shè)計(jì)的藝術(shù)與科學(xué)，是為人的活動(dòng)服務(wù)的，不過(guò)其方式有不同選擇：

由一個(gè)主體實(shí)施（常常這并不是個(gè)好的路徑），或由多個(gè)主體負(fù)責(zé)（這經(jīng)常是個(gè)好方法）。

由學(xué)者、專家和非專業(yè)人士來(lái)承擔(dān)。

然而，超越場(chǎng)所營(yíng)造是“場(chǎng)所勞作”“場(chǎng)所使用”或“場(chǎng)所行為”。當(dāng)規(guī)劃、設(shè)計(jì)和建造任務(wù)完成之后，場(chǎng)所需要得以運(yùn)營(yíng)。此時(shí)，需要在場(chǎng)所之中注入“神奇之水”，即人們的活動(dòng)。

實(shí)現(xiàn)上述目標(biāo)的關(guān)鍵是人們之間的交流互通：每天社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的交易都發(fā)生在人們之間，這不僅維持日常生活，而且?guī)?lái)了創(chuàng)新，影響著文化的形成。

場(chǎng)所行為具有多重維度。在實(shí)踐之中，我已經(jīng)看到了7個(gè)維度。

第一，創(chuàng)新人們之間的交流，將場(chǎng)所視為“交流機(jī)器”，以此來(lái)使用場(chǎng)所。場(chǎng)所的首要功能就是為人們的交流和交易創(chuàng)造條件（圖1）。

第二，降低交通速度，使得人們更為容易地獲得場(chǎng)所感。除了考慮到健康和安全的好處，30km/h的限速是提升場(chǎng)所行為的關(guān)鍵方法（圖2）。

第三，避免碎片化以及人們之間彼此隔離帶來(lái)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，這由良好愿望且富有爭(zhēng)議的環(huán)境主義者創(chuàng)造出來(lái)。如果不然，場(chǎng)所的建造將不會(huì)促進(jìn)人們?nèi)粘Ｐ缘慕灰祝▓D3）。

第四，提升功能，考慮單一功能的可塑性，從而避免創(chuàng)造出單一功能用地的場(chǎng)所。這包括兩部分：一是任何場(chǎng)所之中發(fā)生的活動(dòng)應(yīng)該不止一種；二是任何場(chǎng)所都必須適應(yīng)新功能（圖4）。

第五，建立以人為本的主要街道，這將被視為最低標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的場(chǎng)所。在最近的歷史之中，以人為本的主要街道一度不是規(guī)劃實(shí)踐的一部分，這需要在規(guī)劃政策和設(shè)計(jì)方法之中再次重申（圖5）。

第六，街道網(wǎng)格很重要。如果以高效的人際交流為目標(biāo)，那么連續(xù)的街道網(wǎng)格是基本的輸入機(jī)制。如果這樣做，平面整合的城市具有連續(xù)互通的鄰里構(gòu)成，它們通過(guò)以人為本的主要街道而連接起來(lái)（圖6）。

第七，發(fā)展場(chǎng)所的科學(xué)理論，場(chǎng)所營(yíng)造的行業(yè)將獲得更好的方法工具，以此去理解場(chǎng)所的價(jià)值，并制訂出政策和方案，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)所的行為。我們?cè)绞茄芯繄?chǎng)所（包括它們的街道網(wǎng)絡(luò)與使用模式），就越能理解它們的價(jià)值。空間布局彼此通暢，一般都可提升房地產(chǎn)價(jià)值。這就意味著政策的出臺(tái)和方案的生成需要考慮如何有效地促進(jìn)人們的行為活動(dòng)，以此來(lái)回報(bào)投資。直到場(chǎng)所科學(xué)理論得以建構(gòu)，場(chǎng)所營(yíng)造才可類比于1610年伽利略的行為，他試圖理解月球表面的詳細(xì)情況，而不再依賴視覺(jué)去評(píng)判。我們還需要研究空間探秘的新科學(xué)，這次先聚焦于場(chǎng)所（圖7，圖8）。

圖1 / Figure 1交流交易空間 / Interaction and transaction space

圖2 / Figure 2降低交通速度 / Reduce traffic speed

圖3 / Figure 3避免碎片化和隔離 / Avoiding fragmentation and separation

圖4 / Figure 4提升功能 / Enhancing functionality

圖5 / Figure 5以人為本的街道 / People-centred main streets

圖6 / Figure 6規(guī)劃街道網(wǎng)格 / Planing grids

圖7 / Figure 7碎片化、聯(lián)通的城市發(fā)展 / The fragmented “city” of disconnected developments and the integrated city of continuously connected neighbourhoods

圖8 / Figure 8現(xiàn)狀和規(guī)劃 / Existing and Proposed

圖9 / Figure 9碎片化和聯(lián)通式布局評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果 / The score of Disconnected layout and Connected layout

圖10 / Figure 10月球表面 / Detailed surface of the Moon

圖11 / Figure 11發(fā)展科學(xué)的場(chǎng)所理論 / Develop a science of place

ORIGINAL TEXT IN ENGLISH

Beyond placemaking

Tim Stonor

Placemaking is the art and science of planning and designing spaces for human activity, however that is done:

-by a single hand (usually not a good approach) or by multiple hands (usually a good approach)

-by academics, professionals and non-professionals.

But beyond placemaking is “place working”, or“place functioning”, or “place performance”: when the planning, design and construction work is finished and the place becomes operational. When it fills with the mysterious liquid called human behaviour, and key to which is human transaction: the everyday social and economic exchanges that take place between people - these transactions not only sustain lives but bring about inventions that shape cultures.

Place Performance has many dimensions. Here are seven that I have seen work in practice:

1.Creating transactions between people, using places as “Transaction machines”. The first function of a place is to create the conditions for human interaction and transaction.

2.Reducing traffic speed and making it easier for people to be in places. Alongside its health and safety benefits, a 30km/h speed limit is a key method to enhance Place Performance.

3.Avoiding fragmentation and the risk of over separation among people, created by well-intended but divisive environmentalism. If not, places will be built where there is little everyday human tranisaction.

4.Enhancing functionality so that, as with single use plastics, we avoid the creation of single use places. This has two parts: first, that there should be more than one activity happening in any place and second, that any place should be adaptable to new uses.

5.Building people-centred main streets as the lowest common denominator of place. The people-centred main street has not been part of urban planning practice in recent history and needs to be reinstated in planning policies as well as in the toolkit of designers.

6.Planing grids because, if effective human transaction is the goal, then the continuously connected grid of streets is the fundamental input mechanism.In so doing, plan integrated cities of continuously connected neighbourhoods, bound together by people-centred main streets.

7.Developing a science of place so that the Placemaking industries are provided with better tools to a) understand the value of place and b) create the policies & plans that will deliver Place Performance. The more we study places- their street networks and their use patterns -the more we understand their value. Connected layouts generally create higher property values.Knowing this means that policies and plans can be presented in terms of how effectively their human performance will deliver a return on investment.Until there is an established science of Place, the Placemaking industries are acting like Galileo in 1610, trying to understand the detailed surface of the Moon with little better than his eyesight. We need a new science of space exploration – focusing this time on place.