白塔寺西線
——青塔胡同整治

劉巍/LIU Wei

1 阜內(nèi)北街改造前，2013年/Before renovation, Funei Beijie, 2013

2 阜內(nèi)北街改造前，2013年/Before renovation, Funei Beijie, 2013

3 阜內(nèi)北街改造后，2015年/After renovation, Funei Beijie, 2015

4 被停車(chē)擠滿(mǎn)的阜內(nèi)北街，2018年6月/Crowded with parking, Funei Beijie, 2018.06

5 阜內(nèi)北街改造后，2019年/After renovation, Funei Beijie, 2019

阜內(nèi)北街-青塔胡同是白塔寺地區(qū)最西側(cè)的南北走向胡同，其沿線有國(guó)家級(jí)文保單位魯迅故居及魯迅博物館、313號(hào)院與三清觀兩處普查登記在冊(cè)文物和一處擬保護(hù)建筑白滌洲故居，也串聯(lián)著混合院、奩院、共生院、未來(lái)之家等更新院落，并擁有以北順社區(qū)服務(wù)站+書(shū)香社區(qū)文化活動(dòng)中心為主的“社區(qū)+社會(huì)組織”的社區(qū)營(yíng)造環(huán)境。

但相比良好的院落有機(jī)更新與社區(qū)營(yíng)造的基礎(chǔ)，胡同公共空間品質(zhì)卻整體偏低。這其中既有老城長(zhǎng)期積攢的歷史原因，也有對(duì)公共空間的忽視與空間界線的模糊。對(duì)本地居民而言，相對(duì)內(nèi)向的更新院落讓他們?cè)诖蠖鄶?shù)時(shí)間里僅僅只是一個(gè)看客。這讓“公共空間提升+院落有機(jī)更新”的內(nèi)外聯(lián)動(dòng)模式顯得更為重要與迫切。

以往對(duì)老城公共空間認(rèn)知往往僅限于街巷、胡同等外部物質(zhì)空間，缺少與院落的聯(lián)動(dòng)，不能形成有層級(jí)的空間體系。此次在外部空間改造提升的同時(shí)，也有更新院落容納承載公共活動(dòng)與社區(qū)營(yíng)造的功能，在物理空間與內(nèi)容上超越了傳統(tǒng)公共空間。希望使公共空間的概念也從傳統(tǒng)認(rèn)知中的外部物質(zhì)空間向更廣義的空間拓展。

公共空間改造提升從最基礎(chǔ)的物質(zhì)空間環(huán)境的提升，到滿(mǎn)足社區(qū)、居民需求和對(duì)公共空間的營(yíng)造，最終形成社區(qū)凝集力及地方文化的充分展示是一個(gè)漫長(zhǎng)的過(guò)程。本項(xiàng)目除了針對(duì)沿線建筑本體與各類(lèi)附屬物老舊破敗等問(wèn)題的環(huán)境整治提升外，更多的是從在地人群的訴求出發(fā)，建立由白塔寺街區(qū)理事會(huì)為主體的白塔寺社區(qū)民意立項(xiàng)機(jī)制，依靠社區(qū)參與行動(dòng)服務(wù)中心團(tuán)隊(duì)等多方專(zhuān)業(yè)力量，問(wèn)需于民、問(wèn)計(jì)于民，真正營(yíng)造良好的街區(qū)發(fā)展，提升街區(qū)居民的認(rèn)同感、歸屬感。

阜內(nèi)北街作為白塔寺地區(qū)唯一一條東西主要雙向通行道路，不僅承擔(dān)著整個(gè)地區(qū)的進(jìn)出交通，也是國(guó)家級(jí)文保單位魯迅故居及魯迅博物館唯一的消防通道。但過(guò)多外來(lái)車(chē)輛在道路兩側(cè)的隨意停放使得這一重要通道時(shí)常擁堵。在這次項(xiàng)目中，通過(guò)管理外來(lái)車(chē)輛的同時(shí)優(yōu)化二環(huán)沿線停車(chē)空間，滿(mǎn)足居民停車(chē)需求，保障阜內(nèi)北街通行能力；同時(shí)根據(jù)征集民意，結(jié)合國(guó)槐樹(shù)池增加休憩交往空間；以訴求與使用習(xí)慣為依據(jù)，結(jié)合物業(yè)與自治，實(shí)現(xiàn)非機(jī)動(dòng)

The Qingta Hutong on the Fuchengmennei Beijie is a north-south-oriented hutong on the very west side of Batasi area. Alongside it there are national cultural relics protection units of Luxun Former Residence and Luxun Museum, two censusregistered cultural relics of No. 313 Courtyard and Sanqingguan Temple, as well as the building of Baidizhou Former Residence, which is intended to be protected. Located there are also renewed yards comprising of mixed courtyards, drawer courtyards,symbiotic courtyards and future homes. Besides,there are Beishun Community Service Station and Shuxiang Community Culture Activity Centre,both of which create an environment for the joint development of community and social organisation.

However, compared with the good foundation of organic renewal of courtyards and community building, the quality of hutong's public space is generally low. The reasons for it include not only the historical one of long-term accumulation of old cities,but also the ignorance of public space and ambiguity of space boundaries. As for local residents, the relatively introverted renovation of the courtyards make them a mere spectator for most of the time.It makes the interior-exterior-linkage model of upgrading public space and organically renewing courtyard become more important and urgent.

6 街區(qū)理事會(huì)研討民意立項(xiàng)機(jī)制/The block council discussing detailed terms

7 入戶(hù)走訪/Visiting residents' homes

8 社區(qū)沙龍/Community salon

9 OTS居民共議會(huì)/Open space meeting

10 居民各抒己見(jiàn)/Residents express views

11 居民各抒己見(jiàn)/Residents express views

12 青塔胡同19號(hào)門(mén)樓，2018年6月/Gate of No.19 Qingta Hutong, 2018.06

13 青塔胡同19號(hào)門(mén)樓自發(fā)改造，2018年10月/Spontaneous renovation, 2018.10

14 青塔胡同19號(hào)門(mén)樓自發(fā)改造，2018年10月/Spontaneous renovation, 2018.10

The traditional recognition on public space of old cities was often limited to the outer material space such as streets and alleys, lack of interaction車(chē)有序停放。

白滌洲故居外違建拆除后，成為整個(gè)沿線唯一的開(kāi)敞空間。對(duì)于該如何使用，首先對(duì)社區(qū)居民代表和意見(jiàn)領(lǐng)袖進(jìn)行先期訪談，并深入了解和該問(wèn)題有關(guān)的具體背景和歷史原因，在此基礎(chǔ)上，集合了各個(gè)利益相關(guān)方，以“開(kāi)放空間會(huì)議”（Open Space Technology）形式，進(jìn)行了討論，最終確定了以半圍合開(kāi)敞空間與廊下灰空間結(jié)合的方式，為不同活動(dòng)需求提供最大可能性的同時(shí)補(bǔ)充休憩與展示空間。

15 無(wú)處休憩的居民，2018年6月/Residents with no place to rest, 2018.06

16 增補(bǔ)休憩交往空間，2019年6月/Recreational and social space added, 2019.06

17 青塔胡同北側(cè)廊架，2018年6月/The arbour at the north of Qingta Hutong, 2018.06

18 青塔胡同北側(cè)廊架，2019年6月/The arbour at the north of Qingta Hutong, 2019.06

19 青塔胡同北側(cè)健身區(qū)域，2018年6月/The fitness area at the north of Qingta Hutong, 2018.06

20 青塔胡同北側(cè)健身區(qū)域，2019年6月/The fitness area at the north of Qingta Hutong, 2019.06

青塔胡同北端在2017年應(yīng)居民要求增加了健身器材區(qū)。但設(shè)置后，場(chǎng)地卻被周?chē)耐＼?chē)擠得無(wú)從進(jìn)入，加之場(chǎng)地西向帶來(lái)的強(qiáng)烈的陽(yáng)光，讓使用率與舒適性都大大降低，居民也希望這塊自己爭(zhēng)取來(lái)的場(chǎng)地能得到很好的利用。通過(guò)在場(chǎng)地西側(cè)邊界增加種植池與座椅明確空間邊界，保證活動(dòng)場(chǎng)地完整性，并在種植池補(bǔ)植3株叢生丁香與小葉黃楊，增加綠化與遮蔭，調(diào)節(jié)場(chǎng)地小環(huán)境。

同時(shí)在地社造團(tuán)隊(duì)也在不斷激發(fā)著居民追求美好生活品質(zhì)的力量。白塔寺街區(qū)會(huì)客廳及其孵化的社團(tuán)——阜城勞作社、納時(shí)文筆社，在青塔胡同19號(hào)院里與居民一起改造門(mén)楹、門(mén)簪、門(mén)洞，使原本堆滿(mǎn)雜物的門(mén)道成為了全院人的共享客廳，最終一個(gè)小院兒得以再生。

目前只完成公共環(huán)境提升這一初級(jí)階段，下一步需要白塔寺街區(qū)理事會(huì)及在地社造組織共同推進(jìn)公共空間的利用及文化內(nèi)涵的展示，營(yíng)造共建共治共享維護(hù)環(huán)境品質(zhì)，引導(dǎo)院內(nèi)公共空間自主更新，以及與魯迅博物館合作展現(xiàn)豐富街區(qū)歷史底蘊(yùn)、創(chuàng)新活化機(jī)遇空間，形成白塔寺地區(qū)區(qū)域性標(biāo)識(shí)系統(tǒng)等。

with courtyards and unable to form a hierarchical spatial system. This time, the renovation and upgrade of the outer space is accompanied with the update of courtyard functions into accommodating public activities and community construction,which surpasses traditional public space in terms of physical space and content, in the hope that the concept of public space shall also be extended from traditional cognitive outer material space to a broader range.

It is a long process for the transformation and enhancement of public space from the most basic material space environment to the one that meets the needs of communities, residents and the construction of public space and ultimately to form community cohesion and fully display local culture. The project not only aims at environmental treatment against the problems of old and decayed main and annex buildings alongside, but also establishes a public opinion project mechanism of Batasi Community with Batasi Block Council as the main body in consideration of the demands of local people. By relying on multi-professional forces like the Service Centre led by the team of the participants in community actions, in the principle of asking demands and plans from the people, the project truly creates a good environment for the development of the block to enhance the sense of identity and belonging of the block residents.

As the only two-way road connecting the east and west of Batasi area, Funei Beijie not only undertakes the transportation of the whole area,but also acts as the only fire- fighting channel for the Lu Xun Former Residence and Luxun Museum, the national cultural relics protection unit. However,that too many foreign vehicles parked at random on both sides of the road makes such as important passageway congested on and off. In this project, the management of the external incoming of vehicles and the optimisation of the parking space along the Second Ring meet the parking needs of residents and ensure the traffic capacity of Funei Beijie.Meanwhile, the project considers the collected public opinions and expands the space for recreation and communication by utilising the grates for Chinese pagoda trees. On the basis of appeals and usage habits, it realises the orderly parking of nonmotor vehicles through the joint efforts of property management centre and the local people themselves.

21 街角違建拆除，2018年10月/The illegal building at the street corner was removed, 2018.10

22 街角綠化增補(bǔ)，2019年6月/The greening of the street corner was supplemented, 2019.06

After demolition of illegally established buildings outside Baidizhou Former Residence, the surrounding there became the only open space along the whole route. The following actions were taken on the issue how to utilise the space: First of all, the community resident representatives and opinion leaders were interviewed in advance to get further ideas of speci fic background and historical reasons related to such an issue. In this regard, various stakeholders were gathered for discussion in the form of Open Space Technology. Eventually, the way of combining semi-enclosed open space and grey space under the corridor was determined to provide the maximum possibility for different activity requirements and supplement the space for leisure and exhibition.

At the north end of the Qingta Hutong,fitness equipment areas were added at the request of residents two years ago. However, after the establishment, the venue is too crowded for people to enter by the surrounding parking cars. Besides,the west-ward location of the area brought strong sunshine. Both greatly reduced the comfort and usage ratio. Residents expected that the site they had been striving for could be well utilised. In the project, the plant grates and seats were added at the west border of the site to clarify space boundary and ensure the integrity of activity ground, and three cloves and small-leaved yellow poplars were complementarily planted in the tree grates to increase greening and shading and adjust the environment of the site.

At the same time, the local community construction team has been also inspiring the residents to pursue better life. The living room of Batasi Block and its incubated societies of Fucheng Handwork Society and Nashi Writing Club, together with the residents in the No. 19 Courtyard in Qingta Hutong, renovated the door leafs, door pegs and door openings, to make the doorway in disorderly accumulation of objects became a shared living room of the whole courtyard and eventually regenerate a whole courtyard.

At present, only the elementary stage of improving public environment has been completed.In the next stage, Batasi Block Council and local community construction organisation are required to jointly promote the use of public space and the display of cultural connotations,create an environment shared and maintained by the community under joint construction and cogovernance, guide the independent renewal of public space in the courtyard. Besides, they are expected to cooperate with Luxun Museum to unfold the affluent historical details of the block, innovate and activate opportunities and form the regional identi fication system for Batasi Block.