立足語篇分析模式，巧妙解構(gòu)“七選五”

山東

閱讀理解“七選五”的考查目的為“主要考查考生對(duì)文章的整體內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)以及上下文邏輯意義的理解和掌握”。本題型既考查考生對(duì)文章整體內(nèi)容的理解能力，又考查考生對(duì)語篇結(jié)構(gòu)的分析能力以及通過上下文的表述來進(jìn)行邏輯思考和推理的能力。以近三年的高考英語全國(guó)卷“七選五”為例，從體裁來看，除2018年全國(guó)卷Ⅲ為議論文、2017年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ為夾敘夾議文外，其他均為說明文；從內(nèi)容上來看，文章多涉及“科普”內(nèi)容，因此其潛在讀者不限于考生；設(shè)題位置有段首、段中和段尾，標(biāo)題句、段首句和段尾句通常是主題句或總結(jié)性、評(píng)價(jià)性的句子，段中句多考查語句的銜接與連貫或小句間的邏輯關(guān)系；選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置形式有主句或狀語從句等；文章和選項(xiàng)總詞數(shù)約為300。如何以語篇分析模式為基礎(chǔ)，結(jié)合上下文的銜接與連貫或小句間的邏輯關(guān)系解構(gòu)“七選五”呢？請(qǐng)看下文。

一、解構(gòu)“七選五”常用的語篇模式（Discourse Patterns）：一般—特殊型（General—Particular Pattern）和問題—解決型（Problem—Solution Pattern）

1.一般 — 特殊型（General—Particular Pattern）

（1）概括—舉例式（generalization—example）：這種模式的特點(diǎn)是在整篇文章的首段含有一個(gè)主題句或某一段的首句是一個(gè)概括句，可以表達(dá)某種觀點(diǎn)、看法，給出某個(gè)定義或結(jié)論，下文的例證部分是對(duì)段首句內(nèi)容的展開、充實(shí)，以此來論證或強(qiáng)化主題或概括句。

（2）整體—細(xì)節(jié)式（preview—detail）：這種模式的特點(diǎn)也是在整篇文章的首段含有一個(gè)主題句或某一段的首句是一個(gè)概括句，然后引出具體細(xì)節(jié)對(duì)主題或概括句進(jìn)行解釋、說明。

這兩種類型的語篇結(jié)構(gòu)一般是：

概括陳述（general statement）—具體陳述/具體細(xì)節(jié)或舉例（details/examples）—總結(jié)陳述/評(píng)價(jià)（選擇性的）（conclusion/comment）

例1．（2018年全國(guó)卷Ⅱ）

If you are already making the time to exercise, it is good indeed! With such busy lives, it can be hard to try and find the time to work out.Working out in the morning provides additional benefits beyond being physically fit.

· Your productivity is improved....

· Your metabolism (新陳代謝) gets a head start....

There are a lot of benefits to working out, especially in the mornings.Set your alarm clock an hour early and push yourself to work out! You will feel energized all day long.

A.You will stick to your diet.

B.Your quality of sleep improves.

C.You prefer healthy food to fast food.

D.There is no reason you should exercise in the morning.

E.You can keep your head clear for 4-10 hours after exercise.

F.After you exercise, you continue to burn calories throughout the day.

G.If you are planning to do exercise regularly, or you're doing it now, then listen up!

【解題思路】從語篇模式分析，整篇文章是“一般—特殊型”，再細(xì)化是“整體—細(xì)節(jié)式”，第一段的最后一句是一個(gè)概括句，提出主旨，即：晨練的“benefits”，中間四段各具體陳述一個(gè)“benefit”，最后一段進(jìn)行總結(jié)性陳述。

39．B；40．A。分析文章的語篇模式可以推斷，中間四段是平行關(guān)系，由于第二段和第三段的語篇模式也是“一般—特殊型”，即段首句是主題句，可以推斷第39題、第40題也是段首主題句。第39題后面的例子講的是晨練對(duì)于睡眠的好處，由此可以推斷B選項(xiàng)“睡眠質(zhì)量得以改善”，既符合語篇模式，又符合語意邏輯；第40題后面的例子講的是如果你一大早就去鍛煉，你就更可能堅(jiān)持全天選擇健康的食物，由此可以推斷A選項(xiàng)“你會(huì)堅(jiān)持你的飲食”應(yīng)是本段的主旨句。

2．問題—解決型（Problem - Solution Pattern）

情境（選擇性的）（situation）—問題（problem）—反應(yīng)/解決（response/solution）—評(píng)價(jià)/結(jié)果（選擇性的）（evaluation/result）

語篇標(biāo)志詞：

問題：concern, difficulty, drawback, problem等；

反應(yīng)：change, come up with, measure, respond/response等；

解決（或結(jié)果）：answer, consequence, effect, outcome,result, solution等；

評(píng)價(jià)：effective, overcome, succeed, successful, work等。

例2．[（中學(xué)聯(lián)盟）青島市2017屆高三一模]

What is eco-fashion? Eco-fashion is about making clothes that take into account the environment, the health of consumers and the working conditions of people in the fashion industry.

There is some concern that eco-friendly fashions are just a trend that we will eventually grow tired of but in fact, more and more people are concerning about this and we can make sure that doesn't happen.

A.Then, how to solve the problems?

B.They relate directly to our personal health.

C.Because choosing eco-fashion can also contribute to our personal health, though it is mostly done by way of keeping the health of the planet.

D.In addition to this, there is a lot of waste produced in the process, especially in the form of polluted water.

E.The fashion industry has developed quickly.

F.On the other hand, as consumers we can all make contributions by selecting environmentally friendly clothing and reducing clothing consumption.

G.A closer look at the fashion industry points out many problems.

【解題思路】從語篇模式分析，整篇文章是“問題—解決型”，即：“情境—問題—反應(yīng)/解決—評(píng)價(jià)/結(jié)果”。第一段先通過一個(gè)問題引出“eco-fashion”的定義，為下一段問題的提出設(shè)置了一個(gè)“情境”；第二段提出問題，第三段陳述解決問題的方法，第四段進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)。

36．G。由第二段“Firstly, ...Secondly, ...Thirdly, ...”可以推斷，第36題選項(xiàng)為本段主題句。根據(jù)第36題后的3個(gè)方面的內(nèi)容可知，應(yīng)是對(duì)“fashion industry”導(dǎo)致的各種環(huán)境問題的總結(jié)，故G選項(xiàng)正確。

38．A。第三段第二句用一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句指出：在很大程度上，問題的責(zé)任人是“fashion producers”，第三句說有“numerous ways”來解決這個(gè)問題，因此本段是“反應(yīng)/解決”環(huán)節(jié)，故A選項(xiàng)正確，先通過設(shè)問激發(fā)讀者的閱讀興趣，再順理成章引出相應(yīng)的解決措施。

40．C。第三段陳述了解決問題的方法。那么，解決了問題會(huì)帶來什么益處呢？第四段對(duì)益處進(jìn)行了評(píng)價(jià)、總結(jié)。首先陳述了越來越多的人表現(xiàn)出對(duì)“eco-friendly fashions”的關(guān)心這一事實(shí)，接著引出評(píng)價(jià)“關(guān)心環(huán)境不但對(duì)地球的可持續(xù)發(fā)展有好處，也有助于我們的個(gè)人健康。”故C選項(xiàng)正確。

二、銜接與連貫（Cohesion & Coherence）

在正確解析語篇結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)上，還要詳細(xì)分析空白處的上下文語境中的某些詞匯或詞匯鏈內(nèi)的指稱、替代或銜接來有理有據(jù)地進(jìn)行推斷；或通過分析為避免與上文某些詞語重復(fù)而進(jìn)行的省略以及通過連接詞來推理上下句的邏輯關(guān)系的方法來確定正確選項(xiàng)。

1．指稱（reference）

例：Peter—he; the teachers—they; the door—it

2．替代（substitution）

例：Mary can play tennis, but I can't do so.

3．省略（ellipsis）

例：Mary can speak English well, but Tom can't.

4．連接（conjunction）

例：and, but, when, however, in that case, etc.

5．詞匯銜接（lexical cohesion）

例：Peter—the boy—the guy

表示銜接的詞匯還可以分為原詞、同義詞、反義詞、上下義詞（上義詞更加概括，下義詞更加具體，它們之間的語義關(guān)系是上下義關(guān)系，即上義詞的意義包含了下義詞的意義。例如：“dog”是“animal”的下義詞，“animal”是“dog”的上義詞；例2中第36題的A選項(xiàng)的“problems”是下文中三個(gè)環(huán)境問題中的“pollutes, harm, bad effects”的上義詞）。

例3．（2018年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ）

Color is fundamental in home design—something you'll always have in every room.A grasp of how to manage color in your spaces is one of the first steps to creating rooms you'll love to live in.Do you want a room that's full of life?Professional? Or are you just looking for a place to relax after a long day?, color is the key to making a room feel the way you want it to feel.

...

A.While all of them are useful

B.Whatever you're looking for

C.If you're experimenting with a color

D.Small color choices are the ones we're most familiar with

E.It's not really a good idea to use too many small color pieces

F.So it pays to be sure, because you want to get it right thefirst time

G.Color choices in this range are a step up from the small ones in two major ways

【解題思路】B。從語篇模式分析，本段的結(jié)構(gòu)是“一般—特殊型”，首句是一個(gè)概括句“顏色是家裝設(shè)計(jì)的基礎(chǔ)”，第二句進(jìn)一步說明顏色的重要性，緊接著三個(gè)問句介紹了各種不同風(fēng)格或目的的家裝設(shè)計(jì)，設(shè)空處應(yīng)該是對(duì)上面的問題做出回應(yīng)，并對(duì)本段內(nèi)容進(jìn)行總結(jié)性陳述；B選項(xiàng)中的“l(fā)ooking for”是設(shè)空后半句中的“want”的同義詞，也是設(shè)空前一句中“l(fā)ooking for”的原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)；“Whatever”與上文問題中的“room”“place”是指稱關(guān)系，再結(jié)合上下文邏輯，B選項(xiàng)“無論你想找個(gè)什么樣的房間”符合語境。

例4.（2016年北京卷）

The Science of Risk-Seeking

Sometimes we decide that a little unnecessary danger is worth it because when we weigh the risk and the reward, the risk seems worth taking.Some of us enjoy activities that would surprise and scare the rest of us.Why? Experts say it may have to do with how our brains work.

...

A.It all depends on your character.

B.Those are the risks you should jump to take.

C.Being better at those things meant a greater chance of survival.

D.Thus, these well-equipped people survived because they were thefittest.

E.This is when you start to move away from your family and into the bigger world.

F.However, we are not all using the same reference standard to weigh risks and rewards.

G.New brain research suggests our brains work differently when we face a nervous situation.

【解題思路】F。第71題前一句的句意為“有時(shí)候我們會(huì)認(rèn)為一些不必要的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是值得的，因?yàn)楫?dāng)我們衡量風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和回報(bào)時(shí)，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)似乎是值得的?！倍?1題后一句的句意為“我們中有些人就喜歡一些其他人會(huì)感到意外和害怕的活動(dòng)?！鳖}前和題后兩句是相反的兩個(gè)情況，因此F項(xiàng)“然而，并非所有人都使用相同的參考標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來衡量風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和回報(bào)?！逼疸暯幼饔茫硎厩昂蟮倪B接關(guān)系；另外，第71題前的“weigh the risk and the reward”在F選項(xiàng)中原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)，故F選項(xiàng)正確。

三、小句間的邏輯關(guān)系（Interdependency Relation of Clause）

小句間的邏輯關(guān)系是指空白處的正確選項(xiàng)與上句或下句之間必然存在某一種邏輯關(guān)系，在上下文中沒有無明顯的詞匯或詞匯鏈的提示時(shí)，就要合理推理、利用小句間的邏輯關(guān)系?？梢詮恼Z法關(guān)系、語義關(guān)系和修辭關(guān)系三個(gè)方面來詳細(xì)分析小句間的邏輯關(guān)系，從而選定正確選項(xiàng)。

解構(gòu)高考題常涉及的小句間的邏輯關(guān)系：

例5.（2018年全國(guó)卷Ⅱ）

...

· Your productivity is improved.Exercising makes you more awake and ready to handle whatever is ahead of you for the day.

...

A.You will stick to your diet.

B.Your quality of sleep improves.

C.You prefer healthy food to fast food.

D.There is no reason you should exercise in the morning.

E.You can keep your head clear for 4-10 hours after exercise.

F.After you exercise, you continue to burn calories throughout the day.

G.If you are planning to do exercise regularly, or you're doing it now, then listen up!

【解題思路】E。從語篇模式分析，本段的結(jié)構(gòu)是“一般—特殊型”，首句是一個(gè)概括句“你的工作效率提高了”，后面兩句都是用來詳細(xì)解釋首句的內(nèi)容的，E選項(xiàng)與首句之間的邏輯關(guān)系是例證關(guān)系，與上句的語法關(guān)系是并列關(guān)系,故E選項(xiàng)正確。

綜合運(yùn)用：

例6．（2017年全國(guó)卷Ⅱ）

Interruptions are one of the worst things to deal with while you're trying to get work done., there are several ways to handle things.Let's take a look at them now.

...

If you have a door to your office, make good use of it..If someone knocks and it's not an important matter, excuse yourself and let the person know you're busy so they can get the hint（暗示）that when the door is closed, you're not to be disturbed.

A.If you're busy, don't feel bad about saying no

B.When you want to avoid interruptions at work

C.Set boundaries for yourself as far as your time goes

D.If you're in the other person's office or in a public area

E.It's important that you let them know when you'll be available

F.It might seem unkind to cut people short when they interrupt you

G.Leave it open when you're available to talk and close it when you're not

【解題思路】

從語篇模式分析，整篇文章是“問題—解決型”，先在第一段提出問題，第二段至第五段提出四個(gè)解決辦法。

36．B。

本段語篇模式：?jiǎn)栴}—解決型。段首句提出問題，然后陳述解決問題的辦法。

小句關(guān)系：語法關(guān)系為主從關(guān)系（狀語從句）

銜接分析：原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)（首句中的“Interruptions,work”復(fù)現(xiàn)）

40．G。

本段語篇模式：一般—特殊型。段首句是主旨句，其后是用具體細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行例證。

小句關(guān)系：邏輯關(guān)系是例證關(guān)系

銜接分析：指稱（door—it）

在高三的備考中，教師只要逐步引導(dǎo)學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)分析語篇模式，厘清銜接關(guān)系和小句關(guān)系，閱讀理解“七選五”題目就會(huì)迎刃而解，進(jìn)而提高分?jǐn)?shù)。