董樂妹 夏芳芳 吳芳
[摘要] 目的 探討CDC42在慢性結(jié)腸炎小鼠結(jié)腸中的變化及與淋巴細(xì)胞因子水平的關(guān)系。 方法 36 只C57BL/6小鼠隨機(jī)分為對照組、模型組和美沙拉嗪干預(yù)組 ,每組 12 只。應(yīng)用TNBS乙醇灌腸誘導(dǎo)慢性結(jié)腸炎模型,美沙拉嗪組于誘導(dǎo)模型后開始每日予美沙拉嗪(5-ASA)灌胃。造模開始后14 d處死小鼠, 檢測結(jié)腸組織 IFN-γ、IL-17A、IL-4和TGF-β的mRNA表達(dá)水平以及結(jié)腸組織CDC42、P38 蛋白表達(dá)水平。 結(jié)果 模型組結(jié)腸組織 CDC42,P38表達(dá)較對照組明顯升高(P<0.05),美沙拉嗪干預(yù)組較模型組表達(dá)降低(P<0.05)。模型組IFN-γ、IL-17A的mRNA表達(dá)水平較對照組明顯增高(P<0.05);美沙拉嗪組較模型組表達(dá)水平下降(P<0.05)。模型組的IL-4和TGF-β表達(dá)水平較對照組升高,但差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),美沙拉嗪組較模型組表達(dá)水平增高(P<0.05)。 結(jié)論 CDC42可能通過P38調(diào)節(jié)淋巴細(xì)胞因子的水平參與小鼠慢性結(jié)腸炎的發(fā)病。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 慢性結(jié)腸炎;CDC42;免疫;Th1/Th2
[中圖分類號] R735.3 ? ? ? ? ?[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A ? ? ? ? ?[文章編號] 1673-9701(2019)14-0037-04
[Abstract] Objective To study the changes of CDC42 in the colon of mice with chronic colitis and its relationship with lymphocyte factor levels. Methods 36 C57BL/6 mice were randomLy divided into control group, model group and mesalazine intervention group, with 12 rats in each group. TNBS ethanol enema was used to induce chronic colitis model, and gavage administration of mesalamine(5-ASA) was performed daily after induction of the model in the mesalazine group. Mice were sacrificed at 14 days after the start of modeling. The mRNA expression levels of IFN-γ, IL-17A, IL-4 and TGF-β in colon tissues, and CDC42 and P38 protein expression levels in colon tissues were detected. Results The expression of CDC42 and P38 in the colon tissue of the model group was significantly higher than that in the control group(P<0.05), and the expression in the mesalazine intervention group was lower than that in the model group(P<0.05). The mRNA expression levels of IFN-γ and IL-17A in the model group were significantly higher than those in the control group(P<0.05). The expression level of IFN-γ and IL-17A in mesalazine group was lower than that in the model group(P<0.05). The expression levels of IL-4 and TGF-β in the model group were higher than those in the control group, but there was no statistical significance(P>0.05). The expression level of IL-4 and TGF-βin mesalazine group was higher than that in the model group(P<0.05). Conclusion CDC42 may participate in the pathogenesis of chronic colitis in mice through P38, which regulates the level of lymphocyte factors.
[Key words] Chronic colitis; CDC42; Immunity; Th1/Th2
炎癥性腸?。╥nflammatory bowel disease,IBD)包括潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎和克羅恩病[1]。近年國內(nèi)的IBD發(fā)病率呈逐年上升趨勢。IBD病因和發(fā)病機(jī)制至今尚未完全明確。目前認(rèn)為免疫因素在該病發(fā)病中作用較為肯定,其中CD4+T細(xì)胞發(fā)揮了重要作用。Th1/Th2失衡一直被認(rèn)為是IBD的重要因素之一[2]。Treg細(xì)胞和Th17細(xì)胞的發(fā)現(xiàn)成為Th1/Th2失衡學(xué)說的重要補(bǔ)充[2]。Thl細(xì)胞以分泌IFN-γ和IL-2為主,Th2細(xì)胞以IL-4、IL-5、IL-10為主。Th17細(xì)胞以分泌IL-17A和IL-22為主[3],Treg細(xì)胞以分泌IL-10和TGF-β、IL-23p19為主[2]。CDC42是Rho GTP酶蛋白家族中的一員,屬于細(xì)胞內(nèi)信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)因子[4]。是MAPK通路的上游信號分子[4],有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),CDC42與淋巴細(xì)胞的分化和成熟有關(guān)。本研究擬在動(dòng)物水平研究慢性結(jié)腸炎發(fā)病中CDC42的可能作用及其與淋巴細(xì)胞因子的關(guān)系。
1 材料與方法
1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物、試劑與藥品
C57BL/6小鼠[常州卡文斯實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物有限公司,許可證號SCXK(蘇)2016-0010],美沙拉嗪(5-ASA)顆粒(愛的發(fā)制藥公司,500 mg/袋,批號H20040727),RT(逆轉(zhuǎn)錄)試劑盒(Promega,批號0000123564),TRIZOL(Invitrogen,上海,規(guī)格:100 mL,批號:15596-018),RT-PCR實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量試劑盒(Promega,批號0000157591),2,4,6-三硝基苯磺酸(TNBS,美國Sigma公司,批號DX78935),苯巴比妥鈉注射液(0.1 mg/1 mL,上海新亞藥業(yè)公司,國藥準(zhǔn)字H31020501)等。
1.2 實(shí)驗(yàn)分組及實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)間
健康雄性C57BL/6小鼠36只(8~10周齡,體重16~22 g),隨機(jī)分為正常對照組(n=12),模型組(n=12)和美沙拉嗪組(n=12)。本實(shí)驗(yàn)于2016年12月~2017年12月期間進(jìn)行。
1.3 TNBS慢性結(jié)腸炎模型制備及標(biāo)本采集
小鼠灌腸前禁食10 h,術(shù)前予苯巴比妥鈉(10 mg/kg體重)腹腔注射麻醉,予3.5F導(dǎo)管連接1 mL注射器行灌腸。TNBS造模組和美沙拉嗪組首次予以2.25 mg TNBS和50%乙醇(共150 μL)混合液灌腸[5],7 d后予3.375 mg TNBS和50%乙醇(共150 μL)混合液重復(fù)灌腸。對照組僅用等體積的0.9%氯化鈉溶液灌腸。灌腸后攜鼠尾倒立不少于30 min。美沙拉嗪干預(yù)組于造模第2天開始每日予5-ASA(50 mg/kg體重)灌胃,對照組和TNBS造模組予等量蒸餾水灌胃。每天記錄小鼠飲食、飲水、體重、糞便、活動(dòng)情況。造模開始后第14天處死小鼠,留取血標(biāo)本、結(jié)腸組織,測定血和結(jié)腸組織相關(guān)細(xì)胞因子水平。
1.4 觀察指標(biāo)
1.4.1 結(jié)腸HE染色 ?取結(jié)腸組織固定,包埋,切片,行HE染色,光鏡下觀察。
1.4.2 結(jié)腸相關(guān)細(xì)胞因子mRNA的real-time PCR測定 ?分離留取遠(yuǎn)端結(jié)腸組織,按說明書Trizol提取組織總RNA,測定RNA濃度并稀釋至同一濃度。逆轉(zhuǎn)錄得cDNA。PCR步驟如下:95°C變性2 min,95°C 15 s、60°C 30 s、72°C 30 s擴(kuò)增40個(gè)循環(huán)。取GAPDH為內(nèi)參,ΔΔCt分析得各指標(biāo)的相對表達(dá)豐度。
1.4.3 結(jié)腸組織CDC42和P38蛋白的western blot測定 ?用RIPA和蛋白酶抑制劑從小鼠結(jié)腸組織標(biāo)本提取蛋白,BCA試劑盒測定蛋白濃度,所有樣本稀釋至同一濃度,10% SDS-PAGE分離等量樣本蛋白(50 μg),并轉(zhuǎn)至PVDF膜,牛奶封閉,一抗孵育過夜,洗膜,二抗孵育,顯色。PCR引物見表1。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
實(shí)驗(yàn)采用SPSS20.0(SPSS for windows)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì),實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示。兩組間比較采用獨(dú)立樣本資料t檢驗(yàn)。多組間比較采用單因素方差分析。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 模型驗(yàn)證
TNBS組小鼠結(jié)腸肉眼可見結(jié)腸短縮、黏膜糜爛、潰瘍等改變;光鏡下見結(jié)腸黏膜壞死,黏膜下層大量炎細(xì)胞浸潤等現(xiàn)象;美沙拉嗪組的結(jié)腸組織損傷較TNBS組輕;對照組結(jié)腸組織未見明顯異常。
2.2 各組結(jié)腸組織IFN-γ、IL-17A、IL-4和TGF-β的mRNA表達(dá)
與對照組比較,模型組IFN-γ、IL-17A的mRNA表達(dá)水平明顯增高(P<0.05);美沙拉嗪組較模型組表達(dá)水平下降(P<0.05)。模型組的IL-4和TGF-β表達(dá)水平較對照組升高,但差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),美沙拉嗪組較模型組表達(dá)水平增高(P<0.05)。見表2。
2.3 各組結(jié)腸組織CDC42和P38蛋白表達(dá)水平
與對照組比較,模型組CDC42和P38蛋白表達(dá)水平明顯增高(P<0.05);美沙拉嗪組較模型組表達(dá)水平下降(P<0.05)。見表3。
3 討論
目前認(rèn)為,免疫因素參與炎癥性腸病的發(fā)病和進(jìn)展,其中CD4+T細(xì)胞發(fā)揮了重要作用。疾病早期,腸道受微生物抗原刺激產(chǎn)生的細(xì)胞因子使未分化T細(xì)胞分化為Th1、Th2和Th17亞群,并影響調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞(Treg)的功能[2-6]。Th1細(xì)胞以表達(dá)IFN-γ和IL-2為主,Th2細(xì)胞以表達(dá)IL-4、IL-5、IL-10為主,Th1和Th2亞群比例失調(diào)參與了炎癥性腸病的發(fā)病。Th17細(xì)胞是一群介導(dǎo)炎癥反應(yīng)的重要細(xì)胞,以表達(dá)IL-17和IL-22為主[7],Treg細(xì)胞是一類具有免疫抑制作用的T細(xì)胞亞群,以表達(dá)IL-10、TGF-β和IL-23p19為主。Th1/Th2失衡,Treg/Th17轉(zhuǎn)化失衡被認(rèn)為是IBD發(fā)病的重要因素[8-10]。調(diào)整CD4+T細(xì)胞亞群之間的平衡,或許可以成為緩解腸道炎癥的一個(gè)新的策略和手段。
在諸多影響Th細(xì)胞分化的因素中,信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)是免疫細(xì)胞激活的關(guān)鍵步驟,對Thl和Th2的分化有非常重要的調(diào)節(jié)作用[11]。CDC42是Rho GTP酶蛋白家族中的一員,屬于細(xì)胞內(nèi)信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)因子。CDC42一旦被激活會與多種效應(yīng)分子結(jié)合,具有調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞極性、遷移、分化、存活等功能[12]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),CDC42與淋巴細(xì)胞的分化和成熟有關(guān)[13]。
本研究采用TNBS灌腸制備小鼠慢性結(jié)腸炎的模型[14],并采用慢性結(jié)腸炎的治療藥物美沙拉嗪干預(yù)[15]。造模后小鼠結(jié)腸出現(xiàn)短縮、糜爛,證明造模成功,美沙拉嗪干預(yù)組的結(jié)腸炎癥較造模組明顯緩解。本研究同時(shí)測定了各組小鼠結(jié)腸黏膜組織的Th1、Th2、Th17和Treg細(xì)胞的代表細(xì)胞因子IFN-γ、IL-4、IL-17和TGF-β水平。結(jié)果顯示,TNBS造模后促炎細(xì)胞因子IFN-γ、IL-17在模型組明顯增高,美沙拉嗪降低促炎因子的水平。而相對起抗炎作用的IL-4、TGF-β在模型組雖較對照組表達(dá)有所上升,但差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;美沙拉嗪治療后IL-4、TGF-β水平較模型組增高。此外,模型組結(jié)腸組織的CDC42水平明顯高于對照組,美沙拉嗪干預(yù)組CDC42水平下降,且與Th1和Th17優(yōu)勢促炎細(xì)胞因子的變化趨勢相同。至此,本文得出:CDC42可能參與慢性結(jié)腸炎的發(fā)病。
作為Rho家族的GTP結(jié)合蛋白,CDC42與MAPK信號通路存在一定的聯(lián)系[16],CDC42是MAPK通路的上游信號分子[17],而MAPK下游信號通路P38、ERK、JNK與炎癥反應(yīng)存在關(guān)系[18]。CDC42與MLK1結(jié)合后激活P38,導(dǎo)致MAPK-NF-κB通路活性改變[19,20],發(fā)生多級級聯(lián)反應(yīng),最終導(dǎo)致廣泛的炎癥因子表達(dá)改變。本實(shí)驗(yàn)同時(shí)測定了結(jié)腸組織P38蛋白的表達(dá)水平,結(jié)果顯示其變化趨勢與結(jié)腸CDC42相同,與文獻(xiàn)相符。
因此本文得出結(jié)論:在小鼠TNBS慢性結(jié)腸炎模型中,CDC42可能通過MAPK途徑調(diào)節(jié)炎癥因子水平參與結(jié)腸炎的發(fā)病。本實(shí)驗(yàn)由于條件限制,僅開展動(dòng)物水平研究。在接下來的研究中,為進(jìn)一步證實(shí)CDC42在慢性結(jié)腸炎發(fā)病中的作用,需待分離結(jié)腸黏膜內(nèi)淋巴細(xì)胞行進(jìn)一步研究。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1] Marquez L,Shen C,Cleynen I,et a1.Effects of haptoglobin polymorphisms and deficiency on susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease and on severityofmurine colitis[J].Gut,2012,6l(4):528-534.
[2] Fuss I J,Neurath M,Boirivant M,et a1.Disparate CD4+lamina propria(LP) lymphokine secretion profiles in inflammatory bowel disease.CrohnS disease LP cells manifest increased secretion of IFN-γ,whereas ulcerative colitis LP cells manifest increased secretion of IL-5[J].J Immunol,1996,157(3):1261-1270.
[3] Raza A,Yousaf W,Giannella R,et a1. Th17 cells:Interactions with predisposing factors in the immunopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease[J]. Expert Rev Clin Immunol,2012,8(2):161-168.
[4] Zhang Y,Zhou ZH,Bugge TH,et al.Urokinase-type plasminogen activator stimulation of monocyte matrix metalloproteinase-1 production is mediated by plasmin-dependent signaling through annexin A2 and inhibited by inactive plasmin[J].J Immunol,2007,179(5):3297-3304.
[5] Terai T,Osawa S,Tani S,et al. Induction of murine TNBS colitis is strictly controlled by a modified method using continuous inhalation anesthesia with sevoflurane[J].Dig Dis Sci,2014,59(7):1415-1427.
[6] Cua DJ,Sherlock J,Chen Y,et al.Interleukin-23 rather than interleukin-12 is the critical cytokine for autoimmune inflammation of the brain[J]. Nature,2003,421(6924):744-748.
[7] Kalim KW,Yang JQ,Li Y,et al.Reciprocal Regulation of Glycolysis-Driven Th17 Pathogenicity and Regulatory T Cell Stability by Cdc42[J].J Immunol,2018,200(7):2313-2326.
[8] Hundorfean G,Neurath MF,Mudter J.Functional relevance of T helper 17(Th 17) cells and the IL-1 7 cytokine family in inflammatory bowel disease[J].Inflamm Bowel Dis,2012,18(1):180-186.
[9] Padoni I,Iliev ID,Rossi G,et a1.Dendritic cells produce TSLP that limits the differentiation of Thl7 cells,fosters Treg development,and protects against colitis[J].Mucosal Immunol,2012,5(2):184-193.
[10] Xu J,Yang Y,Qiu G,et a1.Stat4 is critical for the balance between Thl7 cells and regulatory T cells in colitis[J].J Immunol,2011,186(11):6597-6606.
[11] Yates A,Callard R,Stark J.Combining cytokine signalling with T-bet and GATA·3 regulation in Thl and Th2 differentiation:A model for cellular decision-making[J].J Theor Biol,2004,231(2):181-196.
[12] Galan JE.Interaction of Salmonella with host cells through the centisome 63 type III secretion system[J]. Curr Opin Microbiol,1999,2(1):46-50.
[13] Procyk KJ,Rippo MR,Testi R,et al. Distinct mechanisms target stress and extracellular signal-activated kinase1 and Jun N-terminal kinase during infection of macrophages with Salmonella[J].J Immunol,1999,163(9):4924-4930.
[14] 楊舒,王新月,景姍,等.不同濃度三硝基苯磺酸和乙醇誘導(dǎo)的大鼠克羅恩病模型[J].中西醫(yī)結(jié)合學(xué)報(bào),2011(11):1242-1247.
[15] Shah B,Mayer L.Current status of monoclonal antibody therapy for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease[J].Expert Rev Clin Immunol,2010,6(4):607-620.
[16] Hanna R,Hubbeling I,Takaya J,et al.NR4A1 (Nur77) deletion polarizes macrophages toward an inflammatory phenotype and increases atherosclerosis[J]. Circ Res,2012, 110(3): 416-427.
[17] Chrétien A,Dierick JF,Delaive E,et al.Role of TGF-beta1-independent changes in protein neosynthesis, p38alphaMAPK,and cdc42 in hydrogen peroxide-induced senescence-like morphogenesis[J].Free Radic Biol Med,2008,44(9):1732-1751.
[18] Lavin Y,Lavin Y,Mortha A,et al.Regulation of macrophage development and function in peripheral tissues[J].Nat Rev Immunol,2015,15(12):731-744.
[19] Qi M,Elion EA. MAP kinase pathways[J]. J Cell Sci,2005, 118(Pt 16):3569-3572.
[20] Spann NJ,Garmire LX,McDonald JG.Regulated accumulation of desmosterol integrates macrophage lipid meta-bolism and inflammatory responses[J].Cell,2012,151(1):138-152.
(收稿日期:2018-10-18)