五個鄉(xiāng)村公廁，淄川，中國

“The call of nature”，字面意思，好像是“自然的召喚”。其實，翻其真意，是“上廁所”。

因此，進入鄉(xiāng)村，特別是原來簡單結構的鄉(xiāng)村，我們首先做的一件事情，是響應大自然的召喚：建廁所。

我們每個人都有著急奔往尋找?guī)慕?jīng)歷，人有三急嘛。但大多數(shù)原來的鄉(xiāng)村，每家每戶各有自家的廁所，作為有機肥的小財產(chǎn)庫，方便存取，往往尿糞露天開放。因此，以往鄉(xiāng)村中上廁所蚊蠅亂飛、臭氣熏天、下腳困難等印象，給人不佳的記憶。而建造一兩個干凈明亮的公共廁所，毫無疑問，是連接鄉(xiāng)村與城市、開啟鄉(xiāng)村封閉系統(tǒng)的一種正確打開方式。吃喝拉撒睡，誰不上廁所？

山東淄博土峪村的村口有一片采石剩下的場地，我們將其改造為停車場，配套一間公共廁所。公廁選在被削出的懸崖底下，材料選用采石場出產(chǎn)的石頭和部分磚頭，讓這個廁所融入環(huán)境之中。造型上，我們根據(jù)廁所內部的廁位，由內而外，把廁所的外墻進行了折墻處理，在男女廁間兩邊端頭做了落地門窗，再在外面包圍一圈小花磚圍墻，給廁所安置了兩個“風景小院”，增加了采光與風景要素。上廁所，也是需要風景的。建成之后，設計師覺得該廁所還是有點灰灰的，遂抓起大筆，順著石材紋理，用鮮艷的油彩勾勒了兩個似人非人的形象。這兩個形象，發(fā)在朋友圈引發(fā)了激烈的討論：關于是男是女，關于男女特征，關于上廁所，關于形象所蘊含的意義或曖昧……人們的一些八卦天性，在這里提供了一個可以借題討論的話題。這個廁所，就這樣在公眾面前，打開了。

同樣是在土峪村，村中的一塊不規(guī)則場地，設計師用一個圓形建筑放入其中，作為鄉(xiāng)村舞臺。利用舞臺的高差，在舞臺后面放置了公廁，既方便又隱蔽。建筑主體用紅磚砌筑，在舞臺的背景墻設計了5個磚拱包著石砌墻體，傳承了村內的“磚包石”傳統(tǒng)建筑做法。

廁所是個低調的活兒，按常理不應該大張旗鼓。但我們進村，最先高調建設的往往是廁所，可謂先解燃眉之急。在淄博東莊村，我們根據(jù)村莊的上中下，一口氣給蓋了3個廁所。3個廁所有不同的形式：月亮門后的公廁，平頂，有圓形的月亮門入口，設有三角形采光小院；夾縫中的半圓形公廁，單坡屋頂，石砌的高窗；荷塘邊的公廁，建筑被解碎為3個屋頂，入口挑出在荷塘邊上。3個廁所都是在原有民居的造型和材料做法基礎上設計發(fā)展出來的，融入環(huán)境，但掩藏不了它們的個性和設計師賦予的匠心?？赡芤驗樯w出來之后有點“高調”，以至有村民想把其中的兩個廁所改為民宿來經(jīng)營。

公共廁所的“公共”，正是“經(jīng)營”鄉(xiāng)村的開始。我們將原來自給自足較為封閉的鄉(xiāng)村，通過公共空間的介入，讓其成為具備城鄉(xiāng)共生的公共性空間，開放向整個世界，從而獲得一種新生，讓鄉(xiāng)村獲得振興的一個契機?！?/p>

Though the literal meaning of "the call of nature" might be "summoned by nature", it actually refers to the need of "going to toilet". Therefore,when coming to countryside, especially those rural area with a simple structure, the first thing we do is to respond to the call of nature and build up toilets.

We all have an experience of rushing for toilet,like a traditional Chinese saying describes, "three urgent needs of human body". But in most rural area, each household has its own toilet, which is also used as a storeroom of organic fertiliser. For the convenience of obtaining, the excrement is usually exposed. As a result, countryside toilet gives people bad impressions such as flies flying around, bad smell, dirty floor, etc. In this sense, building up one or two clean and bright public toilets is no doubt the right way to connect countryside with city and break the closed system of countryside. As one of the basic needs of human body, i.e. eat, drink, excrete, and sleep, who does not need a toilet?

1 石崖公廁總平面/Site plan of Stone Cliff Toilet

2 石崖公廁平面/Plan of Stone Cliff Toilet

3 石崖公廁剖面/Section of Stone Cliff Toilet

4 石崖公廁外景/Exterior view of Stone Cliff Toilet

5 石崖公廁立面/Fa?ade of Stone Cliff Toilet

6 石崖公廁內景/Interior view of Stone Cliff Toilet

7 舞臺公廁總平面/Site plan of Stage Toilet

8 舞臺公廁平面/Plan of Stage Toilet

9 舞臺公廁剖面/Section of Stage Toilet

At the entrance to Tuyu Village, Zibo City,Shandong Province, there was a field left behind by quarrying, and we reconstructed it into a parking area plus a public toilet. The location of the toilet is under a cliff and the materials used are stones and certain bricks from the quarry field, which blend the toilet into the surrounding environment. In terms of formal design, we applied the method of accordion wall on the external wall from inside to outside based on the positions of toilet cubicles;and on the two ends of the toilet, we made French doors and windows which are enclosed by a bounding wall made of floret bricks, shaping two"scenery courtyards" for the toilet that add daylight and scenery elements to the design. It would be a pleasure to appreciate scenery even when using a toilet. After the construction was completed, the designer was not satisfied with its gray tone, so he drew two human-like images on the wall using bright color paint and following texture of the stone material. When the designer posted the painted images on his Wechat, people carried out heated discussion on questions like whether they are male or female, characteristics of men and women, things about using toilet, and the meaning and ambiguity lying behind the images... a topic for discussion was formed, thanks to people's nature of gossiping. And the toilet was thus opened up in public.

Also in Tuyu Village, there was a place in an irregular shape, where the designer built up a round construction as a performance stage for the village. By making use of the height difference, the designer set a public toilet behind the stage, which is convenient and concealed. The main body of the construction is constructed by using red bricks, and on the background wall of the stage, five brick-made arches are designed to cover the stone wall, which follows the traditional construction method of"brick covering stone" in the village.

Using toilet is in common a low-key activity and there is no need to brag about it. But when we go to a village, toilet construction is usually our top priority in order to address the most urgent need. In Dongzhuang Village, Zibo City, we built up three toilets consecutively at the first, middle,and last parts of the village. These three toilets are in different forms: the one behind the Moon gate is designed with a flat roof, a round moon-shape entrance, and a triangle daylighting yard; the one in a crack area is in a shape of hemicycle with single slope roof and stone-made high window; and the one by a lotus pond is composed of three roofs with the entrance protruding out beside the pond. In order to integrate into the surrounding environment,the design of all three toilets are developed from the local traditional architectural form, material,and construction method, but their respective characteristics and the designer's originality can still be seen. The completed toilets are so "high-key" that some villagers even tried to reform two of them into homestay for business running.

10 舞臺公廁鳥瞰/Aerial view of Stage Toilet

11 公廁前方可休憩可表演的舞臺/A stage for rest andperformances in front of toilet

The "publicity" of public toilet can be seen as the start of "managing" countryside. Through introduction of public space, we reformed the previously self-sufficient and closed villages into ones with public space that connects city and countryside. By opening to the outside world,the villages get a revival and the general rural revitalisation also gets an opportunity.□ (Translated by QIAN Fang)

12 東莊3處廁所總平面/Site plan of 3 Toilets in Dongzhuang Village

13 半圓公廁平面/Plan of Hemicycle Toilet

14 半圓公廁剖面/Section of Hemicycle Toilet

15 半圓公廁鳥瞰/Aerial view of Hemicycle Toilet

項目信息/Credits and Data

地點/Location: 山東省淄博市淄川區(qū)西河鎮(zhèn)東莊村、洪山鎮(zhèn)土峪村/Dongzhuang Village, Xihe Town, and Tuyu Village, Hongshan Town, Zichuan District, Zibo City,Shandong Province

主持建筑師/Principal Architect: 房木生/FANG Musheng

設計團隊/Design Team: 吳云，蘇亞玲，劉雙，翟娜，蔡麗平，趙君龍/WU Yun, SU Yaling, LIU Shuang, ZHAI Na,CAI Liping

材料/Material: 磚，石，木，鋼/Brick, stone, wood, steel場地面積/Site Area: 共7000m2/Total 7000m2

建筑面積/Floor Area: 共390m2/Total 390m2

設計時間/Design Period: 2016.04-2016.11

施工時間/Completion Period: 2016.06-2017.07

攝影/Photos: 房木生，周強/FANG Musheng, ZHOU Qiang

16 月亮門公廁平面/Plan of Moon Gate Toilet

17 月亮門公廁剖面/Section of Moon Gate Toilet

18 月亮門公廁立面/Fa?ade of Moon Gate Toilet

19 月亮門公廁內景/Interior view of Moon Gate Toilet

20 荷塘公廁平面/Plan of Lotus Pond Toilet

21 荷塘公廁剖面/Section of Lotus Pond Toilet

22 荷塘公廁立面/Fa?ade of Lotus Pond Toilet

評論

盧健松：5個鄉(xiāng)村公廁在色彩及材料上一致性，使其成為一個系列；紅磚在青磚或者青石中的穿插使用，使其具有獨特的地域風情。每個公廁均以精確的幾何形式回應了各自獨特的場地特征，但也反映了設計師尊重地方文化，善用地方材料，巧用裝飾手法的共同特征。5個案例在不同方向的探索，詮釋了現(xiàn)代藝術介入當代鄉(xiāng)村發(fā)展的可能途徑。淄博土峪的石崖下公廁石墻上的彩繪，將材料拼接的偶然性與抽象人物的表現(xiàn)相結合，色彩選用上也略具地方意蘊，是富于啟發(fā)性的嘗試。淄博土峪的舞臺公廁，公共衛(wèi)生間與小舞臺奇妙的集結在一起，私密性與公共性混搭，以一種輕松的方式詮釋了鄉(xiāng)村生活的非正規(guī)性。

Comments

LU Jiansong: For the consistency of colours and materials, the five rural public toilets become a series of productions. The mixed use of red bricks with gray bricks or stones makes them with distinct regional characteristics. Each public toilet responds to the site in a precise geometric form; it also show the common features of designer's respect for local culture, the use of local materials, and the decorative techniques. The different design method of five cases show how to make the modern art intervene into the development of contemporary villages. It is an enlightening attempt, by the paintings on the stone wall of the public toilet at the bottom of stone cliff in Zibo, to combine the contingency of sliced materials with the performance of abstract figures and to select colours rich of local meanings. For the public toilets behind a stage in Zibo, with a perfect assemble of the public toilets and the small stage, the privacy space and public space mixed up and matched together, and in an easy way interpreted the informality of rural life.

彭小松：該項目五個廁所的設計系列呈現(xiàn)出針對村落地形、地貌以及現(xiàn)實使用狀況等層面的獨特理解，從空間整體布局的合理性，到單體回應場地條件的有效性，該廁所系列都體現(xiàn)出較強的設計梳理能力與創(chuàng)新性。在具體設計手段和效果上，該系列通過對磚石材料的組合，形成了個性化的立面肌理，這體現(xiàn)出設計師較強的個人意志。不過，從鄉(xiāng)村新建設與整體環(huán)境和諧統(tǒng)一的角度看，設計應進一步把握場所蘊涵的張力與潛質，需對建筑單體的造型和具體線腳、裝飾把控的原則更為精煉。（肖靖 校）

PENG Xiaosong: The design series of five toilets present a unique understanding of the siting, morphology and actual use of the village.From the rationality of the overall spatial layout to the architectural design in effective response to the site, the series demonstrate a strong capacity of reconfiguration and innovation. In terms of specific design methods and outcomes, the series personalises fa?ades with texture and combination of masonry materials, which both reflect the designer's strong personal will. However, considering harmony between new rural constructions and the overall environment, the design should further grasp tensions and potentials provided by the place. It is also necessary to refine building forms and the specific principles of footing and decoration. (Translated by HAN Li, proofread by XIAO Jing)