棗林旱廁，佳縣，中國

1 古戲臺旱廁外景/Exterior view of Toilet of Ancient Stage

對于一個村子或是一座建筑而言，這是一次再微小不過的建造實踐，但每當(dāng)身處其境，總會有一絲觸動。她不出眾也不完美，卻散發(fā)著一種場域性的沉著力量；似片兒殘垣，又似林中小亭，予人另一種停留。這亦是對陜北佳縣古棗園（泥河溝村）全球重要農(nóng)業(yè)文化遺產(chǎn)地保護與建設(shè)的一種思考影像。

泥河溝村與中國眾多的鄉(xiāng)村面臨著相似的問題：環(huán)境衛(wèi)生較差。在傳統(tǒng)文化的古老的生活方式與文明的現(xiàn)代生活的沖突中顯得進退維谷。村內(nèi)廁所均為傳統(tǒng)旱廁，滿足當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)業(yè)對有機肥的傳統(tǒng)需求，但難以滿足現(xiàn)代生活所需的無菌，無臭等衛(wèi)生條件。容易造成傳染病的傳播，也一定程度上影響著村落的外觀環(huán)境，對土壤、河水甚至地下水均有潛在污染可能。泥河溝村古棗園生態(tài)博物館旱廁規(guī)劃設(shè)計專項，對當(dāng)?shù)卦械膸M行改造，提高衛(wèi)生間的采光、通風(fēng)、衛(wèi)生環(huán)境。同時傳承與創(chuàng)新利用當(dāng)?shù)氐牟牧?、傳統(tǒng)的工藝技術(shù)，在延續(xù)當(dāng)?shù)貍鹘y(tǒng)文化的同時提升了村民的生活品質(zhì)。已達到縮小城鄉(xiāng)差距和文化傳承的目的。改造廁所使用了泥河溝現(xiàn)有的壘石墻作為圍護結(jié)構(gòu)，運用棗樹枝和柳條編制等生態(tài)材料作為頂部通風(fēng)、采光結(jié)構(gòu)。同時采用了糞尿分離和EM菌粉土技術(shù)，通過微生物好氧發(fā)酵，降解糞便，除臭、除蠅、除蛆，減少致病菌滋生。操作方便，造價低，糞便降解后亦可作為肥料使用?！?/p>

For a village or a building, this is a tiny construction practice, but whenever in the situation,there will always be a touch. She is not outstanding or perfect, but radiates a kind of field-based strength; like a piece of ruins or a small pavilion,giving people another kind of stay. This is also a reflection on the protection and construction of the world's important agricultural and cultural heritage sites in the ancient jujube garden (Nihegou Village)of Jiaxian County, in the northern part of Shaanxi Province.

The village is facing similar problems with many villages in China, and its environmental hygiene is poor. In the clash between the old life style of traditional culture and the modern life of civilisation, it seems to be in a dilemma. Village toilets are traditional dry toilets, to meet the traditional needs of local agriculture for organic fertiliser, but difficult to meet the needs of modern life sterile, odorless and other sanitary conditions.It is easy to cause the spread of infectious diseases,but also to a certain extent affects the appearance of the village environment, soil, river water and even groundwater have potential pollution.Nihegou village ancient jujube garden ecological museum dry toilet planning and design special, the local original toilet transformation, improve the toilet lighting, ventilation, sanitation environment.At the same time, inherit and innovate the use of local materials and traditional technology, while continuing with the traditional local culture to improve the quality of life of villagers. The purpose of narrowing the gap between urban and rural areas and cultural heritage has been achieved.The existing barrier wall in Nihegou was used as the enclosure structure, and ecological materials such as jujube branches and wickers were used as the top ventilation and lighting structure. At the same time, feces and urine separation and EM bacteria silt technology were used to degrade feces,deodorise, remove flies and maggots by microbial aerobic fermentation, and reduce the growth of pathogenic bacteria. It is easy to operate and low in cost, and can also be used as fertiliser after degradation of excrement.□

2 棗源碑旱廁外景/Exterior view of Toilet of Inscription of Date Gardens

3 總平面/Site plan

4 古戲臺旱廁平面/Plan of Toilet of Ancient Stage

5 棗源碑旱廁平面/Plan of Toilet of Inscription of Date Gardens

6 棗源碑旱廁軸測/Axonometric of Toilet of Inscription of Date Gardens

7 剖面/Section

8 古戲臺旱廁男廁/Men's toilet of Toilet of Ancient Stage

項目信息/Credits and Data

地點/Location: 陜西省佳縣泥河溝村/Nihegou Village, Jia County, Shaanxi Province, China

主持建筑師/Principal Architects: 唐勇，何頌飛/TANG Yong, HE Songfei

設(shè)計團隊/Design Team: 楊秉鑫，孔祥麟，林藝蘋，張思露/YANG Bingxin, KONG Xianglin, LIN Yiping, ZHANG Silu基地面積/Site Area: 30m2（棗源碑旱廁-開敞型/Toilet of Inscription of Date Gardens-open type），44m2（古戲臺旱廁-保溫型/Toilet of Ancient Stage-insulating type）

建筑面積/Floor Area: 14m2（棗源碑旱廁-開敞型/Toilet of Inscription of Date Gardens-open type），24m2（古戲臺旱廁-保溫型/Toilet of Ancient Stage-insulating type）

材料/Materials: 本地石材，松木，葦簾，方鋼，螺紋鋼等/Local stone, pine, reed screen, square steel, steel raber,etc.

造價/Cost: 2萬人民幣（棗源碑旱廁-開敞型）/20,000 CNY (Toilet of Inscription of Date Gardens-open type)，5萬人民幣（棗源碑旱廁-開敞型）/50,000 CNY (Toilet of Ancient Stage-insulating type)

設(shè)計時間/Design Period: 2015.07-2016.10

竣工時間/Completion Time: 2016.12

攝影/Photos: 林藝蘋，唐勇，楊秉鑫/LIN Yiping, TANG Yong, YANG Bingxin

評論

王輝：設(shè)計在運用各項適宜技術(shù)解決中國傳統(tǒng)鄉(xiāng)村環(huán)境衛(wèi)生問題的同時，通過各種地方性材質(zhì)與工藝技術(shù)的應(yīng)用以及相對理性簡約的空間建構(gòu)，充分展現(xiàn)了對于傳統(tǒng)地域文化的詮釋與再發(fā)展。設(shè)計與所在環(huán)境的文脈建立了較為緊密的聯(lián)系，為當(dāng)?shù)厝藗兲峁┝艘粋€具有時代感與場所記憶的生活空間，提醒人們在最接地氣的功能性建筑中同樣可以蘊含著建筑的意義和感性品質(zhì)。

Comments

WANG Hui: In the process of addressing environmental hygiene problems in traditional Chinese countryside by applying various suitable technologies, the design fully showcases the understanding and redevelopment of traditional local culture through application of both the local materials and crafts in a relatively rational and simple spatial structure. The design establishes a close connection with the cultural context of its surrounding environment and provides a living space with both the sense of contemporary era and the site memory for local residents, which reminds people that the most functional construction can also reflect architectural significance and perceptual quality. (Translated by QIAN Fang)

彭小松：該項目尊重當(dāng)?shù)剜l(xiāng)土傳統(tǒng)的建造方式，以生態(tài)材料制作圍護結(jié)構(gòu)、遮陽構(gòu)件以及裝飾面層，單體形式簡潔卻不失風(fēng)貌，與周圍村落形態(tài)緊密結(jié)合。在達到較好使用條件的同時，盡量降低造價和節(jié)省圍護費用，符合鄉(xiāng)村建設(shè)的基本準(zhǔn)則與可持續(xù)理念。尤其是該廁所形體與村落街道的融合，在提供基本生活功能的基礎(chǔ)上，形成新的村落多功能空間，改善了村民生活基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，也為提升整體空間形態(tài)的豐富性提供了有效的嘗試與創(chuàng)新。（肖靖 校）

PENG Xiaosong: The project respects the local rural traditions of construction and uses ecological materials to make envelope structure, shading components and decorative coatings. The building itself is simple yet elegant, with a close formal relation to surrounding villages. While achieving better conditions of use, to minimise construction and maintenance costs is in line with fundamental principles of rural construction and those of sustainability. In particular,the toilet interacts with village streets, provides basic living functions, and defines new multi-functional spaces. Bettering the infrastructure of rural life, it seeks effective way-outs and innovation to diversify the overall spatial morphology.(Translated by HAN Li, proofread by XIAO Jing)