蔣山漁村更新實(shí)踐之公共衛(wèi)生設(shè)施兩例，南京，中國(guó)

米思建筑受南京高淳蔣山漁村的委托，以滿足原住民對(duì)現(xiàn)代功能和文化生活的需求為最基本目標(biāo)，制定了“針灸式”的鄉(xiāng)村更新計(jì)劃。鄉(xiāng)村公共衛(wèi)生設(shè)施的建設(shè)就是其中的重要組成部分。

鄉(xiāng)村廁所是為了滿足村民在平常生活和工作中就近如廁的需求，首批建成的兩個(gè)公廁分別位于村口和村中小樹(shù)林畔。兩個(gè)廁所的設(shè)計(jì)均從空間和成本的角度出發(fā)，以最簡(jiǎn)單的建筑形態(tài)為基礎(chǔ)，通過(guò)形體或屋頂錯(cuò)位的方式形成“縫隙”，讓建筑在僅有少量設(shè)備輔助的情況下依然保有良好的通風(fēng)和采光效果，最大限度地優(yōu)化了建造成本和后期運(yùn)營(yíng)維護(hù)的成本。除了對(duì)于成本方面的思考以外，現(xiàn)代材料的低技建造與表達(dá)則是設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)的另一個(gè)關(guān)注點(diǎn)。通過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)與施工方不斷的溝通和試驗(yàn)，最終在較少的資金和地域化的施工條件中呈現(xiàn)出了清水混凝土和金屬組合帶來(lái)的簡(jiǎn)潔的現(xiàn)代審美。

項(xiàng)目完工后，這兩個(gè)“小玩意”得到了村民們的小小關(guān)注。它們區(qū)別于村里常見(jiàn)的廁所的形制，外在狂野粗糙，內(nèi)里卻更為干凈明亮。這是一個(gè)鄉(xiāng)村更新實(shí)踐中對(duì)于公共廁所設(shè)計(jì)及建造的簡(jiǎn)單探索，希望能在一定程度上平衡出現(xiàn)代和鄉(xiāng)土、成本和效果之間的聯(lián)系，并給現(xiàn)在的鄉(xiāng)村實(shí)踐和公廁建設(shè)帶來(lái)一點(diǎn)小小的思考?！?/p>

1 村口廁所鳥(niǎo)瞰/Aerial view of Toilet at the Entrance

2 村口廁所立面/Elevation of Toilet at the Entrance

3 總平面/Site plan

4 村口廁所平面/Plan of Toilet at the Entrance

5 村口廁所A-A剖面/Section A-A of Toilet at the Entrance

6 村口廁所外景/Exterior view of Toilet at the Entrance

Commissioned by Jiangshan Fishing Village in Gaochun District, Nanjing, and with the basic goal of meeting the local villagers' needs for modern functions and cultural life, Mix Architecture worked out an "acupuncture style" renewal programme for the village, in which the construction of rural sanitation facilities is an important part.

Rural public toilets are designed to meet the needs of villagers to easily access nearby toilets in their daily life and work. The first two public toilets are built respectively at the entrance of the village and beside the grove in the village. Both are designed with the simplest architectural forms, from the perspective of space design and cost control.The volumes or roofs are staggered to form a "crack"that guarantees the building good ventilation and natural light even with limited auxiliary equipment,so that the cost of construction, operation and maintenance is optimised to the greatest extent.Apart from considerations about the cost, the low-tech construction of modern materials and their expression is another focus of the design.Through the constant communication between the designers and the construction team and their experimentation, the simplicity of modern aesthetics in the combination of fair-faced concrete and metal is finally presented within a relatively small budget and local construction techniques.

After completion, the two "gadgets" received considerable attention from the villagers. Distinct from the common toilets in the village, they appear wild and rough from the outside while the interior is fairly clean and bright. As a simple exploration of the design and construction of public toilets in the practice of rural renewal, it attempts to find a relatively better balance between modern and local,costs and effects, and to provoke some reflections on the current rural practices and the construction of public toilets. □ (Translated by ZHU Lin)

評(píng)論

王輝：設(shè)計(jì)不同于常見(jiàn)的鄉(xiāng)村廁所形制，為傳統(tǒng)村落置入了相對(duì)現(xiàn)代與陌生化的建筑語(yǔ)言，形成了與周?chē)扔协h(huán)境的對(duì)比性與異質(zhì)感，為塑造全新的村落生活空間提供了具有現(xiàn)代性的物質(zhì)載體。設(shè)計(jì)在有限的成本中進(jìn)行實(shí)用與表現(xiàn)之間的平衡，在環(huán)境、體形、材質(zhì)與建造等方面進(jìn)行了創(chuàng)新的探討，通過(guò)建筑藝術(shù)的自律性表達(dá)為傳統(tǒng)村落環(huán)境增加了新的可能性。

彭小松：該項(xiàng)目采用簡(jiǎn)潔的“錯(cuò)位”元素來(lái)形成基本體量，用有限材料映射出強(qiáng)烈對(duì)比，平面布局的把控簡(jiǎn)單而有力，體現(xiàn)出設(shè)計(jì)者在處理鄉(xiāng)村建設(shè)過(guò)程中對(duì)尺度的精準(zhǔn)拿捏與空間構(gòu)想。兩個(gè)廁所充分尊重了原生態(tài)的漁村風(fēng)貌，同時(shí)提供了有效的鄉(xiāng)村公共空間，身段謙遜，張弛有度。屋頂正負(fù)形體的處理靈活多變，不拘泥于雙坡屋頂原型的簡(jiǎn)單重復(fù)，內(nèi)部的材料使用更為現(xiàn)代，這有利于進(jìn)一步降低維運(yùn)費(fèi)用，也為漁村堂前舊貌注入了當(dāng)代活力。（肖靖 校）

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data

地點(diǎn)/Location: 江蘇省南京市高淳區(qū)蔣山村/Jiangshan Village, Gaochun District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

主持建筑師/Principal Architects: 吳子夜，周蘇寧，唐濤/WU Ziye, ZHOU Suning, TANG Tao

設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)/Design Team: 劉漫，毛君鵬/LIU Man, MAO Junpeng

材料/Materials: 小木模板清水混凝土，鋼板，金屬網(wǎng)/Small wood formwork fair-faced concrete, steel plate, metal mesh

占地面積/Building Foot Print: 86m2（村口廁所/Toilet at the Entrance），81 m2（樹(shù)林廁所/Toilet in the Forest）

建筑面積/Floor Area: 48 m2（村口廁所/Toilet at the Entrance），35 m2（樹(shù)林廁所/Toilet in the Forest）

造價(jià)/Cost: 約30萬(wàn)人民幣/About 300,000 CNY

設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)間/Design Time: 2017.04

竣工時(shí)間/Completion Time: 2017.10

攝影/Photos: 侯博文/HOU Bowen

7 樹(shù)林廁所鳥(niǎo)瞰/Aerial view of Toilet in the Forest

8 樹(shù)林廁所平面/Plan of Toilet in the Forest

9 樹(shù)林廁所B-B剖面/Section B-B of Toilet in the Forest

10 樹(shù)林廁所外景/Exterior view of Toilet in the Forest

11 樹(shù)林廁所內(nèi)景/Interior view of Toilet in the Forest

Comments

WANG Hui: Different from regular countryside toilet form, the design plants comparatively modern and strange architectural language into traditional countryside. The design forms a contrast and a sense of neterogeny to its surrounding environment,and provides contemporary material carrier for the creation of new rural life. The design finds the balance between practical functions and architectural expression at a limited cost; in addition, it carries out innovative exploration in terms of the environment,form, material and construction, and opens up new possibilities for traditional rural environment through a self-disciplined expression of architectural art.(Translated by QIAN Fang)

PENG Xiaosong: The project makes use of a simple"displaced" element for its basic body. Using limited materials yet with strong contrasts, this project shows a simple but powerful control over the layouts, which reflects the designer's precise handling of scales and spatial concepts in the process of rural construction.The two toilets fully respect the original ecology and atmosphere of the fishing village while providing an effective rural public space. The design is modest and relaxing. Roofs articulate a flexible system of positive and negative forms, not repeating a careless double-pitched prototype. Internal materials are pretty modern, and further reduce the operative and maintenance costs. The fishing village restores its formal glory yet with the vitality of contemporariness.(Translated by HAN Li, proofread by XIAO Jing)