New Courthouses System

設(shè)計工藝過程的系統(tǒng)化帶來施工過程的系統(tǒng)化

這些法院大樓的設(shè)計被視為一個契機，用以強化厄瓜多爾公共建筑整體施工過程需要優(yōu)化的需求，所采用的規(guī)劃模型一方面基于模塊化建筑組件、生產(chǎn)工序標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、輕型預(yù)制和干式裝配方法，另一方面基于設(shè)計方法的系統(tǒng)化，從而可制作出具備充分靈活性的通用模型，可根據(jù)具體環(huán)境和不同情況需求進行調(diào)整和適應(yīng)。

因此，按照工作需要給出的詳細(xì)功能相關(guān)性，對這20個項目進行了系統(tǒng)化，根據(jù)用途（無論是公共、半公共或私人用途）邏輯生成了項目模塊，通過用以施工優(yōu)化的結(jié)構(gòu)-空間建筑模塊在尺寸上做出決策。這些項目模塊的功能動力也是基于法院大樓運行要求確定的雙重流通體系及空間垂直分布邏輯，將上層空間集中服務(wù)私人用途的同時，讓底層優(yōu)先滿足公共用途。

這樣，就可為項目子系統(tǒng)生成一系列模型，根據(jù)最壞項目情景，對20個項目進行同時評估和決策，即為一個項目進行決策，然后應(yīng)用到其他十九個項目上。

總體布局和公共空間

場地上建筑物的布局對應(yīng)著一個基本原則：公共建筑=公共空間

建筑物的總體布局與其環(huán)境相應(yīng)，總會形成樹木遮蔽的公共空間，包括廣場、小廣場、人行道加寬、和/或公園和綠色微公園。因此，建筑物中會融合開放式的門廳，作為公共內(nèi)部和公共外部之間的過渡地帶。此類門廳也是建筑元素，若在城鎮(zhèn)中心規(guī)劃新區(qū)，它們可讓建筑物成為城市“場所營造”模型。

結(jié)構(gòu)-空間格網(wǎng)

該結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)本質(zhì)上是一個鋼筋網(wǎng)格，包括一個6.30米的正方模型，作為該建筑物的維度基礎(chǔ)。為在施工過程中實現(xiàn)雙重目標(biāo)，即材料的最高效應(yīng)用和時間的有效安排，特意探尋出一個具有合理性、重復(fù)性和不變性的結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)。與其他更常見的、基于膜片或平板的結(jié)構(gòu)原理相比，線性網(wǎng)格可在建筑物分布、空間組織、轉(zhuǎn)換或擴展方面提供最靈活的解決方案。

軸間的6.30米模塊與形成該網(wǎng)格的兩個基本組件的尺寸相對應(yīng)：6.00米長的IPN梁和0.30x0.30米的方柱；網(wǎng)格的這一模塊規(guī)格實現(xiàn)了材料浪費的最小化，并優(yōu)化了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)鋼構(gòu)件的切割。

分布和流通系統(tǒng)

其流通方案與法院大樓工作系統(tǒng)提出的特別需求相適應(yīng)，所有開放的公共區(qū)域位于前部及較低樓層和底層，具有門廳和雙層或三層高大廳。這些公共區(qū)域的分布，占據(jù)了底層和第一和/或第二層前部空間的大部分區(qū)域，面向外部的公共空間。為實現(xiàn)公共區(qū)域間的垂直流通，在建筑物中央設(shè)置了開放式樓梯和電梯；私人垂直流通涵蓋在一個或多個可通向建筑物各層的核心塊中，并與開放式的公共流通保持分離。

規(guī)模、物質(zhì)化和適應(yīng)性

審判室是建筑物中的主要空間場所，是舉行聽證會、伸張正義的地方，在內(nèi)部公共空間上，位于第一層或第二層的主要區(qū)域，可通過體積大小清楚識別，并用天然木材裝飾?？臻g方案與開放式平面原則相應(yīng)，通過模塊化石棉水泥板組成的輕型預(yù)制結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)構(gòu)成空間輪廓，石棉水泥板用于內(nèi)墻、地面、天花板和外墻。該系統(tǒng)可讓建筑物具有全面的靈活性，因此可通過調(diào)整適應(yīng)新的項目條件、修改、擴展、翻新及零部件和材料在拆卸和回收方面的可能性要求。模塊化預(yù)制干地裝配系統(tǒng)也可在相對較孤立的地方，實現(xiàn)建筑物的有效施工。

建筑物主要通過其門廳與其周圍環(huán)境相關(guān)，門廳是一個主要的防護和適應(yīng)系統(tǒng)，而公眾性越低的外墻，實際上，其開放度也是越低的。必要時，門廳和其他外墻可融入次級系統(tǒng)，在盡量不減少自然光照的前提下，保護建筑物免受太陽直射和雨水的影響。在這點上，每個地區(qū)或項目采用具體特定的材料，例如穿孔鍍鋅鋼板網(wǎng)。

SYSTEMATIZATION OF THE DESIGN PROCESS LEADING TO THE SYSTEMATIZATION OF THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

The design of these Courthouses is seen as an opportunity to emphasise the need to optimize all constructions processes for public buildings in Ecuador,by implementing a planning model based, on one hand on modular building components, standardization of production processes, light prefabrication and dry assembly methods, and on the other, on the systematisation of the design methodology, in order to produce a generic model flexible enough to be modified and adapted depending on the specific contexts and needs of each case.

The 20 programs are thus systematized according to the strict functional correlations given by the operational needs, generating programmatic modules following logic of use, be it public, semi-public, or private use, and determined dimensionally by the structural-spatial building module selected to optimize construction. The functional dynamics of these programmatic modules are also based on the double circulation system determined by the operating requirements of the courthouses, and on the vertical distribution logic of the spaces, prioritizing public use on the ground floor while concentrating private use on the upper floors.

This way a series of matrices for the subsystems of the project are generated,allowing for simultaneous evaluation and decision making for the 20 cases at once,based on worst case scenarios, that is, always making decisions for one project and applying them to the other nineteen.

GENERAL LAYOUT AND PUBLIC SPACE

The layout of the buildings on the site responds to one basic principle: Public building = Public space

The buildings′ general layout respond to their context, always generating public spaces shaded by trees in the form of plazas, small squares, broadening of sidewalks, and/or gardens and green parklets. For this purpose, the buildings incorporate open portals that act as transitional space between the public interior and public exterior. These portals are also the architectural elements that allow the buildings to become an urban ¨place making¨ model in the case of areas intended as new centralities for their towns.

STRUCTURAL - SPATIAL GRID

The structural system is in essence a steel grid, with a square, 6.30 metre module, that acts as the dimensional base for the building. A rational, repetitive and invariable structural system is intentionally sought with the double premise of achieving the most efficient use of materials, and a time effective execution during the construction process. In contrast to other more common structural principles based on diaphragms or slabs, the linear grid allows for the most flexible solutions for distribution, spatial organization, transformation, or expansion of the building.

The 6.30 metre module between axes corresponds to the dimensions of the two basic elements that form the grid: 6.00 metre long IPN beams and 0.30 x 0.30 metre square columns; this modular dimension of the grid minimizes material waste and optimizes sectioning of standard steel members.

DISTRIBUTION AND CIRCULATION SYSTEMS

The circulation scheme responds to the particular needs defined by the operational system of the courthouses, with all-access public areas located to the front and on the lower and ground floors, characterized by the portals and double or triple height halls. These public areas are distributed occupying most of the ground floor and the frontal spaces of the first and/or second floors, oriented to the public space outside.Vertical circulation in the public spaces is solved with an open staircase and elevator placed in the centre of the building; private vertical circulation is contained in one or more cores that access all levels of the building, but are always separated from the open public circulations.

SCALE, MATERIALITY AND ADAPTATION

The Courtrooms are the primary spaces in the buildings, the places where hearings are held to impart justice, spaces located in a predominant area of the first or second floors above the interior public space, clearly identifiable as volumes clad in natural wood.

The spatial scheme responds to an open plan principle, spaces are defined with a light prefabricated constructive system of modular fibrocement boards, used for interior walls, floors, ceilings and facades. This system allows for total flexibility of the buildings so they can adjust to new programmatic conditions, modifications,expansions, renovations, and the possibility of dismounting and recycling of parts and materials. Modular, prefab dry assembly systems also allow the efficient construction of these buildings in relatively isolated places.

The buildings relate to their context primarily through the portals, acting as a primary protection and adaptation system, while the less public facades are by nature less open. When necessary, both the portals and the other facades incorporate secondary systems that protect the buildings from the incidence of direct solar radiation and rain, whilst admitting as much natural light as possible. It is here that specific materials for each region or case are employed, such as perforated galvanized steel screens.