一、詞義猜測題基本情況分析
高考《考試說明》明確要求考生在閱讀理解中應(yīng)能根據(jù)上下文提供的線索推測生詞的詞義。詞義猜測題型在高考閱讀中占有一定份量,大多數(shù)學(xué)生在這方面的技能顯得薄弱,猜詞能力較弱,缺乏具體、系統(tǒng)的方法,因此,針對此題型的訓(xùn)練就顯得很有必要。猜測詞義的閱讀理解題型,重點考查的不是學(xué)生詞匯量的多少,而是考查是否具有利用語境線索,推測和判斷詞義的能力。解答這類試題最重要的方法是理解含生詞部分的上下文來推測其意思。
【常見提問方式】
1. The word “...” refers to/probably means...
2. The underlined word “...” could best be replaced by...
3. What do you think the expression “...” stand for?
4. By saying “...” we mean...
5. “...” as used in the passage can best be defined as...
6. Which of the following word can take the place of the word “...”?
二、詞義猜測題解題技巧
技巧一:利用上下文語境線索
任何一篇文章中的句子在內(nèi)容上都不是絕對孤立的,都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有關(guān)。利用上下文提供的情景和線索,進行合乎邏輯的綜合分析來推測詞義是閱讀過程中的關(guān)鍵抓手,也是高考的熱點。
例題:Charlottes tale was inspired by the girls coin collection. “Weve collected foreign coins for years—since our families went on holiday to Tenerife,” she explains. “That was before the Euro, so we put pesetas in.”
The underlined word “pesetas” in Paragraph 2 is a kind of ?.
A. story B. collection
C. inspirationD. foreign coin
【解析】 由原文中的Euro(歐元,歐洲統(tǒng)一貨幣)可推知該詞是一種在歐元發(fā)行前使用的錢幣。本題正確答案為D。
技巧二:根據(jù)定義或解釋猜測詞義
閱讀文章中的有些生詞尤其是新聞報導(dǎo)及科普類文章中的生詞,往往在其后有對該詞進行解釋說明性的短語或句子,如to be, that is, stand for, namely, to refer to, to mean, in other words等,有時也以同位語、定語從句的形式出現(xiàn),或用破折號、括號來表示。
1. 直接定義:如果生詞是句子或段落所解釋的定義,理解句子或段落本身就是推斷詞義。定義句的謂語動詞多為:be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, refer to, be called, be known as, define, represent, be defined as等。
例題: In slang the term jam refers to a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation.
【解析】 根據(jù)上下文的定義可知jam一詞在俚語中的意思是 “困境”。
2. 同位語:構(gòu)成同位關(guān)系的兩部分之間多用逗號連接,有時也使用破折號、冒號、分號、引號和括號等。需要注意的是:同位語前還常有or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other, say, i.e. 等副詞或短語出現(xiàn)。
3. 定語從句:定語從句有時起著解釋和說明的作用,據(jù)此我們可以推斷出所修飾詞的含義。
例題:The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.
答案:定語從句中l(wèi)ooks after sheep就表明了herdsman 的詞義為“牧羊人”。
技巧三:利用因果關(guān)系
在句子或段落中,若兩個事物、現(xiàn)象之間構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系,我們可以根據(jù)這種邏輯關(guān)系推知生詞詞義。
例1:Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.
【解析】 根據(jù)原因狀語從句的內(nèi)容,我們可以推斷出生詞autocratic指“獨斷專行的”。
批注:因果關(guān)系的語境,通常由because, since, as, for, due to, thus, so, therefore, so that, so / such... that... 等連詞體現(xiàn)。
例2:The biggest power failure happened yesterday. All of our ice cream and frozen foods melted.
【解析】 melted “融化”。既然停電,必然造成冰激凌和冷凍食品的“融化”。
技巧四:利用對比或轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系
為了增強表達效果,有時文章作者會用一對反義詞揭示事物的不同點,形成鮮明的對比,這時只要把握其中的一詞,就不難推出另一詞的含義,這種句子多見unlike, although, but, yet, while, on the contrary, on the other hand, for one thing, for another, instead of, rather than, however, otherwise, though等信息詞。
例1:Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know. His brother, in contrast, is quite humble and modest.
【解析】 該例中supercilious對許多人來說可能是個生詞,但是句中短語in contrast(相對照的,相對比的)提示我們supercilious和后面詞組humble and modest(謙卑又謙虛)是對比關(guān)系。分析出這種關(guān)系后,我們便能猜出supercilious意為“目空一切的,傲慢的”。
例2:“Unlike vitamin C, leadership skills cant be easily swallowed down. They must be carefully cultivated.”
The underlined word “cultivated” roughly means ?.
A. encouraged B. compared
C. examined D. developed
答案:從上句的對比可知,領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力不是swallowed down,而是慢慢培養(yǎng)的。答案為D。
技巧五:利用同義線索和同等關(guān)系
同義詞替換可以為我們推測詞義提供明顯的語境線索。一些常見的引出同義詞的標(biāo)志性詞語有similarly, like, just as, also, as well等。
如:Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.
該句中副詞similarly表明短語loves to talk與生詞loquacious之間為類比關(guān)系。以此可以推斷出loquacious詞義為“健談的”。同等關(guān)系是指一個詞、一組詞或短語在句中作同一成分,而且他們的詞義屬同一范疇。只要我們認識其中一個或幾個詞或短語,即可確定同等關(guān)系中生詞的詞性、作用和大概意思。在句子或段落中,我們可以利用熟悉的詞語,根據(jù)語言環(huán)境推斷生詞詞義。
例1:Although he often had the opportunity, Mr. Tritt was never able to steal money from a customer. This would have endangered his position at the bank, and he did not want to jeopardize his future.
【解析】 為避免重復(fù)使用endanger一詞用其同義詞jeopardize來替代它,由此推知jeopardize詞義為“使……陷入危險,危及、危害”。
我們可以根據(jù)上下文與生詞密切相關(guān)的句子,對生詞進行合情合理同時合乎上下文語境的推測。我們也可以根據(jù)生詞后舉出的有關(guān)例子進行適當(dāng)歸納,猜測生詞的詞義。
例2:You can take any of the periodicals: The World of English, Foreign Language Teaching in Schools, or English Learning.
【解析】 根據(jù)下文舉出的英語雜志名稱可知,periodicals是“期刊”之意。
有時僅靠分析篇章內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系無法猜出詞義。這時,就需要運用生活經(jīng)驗和普通常識確定詞義。
例3:The snake slithered through the grass.
【解析】 根據(jù)有關(guān)蛇的生活習(xí)性的知識,我們可以推斷出slither的詞義為“爬行”。
例4:... But sometimes I just feel loath to talk to these people. Sometimes, I just want to be alone, quietly, without being forced to listen to their gossip or other useless words.
The underlined word “l(fā)oath” in this paragraph has the closest meaning to ?.
A. unwilling B. eager
C. pleasedD. hurt
【解析】 根據(jù)后面的語境“我寧愿安靜地獨處,不愿意去聽這些閑言碎語”,可見作者“不愿意”與這些人說話。故loath是“不愿意”之意,故正確答案為A。
技巧六:利用例證性線索
某些生僻的詞匯后會舉一個例子,使詞匯具體易懂。such, such as, like, for example, for instance, especially, consist of, include等連接性詞語往往用來列舉說明前面較難理解的名詞。
例題:Many United Nations employees are polyglots: Mr. Simpson, for example, speaks five languages fluently.
【解析】 通過例舉Mr. Simpson一人通曉五國語言,說明許多聯(lián)合國雇員都是“通曉多國語言的人”。
技巧七:根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法
閱讀中常會遇到一些由所熟悉的單詞派生或合成的新詞,可利用構(gòu)詞法知識來推測其意思?!督虒W(xué)大綱》已經(jīng)明確地將構(gòu)詞法列在語法附表中,因此利用所學(xué)構(gòu)詞法生成的詞不應(yīng)被認定為生詞。英語單詞的構(gòu)成方法主要有三種,即復(fù)合法、派生法和轉(zhuǎn)化法。英語單詞大多是由詞根、詞頭(前綴)、詞尾(后綴)所組成。詞根是單詞最基本的部分,表達單詞的基本含義。在詞根前頭或后頭加上前綴或后綴,可以用來引申或轉(zhuǎn)變原詞的意義。只要我們掌握了各種詞根、詞頭、詞尾的基本含義,那么就可以很容易地猜測所構(gòu)成的新詞的含義了。中學(xué)英語中常見的前綴和后綴有:
super(超), inter(在……之間), able(能……的), mini(極少的,微型的), micro(極微小的), re(再,反復(fù)), sub(分支的,底下), co(共同), post(后), pre(前), trans(超越;轉(zhuǎn)換), under(在……之下;低于……;不足), hood(狀態(tài);性質(zhì);時期), ish (如……的;有點兒……的); proof(防……的;……不能穿透的), scope(景), ship(身份;資格;權(quán)力;性質(zhì)), some(易于……的), wards(向), mis(誤;惡), un(不;非), in(不;非), im(不;非), dis(不), non(不;非),less(不;無), anti(反;防), sino(中國)。
例1:Sharks are among the few animals in the world that almost never get cancer and eye cataracts. Understanding why can help us improve human health. Chemicals extracted from shark cartilage have killed cancerous tumors in laboratory animals, a research that someday could help prolong your life.
The underlined word “prolong” in the paragraph means ?.
A. save B. protect
C. lengthenD. improve
【解析】 根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法來判斷詞義。prolong 是個派生詞,前綴pro是“支持,親”之意,long是“長”之意,故可判斷prolong是“延長(壽命)”的意思,故正確答案為C。
例2:Exhibition officials said that a person bitten by one of these snakes would need at least 80 ml of an antipoison medicine to be saved.
答案:antipoison是由poison加前綴anti構(gòu)成的,anti意思是“反對、排斥、抵抗”,由此可猜出antipoison是“解毒、抗毒”的意思。
技巧八:注意熟詞生義
英語中大量的詞匯具有多義性,其含義并非完全等同于詞典所標(biāo)注的漢語意思,具體的詞義需要在一定的上下文中體現(xiàn)出來。閱讀理解中的熟詞生義比生詞本身的障礙要大得多??忌鶕?jù)自己記憶的單詞含義隨意套用,很容易出現(xiàn)誤解。
下題中劃線的詞可換為:
例1:New York, 10 November, 5:27 p.m., yesterday. Biggest power failure in the citys history.
A. enoughB. not passing
C. lack ofD. lack
【解析】 failure是fail 變來的名詞,有“失敗;失敗者;失敗的事”的意思。本句power failure可翻譯為“停電”。再如:crop failure“莊稼欠收”;heart failure“心力衰竭”。本題正確答案為D。
例2:A bike tour and race will be held in August 26 and 27. At 5:30 a.m., the riders will leave Tianan Men square and ride the first 35 kilometers as a training leg. Then the next 55 kilometers from Yanjiao to Jixian, will be the first competitive part of the tour.
A. raceB. practice
C. part of the training D. part of the tour
【解析】 從first 35 kilometers可看出,自行車賽車手從天安門出發(fā),開始的三十五公里作為賽程的一部分,從后句... leg ... will be ... part of the tour也可確定答案為D。
批注:熟詞生義是高考考查的重點,平時在記憶單詞時,多注意其特殊的用法,最好能夠熟讀成誦。
技巧九:利用詞性轉(zhuǎn)化
例題:The aging of the population will affect American society in many ways—education, medicine, and business.
The underlined word “aging” means ?.
A. counting the number of years someone lives
B. the number of years someone lives
C. becoming older
D. making someone look older
【解析】 我們熟悉的是age作名詞用時是“年齡”的意思,而此處是作動詞用,意思是“老齡化”。本題正確答案為C。
(作者:殷華新,泰州市第三高級中學(xué))