英語(yǔ)“短文改錯(cuò)”縱橫談

河南 王令鳳

近幾年，短文改錯(cuò)題型正逐漸被一些省、市的中考英語(yǔ)試卷所采用。短文改錯(cuò)題是集語(yǔ)法知識(shí)與語(yǔ)言技能為一體的綜合性試題，旨在考查考生對(duì)語(yǔ)言的評(píng)價(jià)與校正的能力，以及對(duì)詞匯、語(yǔ)法和語(yǔ)篇三要素的把握能力。

一、選材特點(diǎn)

短文改錯(cuò)題的材料多為以第一、三人稱為主的記敘文和應(yīng)用文（以書信為主），每篇短文120～150詞。所選取的語(yǔ)言材料內(nèi)容多為考生所熟知的，話題也貼近現(xiàn)實(shí)生活，有的帶點(diǎn)兒幽默意味，有的具有潛在教育意義。材料中的文字淺顯易懂，句子結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，語(yǔ)言符合表達(dá)習(xí)慣。

二、題型分類

一般來(lái)說(shuō)，短文改錯(cuò)題的考查形式可以分為下列三種類型：

1.畫線提示型

畫線提示型短文改錯(cuò)題多以記敘文為素材，話題比較常見，篇章的難易程度符合初中學(xué)生的認(rèn)知水平，文章以簡(jiǎn)單句為主。該類題型的形式是給出一段或數(shù)段短文，將其排列成若干行，錯(cuò)誤的單詞下面已經(jīng)用下劃線予以標(biāo)出，以此作為答題的提示信息。例如：

2018·廣元中考題

下面短文中的畫線部分是錯(cuò)誤的，請(qǐng)改正，但不得改變?cè)囊馑?，并將答案寫在答題相應(yīng)的位置上。

Oliver Twistis one of the more famous stories (1)________

for Charles Dickens.Set in the nineteenth century,it is about a boy (2)________

calling Oliver who finds himself alone in the world.He lives in a (3)_________

special house for poor people and always has a empty stomach.One (4)_________

day,he asks for more food and gets into trouble!

Later,OliverrunsawaytoLondon.There he meets some boys who steal money and other things.They teach Oliver steal too,though (5)________

Oliver does not want to because he is a good child.After many difficulties Oliver is took home by a kind old man.In the end,Oliver discovers that (6)_________

the kind man is a relative,and he goes to live with him in the city.

There are many reasons why Oliver Twist is so a popular story. (7)________

There are also a lot of action in the book,and it is also very humorous. (8)_________

The writer was also very good at write about the (9)_________every day lives of poor children in London in the nineteenth (10)________

century—his book made people care more about the problems of poor children.

【參考答案】(1)most (2)by (3)called(4)an (5)to steal(6)taken (7)such (8)is(9)writing (10)everyday

2.分行改正型

分行改正型短文改錯(cuò)題所涉及的話題比較廣泛，篇章內(nèi)容會(huì)稍難些，行文以簡(jiǎn)單句為主，有時(shí)也會(huì)涉及幾個(gè)淺顯的復(fù)合句。該類題型的形式是給出一段或數(shù)段短文，將其排列成若干行，其中有十處錯(cuò)誤。要求考生直接找出其中的錯(cuò)誤，并將錯(cuò)誤部分與改正后的內(nèi)容寫在該句子末尾的橫線上，但不涉及加詞或刪詞的情況。例如：

2018·齊齊哈爾中考題

閱讀短文，從原文中找出十處錯(cuò)誤并改正，不加詞，不刪詞。

（例如：Lily always go to school on foot.go—goes）

Are you the kind of person who like to move with music?Even little (1)_________

child start jumping up and down when they hear music.Scientists say that animals(2)________

dance,too.But their dancing is different.The “dances” of animals send messages to others (3)_________

animals.And when people dance,they express feelings about life and love.Dances are (4)_________

good for you with many ways.For one thing,dancing is good for your physically.It makes(5)________

your heart work and make you breathe fast.It also makes you use your arms and your legs. (6)________

If you go dancing often,you can keep health.You may feel very tired after dancing,but you (7)_________

will probably also feel relaxing.This is another important point about dancing.It gives you(8)________

a chance to express your feelings and feel better about you. (9)________

Ifyou are angry or upsetabout something,dancing helps those feelings going away. (10)________

【參考答案】(1)like—likes (2)child—children(3)others—other (4)And—But (5)with—in (6)make—makes (7)health—healthy(8)relaxing—relaxed (9)you—yourself(10)going—go/to go

3.不加提示型

不加提示型短文改錯(cuò)題的短文體裁以記敘文為主，題材也會(huì)很常見，篇章的難易程度較畫線提示型和分行改正型稍簡(jiǎn)單些。短文以簡(jiǎn)單句為主，偶爾涉及并列句或簡(jiǎn)單的復(fù)合句。該類題型的形式是，對(duì)原短文材料不刻意設(shè)置行數(shù)，也不標(biāo)示出待修改的具體位置（即無(wú)提示痕跡）。文中共有5或10處錯(cuò)誤（每句中最多有兩處），錯(cuò)誤涉及一個(gè)單詞的增加、刪除或修改。要求在缺詞處加一個(gè)漏字符號(hào)∧，并在其下面寫出該加的詞，把多余的詞用“＼”劃掉。錯(cuò)的詞，在其下畫一橫線，并在該詞下面寫出修改后的詞。例如：

2018·棗莊中考題

假定英語(yǔ)課上老師要求同桌之間交換修改作文，請(qǐng)你修改你同桌寫的以下作文。文中共有10處語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤。每句中最多有兩處。錯(cuò)誤僅涉及一個(gè)單詞的增加、刪除或修改。增加：在缺詞處加一個(gè)漏字符號(hào)∧，并在其下面寫出該增加的詞。刪除：把多余的詞用“＼”劃掉。修改：在錯(cuò)的詞下畫一橫線，并在該詞下面寫出修改后的詞。

注意：1.每處的錯(cuò)誤及其修改均僅限一詞。

2.只允許修改10處，超出10處不予計(jì)分。

What would people like to eat on their birthday?The answer would be differently in different countries.In much countries,people have birthday cakes with candles.The number of candles are the person’s age.The birthday person must make a wish and blow the candles.In the UK,people sometimes put a candy in a birthday cake.The child with a candy is lucky.In China,it is getting popular for the Chinese to have cake on their birthday.But many people still eat very long noodles for their birthday.They never cut up the noodles because of the long noodles are a symbol of long life.In some places,Chinese people also ate eggs on their birthday.They are a symbol of life and good luck.All of these birthday food may be different,and the ideas are the same.They take good luck to the birthday person.

【參 考 答 案 】What would people like to eat on their birthday?The answer would bein different countries.Incountries,people have birthday cakes with candles.The number of candlesthe person's age.The birthday person must make a wish and blowthe candles.In the UK,people sometimes put a candy in a birthday cake.The child withcandy is lucky.In China,it is getting popular for the Chinese to have cake on their birthday.But many people still eat very long noodles for their birthday.They never cut up the noodles becausethe long noodles are a symbol of long life.In some places,Chinese people alsoeggs on their birthday.They are a symbol of life and good luck.All of these birthdaymay be different,the ideas are the same.Theygood luck to the birthday person.

三、考點(diǎn)點(diǎn)撥

短文改錯(cuò)題所涉及的考點(diǎn)，是學(xué)生在寫作中容易出錯(cuò)的地方。在短文改錯(cuò)題型中，常出現(xiàn)的考查要點(diǎn)有以下幾類：

1.名詞的誤用。單復(fù)數(shù)用錯(cuò)，可數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞的混用，名詞所有格錯(cuò)誤等。例如：

①We also planted some tree.

【2018·黃石中考題】

【參考答案】tree改為trees。

②...and many of them even went in to David garden.

【2018·天水中考題】

【參考答案】David改為David's。

2.代詞的誤用與漏用等。例如：

①I hope your school is big and clean with a large dining hall.

【2018·荊門中考題】

【參考答案】your改為my。

②I find very convenient to go anywhere with a bike.

【2017·雅安中考題】

【參考答案】在find后加it。

3.動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)或非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的誤用等。例如：

①I'd like tell you something about our school.

【2018·自貢中考題】

【參考答案】tell改為to tell。

②People live a hard life.

【2018·遂寧中考題】

【參考答案】liv e改為lived。

4.冠詞的混用、多余或缺失等。

①After the class,I can play chess and basketball.

【2018·荊門中考題】

【參考答案】刪除the。

②In the morning,we went to a People's Park at 8：30 by bus.

【2018·黃石中考題】

【參考答案】a改為the。

③He lives in a special house for poor people and always has a empty stomach.

【2018·廣元中考題】

【參考答案】后一個(gè)a改為an。

5.介詞的誤用、多余或缺失等。例如：

①We think it's our duty to take good care our environment.

【2018·黃石中考題】

【參考答案】在care之后加of。

②You can see many cars and high buildings in everywhere.

【2018·遂寧中考題】

【參考答案】刪除介詞in。

6.主謂一致性的錯(cuò)誤。例如：

①Are you the kind of person who like to move with music?

【2018·齊齊哈爾中考題】

【參考答案】like改為likes。

②The ground and public walls was very dirty.

【2018·黃石中考題】

【參考答案】was改為were。

7.單詞不合邏輯關(guān)系、多用或少用等。例如：

①And when people dance,they express feelings about life and love.

【2018·齊齊哈爾中考題】

【參考答案】And改為But。

②So we began to pick up the rubbish or clean the public walls.

【2018·黃石中考題】

【參考答案】or改為and。

8.同（近）義詞（組）的混用。

①They take good luck to the birthday person.

【2018·棗莊中考題】

【參考答案】take改為bring。

②They gave me much chances to make my own decisions.

【2017·黑河中考題】

【參考答案】much改為many。

9.分不清形容詞與副詞，疏忽比較級(jí)的用法等。例如：

①...,the world will become more and more beautifully.

【2018·黃石中考題】

【參考答案】beautifully改為beautiful。

②They are working hardly in order to make it much rich and more attractive.

【2018·遂寧中考題】

【參考答案】rich改為richer。