基于游客和居民不同視角的江南古鎮(zhèn)景觀地域特征感知研究
——以同里古鎮(zhèn)為例

張 琳

楊 珂

劉濱誼*

劉蘇燕

地域性景觀是在一定的地域空間由自然要素和人文因素相作用形成的綜合體，既包括在這塊土地上由自然成因構(gòu)成的景觀，也包括由于人類生產(chǎn)生活對自然改造形成的大地景觀[1]，以及當?shù)鼐用裉赜械泥l(xiāng)土文化和民風民俗。江南古鎮(zhèn)是地域性景觀的典型代表，具有悠久的歷史和濃郁的文化，呈現(xiàn)出“小橋、流水、人家”的聚落空間特征，保留著集生態(tài)、形態(tài)、情態(tài)于一體的傳統(tǒng)景觀風貌，不僅是寶貴的歷史文化遺產(chǎn)，也是一種重要的文化旅游資源。20年來江南古鎮(zhèn)旅游的迅速發(fā)展說明其地域文化景觀對游客具有持久的吸引力。而在現(xiàn)有發(fā)展模式下，古鎮(zhèn)景觀的地域特征是否被游客充分認識、感受和體驗到了？當?shù)鼐用駥@種地域景觀價值的認知度如何？是否發(fā)生了變化？本文以地域景觀保護較好、旅游發(fā)展較成熟的同里為例，以景觀行為感受為媒介，分別對當?shù)鼐用窈陀慰偷牡赜蛱卣鞲兄冗M行了調(diào)研和分析，提取了對于游客感知具有顯著影響的地域性景觀要素，厘清了居民和游客地域感知存在差異的原因，并提出了對策建議，以發(fā)揮古鎮(zhèn)在保護地域景觀、延續(xù)歷史文脈、保持文化多樣性等方面的積極作用，推進文化和旅游的融合發(fā)展。

1 調(diào)研方法與數(shù)據(jù)獲取

1.1 基地概況

同里古鎮(zhèn)地處蘇州吳江市，宋代建鎮(zhèn)，是江蘇省第一批以鎮(zhèn)為單位的重點文物保護古建筑群，古鎮(zhèn)保護區(qū)約1km2。同里東臨同里湖，西接龐山湖，南傍葉澤湖、南星湖，北枕九里湖，四面環(huán)水，“川”字形的15條小河把古鎮(zhèn)區(qū)分隔成7個小島，而49座古橋又將其連成一體，素有“水鄉(xiāng)同里五湖包，東西南北處處橋”之說[2]。建筑以明清風格的深宅大院為主，其中退思園作為九大蘇州園林之一，2000年登錄世界文化遺產(chǎn)，同里因此成為唯一一座擁有世界遺產(chǎn)的古鎮(zhèn)。在旅游發(fā)展的過程中，同里不僅保存了完整的古鎮(zhèn)格局和水鄉(xiāng)風貌，而且鼓勵原居民留住古鎮(zhèn)，以展現(xiàn)和傳承當?shù)鼐哂刑厣奈幕L俗，成為江南水鄉(xiāng)古鎮(zhèn)旅游發(fā)展的典范和代表。本文以同里古鎮(zhèn)為研究對象，于2018年5月和10月進行了2次實地調(diào)查，采用問卷調(diào)研、照片識別、深度訪談、路徑跟蹤等方式，獲得居民和游客對古鎮(zhèn)景觀地域特征感知度的評價數(shù)據(jù)。

1.2 調(diào)研設(shè)計

大量研究表明，感知價值與旅游目的地的滿意度直接相關(guān)，并對其保護發(fā)展具有重要意義[3-5]。本文認為，使游客獲得對地域景觀的認知和理解，使居民獲得對地域文化的歸屬感和自豪感，從而激發(fā)二者對傳統(tǒng)景觀的主動保護行為，是發(fā)展古鎮(zhèn)旅游的重要意義所在。所以本次調(diào)研以獲得當?shù)鼐用窈陀慰蛯沛?zhèn)景觀的地域特征感知度為主要目標，由量表問卷和PEI照片引導(dǎo)組成。量表問卷包括受訪者基本信息和感知度量表，通過“建筑風貌”“街巷空間”“景觀要素”3個題項進行居民和游客對物質(zhì)景觀地域特征感知度的評價；通過“鄉(xiāng)土民情”“傳統(tǒng)文化”“特色美食”3個題項進行非物質(zhì)景觀地域性特征感知的評價。采用李克特五級評分，從“非常贊同”到 “很不贊同”分別用5～1分來測量。

在完成量表問卷調(diào)研后，參考PEI照片引導(dǎo)訪談方法，請受訪者對同里地域景觀進行照片識別。課題組在同里古鎮(zhèn)現(xiàn)場拍攝了6組場景照片，分別是具有代表性的建筑風貌、街巷空間、景觀要素、鄉(xiāng)土民情、傳統(tǒng)文化和特色美食(因為一些傳統(tǒng)文化活動現(xiàn)在很少見到，在該組補充了4張網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖片)。每組照片4～5張，調(diào)研人員利用IPAD設(shè)備向受訪者進行一對一的照片展示及訪談，請受訪者從中選擇出認為能夠代表同里地域景觀特色的照片，每組選擇不超過2張。

1.3 數(shù)據(jù)獲取

調(diào)研期間共發(fā)放游客問卷173份，回收170份，其中缺失值較多的問卷3份，視為無效，有效問卷170份，其余少量缺失值用均值替代；共發(fā)放居民問卷107份，回收106份，其中缺失值較多的問卷1份，視為無效，有效問卷106份，其余少量缺失值用均值替代。

2 調(diào)研分析與發(fā)現(xiàn)

2.1 居民和游客對物質(zhì)景觀地域特征的感知度分析

1)建筑風貌地域特征感知。

同里古鎮(zhèn)除了38座明清園宅及眾多的鄉(xiāng)紳宅院、名人故居外，其民居建筑依河而筑、家家臨水、戶戶垂楊，合院式住宅前后臨河、臨水型住宅前街后河、面水型住宅隔街而河[6]，頗具特色。調(diào)研結(jié)果顯示，58.5%的受訪居民、76.5%的受訪游客贊同或比較贊同“同里古鎮(zhèn)建筑風貌具有地域特征”(表1)，進一步通過照片識別(表2)，發(fā)現(xiàn)游客和居民都認為拍攝于竹行街的沿河建筑最具地域特征，沿河古民居及明清街香格亭的地域特征識別度也較高，說明游客和居民對同里依水而建的建筑格局，黑、白、灰的淡雅基調(diào)色彩，以及磚雕門樓、脊角高翹、走馬樓、明瓦窗等統(tǒng)一有序的建筑要素具有較高的識別度。

2)街巷空間地域特征感知。

同里維系著原有的街巷空間特色，保持了婉約延綿的水巷和親切宜人的街廓，主街-次街-小巷-備弄的多層級步行網(wǎng)絡(luò)體系具有強烈的方向感和序列感[6]。問卷調(diào)研結(jié)果顯示，59.5%的受訪居民、75.7%的受訪游客贊同或比較贊同“同里的街巷空間具有特色”(表3)。通過訪談發(fā)現(xiàn)，居民感知度不高的原因主要是由于旅游業(yè)發(fā)展后，主路如明清街、中川路等成為為游客服務(wù)的商業(yè)性街道，雖然在結(jié)構(gòu)、材料、色彩、形式與比例等方面沿用了傳統(tǒng)地域特征，但沿街建筑基本改成商業(yè)店鋪，街道的特征發(fā)生了明顯變化。主要景點附近的沿河街道也基本變成了游覽空間，如嚴家廊下至富觀街的三橋景區(qū)，游客到達率較高，而本村居民較少到達。進一步通過照片識別(表4)，游客和居民都認為同里的備弄是最具有地域特征的，尤其是當?shù)鼐用?，認可率達到73.3%。其原因一方面是由于其具有良好的景觀環(huán)境特征，小巷和備弄與縱橫交錯的水系相聯(lián)結(jié)，蜿蜒曲折，又窄又高，巷中氣溫低、空氣流通快，形成了天然的風道[7]，具有舒適宜人的小氣候環(huán)境；另一方面是由于備弄連接各戶居民出入口，但游客卻較少到達，相對隱私、安靜，所以小巷和備弄成為當?shù)鼐用裥蓓?、交往活動的偏好空間。值得注意的是，雖然游客也對同里的小巷備弄有較高的認可度，但運用手機App“兩步路”對50位游客游覽路徑的跟蹤卻表明，到達古鎮(zhèn)特色小巷的游客不到15%，甚至連接主要景點的穿心弄、倉場弄、石皮弄，游客到達率都很低，說明同里特色街巷空間對游客具有較強的吸引力和神秘感。

3)景觀要素地域特征感知。

同里古鎮(zhèn)縱橫相連、阡陌交錯的河道水浜和千姿百態(tài)、大小不一的石橋河埠構(gòu)筑了典型江南水鄉(xiāng)古鎮(zhèn)格局，正所謂水是同里的神韻，依水成街、環(huán)水設(shè)市、傍水成園；橋是同里的精華，將河、街、巷、島、宅、園、店相聯(lián)結(jié)[8]。調(diào)研結(jié)果顯示，67.9%的受訪居民、76.4%的受訪游客贊同或比較贊同“同里的景觀風貌具有特色”(表5)，進一步通過照片識別(表6)，拍攝于三橋之長慶橋和南門處泰來橋是居民和游客認為最具地域特征的景觀。尤其對于居民來說，同里的橋和水已經(jīng)成為其居住環(huán)境的代名詞，具有強烈的認同感和自豪感；相比之下，居民認為布滿游船的碼頭是最不具有地域特征的。而游客的感知度差異不明顯，進一步訪談發(fā)現(xiàn)，游客普遍表示雖然感受到了同里小橋流水的特色，但對于其景觀的緣起、內(nèi)涵及意境，并沒有深入了解，感覺和其他古鎮(zhèn)差異不大。所以在旅游發(fā)展中，特別需要通過游線設(shè)計和解說系統(tǒng)，加強對古鎮(zhèn)景觀價值的展現(xiàn)、解說和利用。

2.2 居民和游客對非物質(zhì)景觀地域特征的感知度分析

1)鄉(xiāng)土民情地域特征感知。

問卷調(diào)研結(jié)果顯示，56.6%的受訪居民、41.8%的受訪游客贊同或比較贊同“同里古鎮(zhèn)的鄉(xiāng)土民情具有地域特色”(表7)，感知度并不高。盡管同里一直鼓勵和吸引原住居民長期定居，充分利用傳統(tǒng)民居，維持景區(qū)原有的生產(chǎn)生活形態(tài)；有研究也表明古鎮(zhèn)居民的旅游空間權(quán)能感知對其旅游開發(fā)態(tài)度有顯著正向影響[9]。但本次調(diào)研發(fā)現(xiàn)，旅游業(yè)的迅速發(fā)展已經(jīng)對當?shù)鼐用竦纳a(chǎn)生活方式產(chǎn)生了重要影響，沿街民居大多改成了飯店、民宿，有一些店鋪租給了外地商戶，店鋪的性質(zhì)功能也發(fā)生了明顯變化，相比較2012年[10]，退思園周邊主要面向游客的店鋪由38%增加到67%，竹行埭由49%增加到95%。而從空間使用上來看，當?shù)鼐用耖L期以來喜歡在戶外空間從事家務(wù)活動和進行休閑交往活動，如洗菜、做飯、洗衣、晾曬衣物、乘涼聊天，并形成了約定俗成的具有領(lǐng)域性的日常生活空間，但目前在游客人流密度較大的地區(qū)，居民的戶外家務(wù)活動明顯減少[11]，特別是許多沿河的公共水埠碼頭已成為游客觀景、休憩和留影的場所，鄰近居民的空間使用率比較低。進一步通過照片識別(表8)，老人剪雞頭米的場景和居民在河邊洗衣的場景被認為是最具地域特征的人文景觀，說明游客和居民都非常希望能夠保留和體驗到古鎮(zhèn)本來的生活和恬淡清幽的氣息。

2)歷史文化地域特征感知。

調(diào)研結(jié)果顯示，59.5%的受訪居民、62.8%的受訪游客贊同或比較贊同“同里古鎮(zhèn)的歷史文化具有地域特色”(表9)。通過照片識別(表10)，居民和游客都對“走三橋”這一同里傳統(tǒng)習俗感知度較高，尤其當?shù)鼐用袷祜谛?，而游客的感知度略低于當?shù)赜慰?，主要原因是游客大部分是聽?dǎo)游介紹過，但沒有親自看到走三橋的場景；而錫劇、閘水龍、神仙會等傳統(tǒng)文化習俗，無論是居民還是游客，感知度都比較低，主要是由于這些傳統(tǒng)文化活動已經(jīng)很少舉辦。值得注意的是，游客對燒地香放水燈的感知度較高，訪談得知游客認為這個活動具有江南水鄉(xiāng)特色。通過軌跡跟蹤發(fā)現(xiàn)，有96.7%的游客到達古戲臺并停留，說明游客有很強的愿望和興趣了解地方文化，但是目前戲臺僅在周末舉行錫劇演出且場次較少，民俗文化活動空間體驗有限、產(chǎn)品互動性不足，影響了游客對同里歷史文化認識和體驗的需求。

3)同里美食的地域特征感知。

表1 建筑風貌地域特征感知度統(tǒng)計表Tab. 1 Statistics on perception of regional characteristics of architectural style

表2 建筑風貌的地域特征識別Tab. 2 The regional characteristics recognition of the architectural style

表3 街巷空間地域特征感知度統(tǒng)計表Tab. 3 Statistics on perception of regional characteristics of street space

表4 街巷空間的地域特征識別Tab. 4 The regional characteristics recognition of the street space

表5 景觀要素地域特征感知度統(tǒng)計表Tab. 5 Statistics on perception of regional characteristics of landscape elements

表6 景觀要素的地域特征識別Tab. 6 The regional characteristics recognition of the landscape elements

表7 鄉(xiāng)土民情地域特征感知度統(tǒng)計表Tab. 7 Statistics on perception of regional characteristics of local customs

問卷調(diào)研結(jié)果顯示，69.5%的受訪居民、60.6%的受訪游客贊同或比較贊同“同里美食具有地域特色”(表11)，說明游客對鄉(xiāng)土美食文化認可度較高，這與同里的街巷氛圍和商業(yè)業(yè)態(tài)直接相關(guān)。一方面，街巷建筑底層的商店是敞開式的，窄面闊、大進深、前店后房或下店上房的商業(yè)鋪面，營造了傳統(tǒng)街市的市井氛圍[12]。另一方面，從業(yè)態(tài)分布來看，店鋪以當?shù)孛朗尘佣啵n題調(diào)研了明清街、中川北路、富觀街、尤家弄、竹行埭等商業(yè)街，共有商鋪221家，其中當?shù)匦〕院惋埖暧?2家，游客可以非常方便地品嘗到當?shù)貍鹘y(tǒng)美食。通過照片識別發(fā)現(xiàn)(表12)，襪底酥是當?shù)鼐用裾J為最能代表地域特色的美食，但游客的感知度僅為34%；同時游客對各種飲食的地域性感知度比較均衡，有13.0%的游客認為都沒有特色，主要是由于沒有發(fā)揮傳統(tǒng)美食的優(yōu)勢，卻在靠退思園的名氣生造“退思餅”或是模仿其他古鎮(zhèn)的特產(chǎn)(姜糖、狀元蹄等)。

表8 鄉(xiāng)土民情的地域特征識別Tab. 8 The regional characteristics recognition of the local customs

表9 歷史文化地域特征感知度統(tǒng)計表Tab. 9 Statistics on perception of regional characteristics of traditional culture

3 結(jié)論和對策

3.1 研究結(jié)論

首先，游客對建筑、街巷、景觀等物質(zhì)性景觀地域特征的感知度都高于當?shù)鼐用?，說明江南古鎮(zhèn)地域文化景觀對游客具有較強的吸引力；而當?shù)鼐用駥ι瞽h(huán)境的地域性感知卻在發(fā)生變化。長久以來，同里古鎮(zhèn)在當?shù)鼐用衽c自然環(huán)境的長期磨合中，形成了地方性的空間品質(zhì)、生活模式和文化景觀，并且又通過這種固化的空間形態(tài)潛移默化地影響和規(guī)范著居民的日常行為和生活習慣[11]。但旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展使同里由一個生活性城鎮(zhèn)變成了以觀光休閑為主的旅游景區(qū)，由居民日常的生活場所轉(zhuǎn)變成了游客尋找差異性體驗的目標和消費對象。雖然同里的建筑、街巷、景觀等物質(zhì)符號保存了原貌，但旅游業(yè)在一定程度上改變了當?shù)鼐用竦纳罘绞?，改變了古?zhèn)空間的使用頻率和功能，當?shù)鼐用褚哺惺艿搅诉@種由內(nèi)而外的、古鎮(zhèn)風貌氣質(zhì)的變化。如何在居民日常生活與游客觀光活動雙向交織的空間中，保護古鎮(zhèn)景觀的原真性？

其次，游客對鄉(xiāng)土民情和風俗習慣、地方美食等非物質(zhì)性景觀地域特征的感知度低于當?shù)鼐用?，說明游客對同里地域文化的價值還沒有得到很好的理解。由于目前的旅游模式仍以觀光游為主，缺少互動性和參與性的項目，游客很難對古鎮(zhèn)景觀的特征和內(nèi)在文化形成深刻印象。而這種數(shù)量增長的觀光游，只會給古鎮(zhèn)保護帶來更大的壓力。如何以旅游發(fā)展為平臺，保護和傳承地域文化的原真性，使古鎮(zhèn)的文化價值能夠為更多的人所認識、理解和傳播？

最后，居民對歷史文化的感知度低于游客，游客通過短期的旅游可以對同里的地域文化產(chǎn)生新鮮感和興趣，但當?shù)鼐用裼捎趥鹘y(tǒng)歷史文化活動的逐漸消失，對同里古鎮(zhèn)歷史文化發(fā)展的認同感發(fā)生了變化，而缺少文化內(nèi)涵的古鎮(zhèn)也將變得僵化和同質(zhì)化。在旅游發(fā)展帶來生活富裕的同時，當?shù)鼐用竦奈幕涓袘?yīng)得到重視，如何在旅游的發(fā)展中使當?shù)匕傩瞻灿卩l(xiāng)土、獲得文化自覺和文化自信，使古鎮(zhèn)獲得生機和活力？

3.2 對策建議

1)旅游發(fā)展下的古鎮(zhèn)物質(zhì)景觀地域特征保護。

傳統(tǒng)空間環(huán)境的保護是傳統(tǒng)文化意義得以延續(xù)的必要條件[13]，加強對江南古鎮(zhèn)景觀格局和民居、街巷、小橋、商鋪等典型物質(zhì)景觀要素進行保護和重點引導(dǎo)，通過保護整體空間肌理、留存歷史脈絡(luò)節(jié)點、利用鄉(xiāng)土景觀材料等，營造地域特征協(xié)調(diào)統(tǒng)一的古鎮(zhèn)景觀物質(zhì)情境，保護其自然性、真實性、地域性、完整性、體驗性和可持續(xù)性[14]。

表10 歷史文化的地域特征識別Tab.10 The regional characteristics recognition of the traditional culture

表11 同里美食地域特征感知度統(tǒng)計表Tab. 11 Statistics on perception of regional characteristics of special cuisine

表12 同里美食的地域特征識別Tab. 12 The regional characteristics recognition of the special cuisine

2)適當控制游客數(shù)量，提高古鎮(zhèn)空間游覽質(zhì)量。

變“快進快出”的古鎮(zhèn)觀光游為深度體驗游，給游客以充分欣賞、體驗古鎮(zhèn)風貌的景觀感知情境。通過加強解說系統(tǒng)、優(yōu)化旅游線路設(shè)計、復(fù)活老字號作坊店鋪、創(chuàng)造互動性景觀場所等具體策略，全面展現(xiàn)古鎮(zhèn)的地域文化特征，如古鎮(zhèn)的親水性、宜居性以及傳統(tǒng)商業(yè)文化等，既能夠很好地延續(xù)傳統(tǒng)，又能夠激發(fā)空間的活力。除了解說歷史典故、人物故事，更要深入淺出地介紹建筑景觀、河網(wǎng)水系、小橋景觀的特征，使游客能夠?qū)沛?zhèn)景觀環(huán)境的地域性形成一個完整的印象感知。

3)發(fā)揮古鎮(zhèn)居民在旅游發(fā)展中的積極作用。

通過政策鼓勵等手段吸引原住民在家鄉(xiāng)就業(yè)居住，在旅游發(fā)展中為當?shù)厝颂峁└嗟木蜆I(yè)機會，激發(fā)原住民對家鄉(xiāng)的建設(shè)熱情。有最了解同里的人在同里生活、為同里工作，能為同里提出最有效的發(fā)展支持，給古鎮(zhèn)新生的機會；這樣不僅保護了古鎮(zhèn)文化的根，而且能夠避免同質(zhì)化發(fā)展，挖掘具有地域價值的特色旅游產(chǎn)品，發(fā)揮古鎮(zhèn)旅游在地域景觀“整體保護、活態(tài)傳承”及傳統(tǒng)文化“創(chuàng)造型轉(zhuǎn)化、創(chuàng)新型發(fā)展”等方面的積極作用。

旅游是文化性很強的經(jīng)濟活動，古鎮(zhèn)是歷史文化的遺存，旅游和古鎮(zhèn)這種文化上的天然聯(lián)系，決定了兩者必須有效地結(jié)合[15]。旅游發(fā)展帶來江南古鎮(zhèn)社會結(jié)構(gòu)的變化，古鎮(zhèn)景觀主體由居民變?yōu)榫用衽c游客共生，在這種現(xiàn)實背景下，保護古鎮(zhèn)地域特征的關(guān)鍵是找到居民和游客的“共同價值”“共贏機制”和“共享模式”，進行互動性的規(guī)劃設(shè)計和精細化的運營管理，這不僅是古鎮(zhèn)保護工作的需要，而且對于中華民族傳統(tǒng)地域文化的傳承具有重要意義。

A Study on the Regional Characteristics Perception of Ancient Towns Landscapes in the South of the Yangtze River Based on Different Perspectives of Tourists and Residents: A Case Study of Tongli Ancient Town

ZHANG Lin, YANG Ke, LIU Binyi*, LIU Suyan

The Ancient Town in the South of the Yangtze River is a typical representative of the regional landscape with a long history and rich culture. It is not only a precious historical and cultural heritage, but also an important cultural tourism resource. The rapid development of tourism over the past 20 years shows that its regional cultural landscape has a lasting appeal to tourists. However, are the geographical features of the ancient town landscape fully understood, felt and experienced by tourists? What is the degree of the local residents' awareness of the value of this regional landscape? This paper takes Tongli,an ancient Town with better landscape protection and more mature tourism development, as an example, and the landscape behavioral feeling as the medium, carries on the investigation and analysis of the regional characteristics perception of the local residents and tourists respectively,extracts the regional landscape elements that have a significant impact on the perception of tourists and clarifies the reasons for the differences between the perceptions of residents and tourists. It puts forward countermeasures and suggestions to give full play to the positive role of ancient towns in protecting regional landscapes,continuing historical contexts, and maintaining cultural diversity.

1 Research Methods and Data Acquisition

1.1 Site overview

Tongli Ancient Town is located in Wujiang,Suzhou, and was built in Song Dynasty. Tongli not only protects and preserves the complete pattern of ancient towns and water landscape,but also encourages the original residents to retain the ancient towns to show and inherit the unique cultural customs of the localities. Tongli becomes the representative of the ancient towns in the south of the Yangtze River. This paper conducted two field surveys in May and October,2018, using questionnaires, photo identification,in-depth interviews, path tracking and so on, to obtain data of residents' and tourists' perception of the regional characteristics.

1.2 Investigation designing

The survey is composed of questionnaire and PEI photo guide. The questionnaire includes the basic information and perception scale of the interviewees, and through the three factors of "architectural style", "street space" and"landscape elements", residents and tourists are evaluated on the perception of the regional characteristics of physical landscapes; through the three factors of "local customs", "traditional culture" and "special cuisine", the evaluation of the perception of regional characteristics of intangible landscapes is carried out. The evaluation is conducted by using the Likert fivelevel scales, which are measured from "strongly agree" to "strongly disagree" on a scale of 5 to 1.

After completing the questionnaire survey,we refer to the method of the PEI photoguided interview, and ask the interviewees to identify the photos of the Tongli area. Our team photographed six sets of scenes. The interviewees are asked to choose photos that can represent the landscape characteristics of Tongli, within 2 photos per group.

1.3 Data acquisition

During the investigation, 173 tourist questionnaires and 107 resident questionnaires were distributed. Questionnaire with more missing values was considered invalid, so we took back 170 valid tourist questionnaires and 106 resident questionnaires.

2 Analysis and Discovery of Investigation

2.1 Analysis of residents' and tourists'perception of the regional characteristics of physical landscape

1) Perception of regional characteristics of architectural style.

The survey results show that 58.5% of the residents surveyed and 76.5% of the tourists surveyed strongly agree or agree that"the architectural style of Tongli Ancient Town has regional characteristics". Through further photo identification, it is found that tourists and residents have a high degree of recognition of the architectural pattern built in accordance with the water, the black, white, gray and elegant tone colors, as well as brick gatehouse, high ridge angle, Zouma Building, Mingwa window and other unified and ordered architectural elements in Tongli.

2) Perception of regional characteristics of street space.

The survey results show that 59.5% of the residents surveyed and 75.7% of the tourists surveyed strongly agree or agree that "the street space of Tongli Ancient Town has regional characteristics". Through interviews, it is found that the low perception of residents is mainly due to the development of tourism, which caused that the main roads became commercial streets serving tourists. The following photo recognition shows that both tourists and residents consider Beilong Corridor as the most regional characterized, especially among local residents.One reason is that the lane has a comfortable and pleasant micro-climate environment; the other reason is that Beilong is relatively private and quiet, and it has become a preferred space for local residents to rest and interact.

3) Perception of regional characteristics of landscape elements.

The survey results show that 67.9% of the residents surveyed and 76.4% of the tourists surveyed strongly agree or agree that "the landscape elements of Tongli Ancient Town have regional characteristics". Further through photo identification, Changqing Bridge and Tailai Bridge are the landscapes that residents and tourists consider as the most regional features.Especially for the residents, the bridge and water in Tongli have become synonymous with their living environment, with a strong sense of identity and pride; Tourists felt that Tongli was not much different from other ancient towns.

2.2 Analysis of residents' and tourists'perception of the regional characteristics of intangible landscape

1) Perception of regional characteristics of local customs.

The survey results show that 56.6% of the residents surveyed and 41.8% of the tourists surveyed strongly agree or agree that "the local customs of Tongli Ancient Town have regional characteristics". This survey found that the rapid development of tourism has had a significant impact on the production and lifestyle of local residents. From the perspective of space use,local residents have long liked to engage in domestic and leisure activities in outdoor space,but now there is a marked decrease in outdoor household activities in areas with a high density of tourist. Further through photo recognition, the scene of the elders cutting the Chicken Head Rice and the residents washing clothes by the river are considered to be the most regionally characteristic human landscapes, indicating that tourists and residents are both eager to retain and experience the original life and tranquil atmosphere of the ancient town.

2) Perception of regional characteristics of traditional culture.

The survey results show that 59.5% of the residents surveyed and 62.8% of the tourists surveyed strongly agree or agree that"the traditional culture of Tongli Ancient Town have regional characteristics". Through photo recognition, residents and tourists are highly aware of the tradition of "Three Bridges", while the perception of tourists is slightly lower than the local residents. This is mainly due to the fact that most of the tourists have not personally seen. As for traditional cultural customs both residents and tourists have relatively low perceptions, mainly because these activities have been rarely held. Through track tracing, it was found that tourists have a strong interest to understand the local culture.

3) Perception of regional characteristics of special cuisine.

The survey results show that 69.5% of the residents surveyed and 60.6% of the tourists surveyed strongly agree or agree that "the special cuisine of Tongli Ancient Town have regional characteristics", which is directly related to Tongli's street atmosphere and business style. The shops on the ground floor and the pattern of the store creates the atmosphere of the traditional market. According to photo recognition, Wadi Pastry is considered by local residents as the most regional cuisine, but the perception of that among tourists is only 34%. This is mainly because the advantages of traditional cuisines are not fully played.

3 Conclusions and Countermeasures

3.1 Research conclusion

First of all, tourists' perception of regional characteristics of physical landscape is higher than that of local residents, indicating that the regional cultural landscape of ancient towns has strong appeal to tourists, while local residents'regional perception is changing. So how to protect the originality of the ancient town landscape in the space where residents' daily life and tourists' sightseeing activities are intertwined?

Secondly, tourists are less aware of the local characteristics of intangible landscape, indicating that tourists have not yet fully understood the regional cultural values of Tongli. How to take the tourism development as the platform to protect and inherit the original nature of the regional culture so that the cultural value of the ancient town can be recognized, understood and disseminated by more people?

Thirdly, the residents' perception of history and culture is lower than that of tourists. Tourists can have a fresh sense of interest in the local culture of Tongji. However, due to the gradual disappearance of traditional activities, the local residents' identity with the development of Tongli's historical culture has changed. The sense of cultural loss among local residents should be taken seriously. How to make the local people settle down and satisfied with their native land, gain cultural consciousness and cultural self-confidence?

3.2 Countermeasures and recommendations

1) Protecting regional characteristics of physical landscape in ancient towns under the tourism development.

Strengthen protection and focus on guiding the landscape pattern of ancient towns in the South of the Yangtze River and the typical physical landscape elements. By protecting the whole space texture, retaining the historical node and using the local landscape material,we can create the landscape material situation of ancient towns which have coordinated and unified regional characteristics, and protect its naturalness, authenticity, regionality, integrality,embodiment and sustainability.

2) Controlling the number of tourists properly and improving the quality of space tourism in ancient towns.

By strengthening the explanation system,optimizing the tourist routes designing, reviving the old workshops and shops, creating interactive landscapes and other specific strategies, the regional cultural characteristics of ancient town, such as the hydrophilicity,livability and traditional business culture are fully displayed, so that visitors can form a complete impression of the regionality of the landscape environment of ancient town.

3) Giving full play to the positive role of ancient town residents in tourism development.

Through policy encouragement and other means to attract original residents to work and live in their hometowns, which not only protects the roots of the ancient town culture, but also avoids the development of homogeneity.We should excavate characteristic tourism products with regional value, give full play to the positive role of ancient town tourism in "overall protection, active heritage" and traditional culture in "creative transformation, innovative development" and so on in regional landscape.

The development of tourism brings about the change of social structure in the ancient towns in the south of the Yangtze River, the main landscape of ancient towns changes from residents to symbiosis between residents and tourists. The key to protecting the regional characteristics of ancient towns is to find the"common value", "win-win mechanism" and"sharing model" of residents and tourists, and carry out interactive planning and design and refined operation management.

(Editor / MA Lin)

Biography:

ZHANG Lin, born in 1979 in Shenyang,Liaoning Province, Associate Professor of School of Architecture and Urban Planning at Tongji University, Master's tutor, research area:landscape architecture and tourism planning(Shanghai 200092)

YANG Ke, born in 1996 in Dali, Yunnan Province, post-graduate of School of Architecture and Urban Planning at Tongji University, research area: landscape architecture and tourism planning (Shanghai 200092)

LIU Binyi, born in 1957 in Faku, Liaoning Province, Professor of School of Architecture and Urban Planning at Tongji University, doctoral tutor, Deputy Chief Editor ofChinese Landscape Architecture(Shanghai 200092)

LIU Suyan, born in 1994 in Fuzhou,Fujian Province, post-graduate of School of Architecture and Urban Planning at Tongji University, research area: landscape architecture and tourism planning (Shanghai 200092)