Liu Chan： A smart coward

Houming Shu

Reading about history，is always a fun activity for me.Especially Romance of the Three Kingdoms，because it is full of my childhood memories.When I was a kid，my grandfather would always read me stories about the three kingdoms.I could still remember the times we sat along the bed together and him explaining the complicated plot for me.

Romance of the Three Kingdoms is a historical novel about the fall of the Han Dynasty，the war between the three kingdoms，and the reunification of the land/the creation of Jin dynasty.（Most stories are real，some are fiction）

People always say the understanding history is based on perspectives，I found that extremely true.Every Time I reread the book，my opinion changes.The most dramatic one was towards a person named Liu Shan.

Liu Shan is the elder son of the Shu kingdoms emperor Liu Bei.After Liu Bei died，Liu Shan succeed the throne.But Shan did not accomplish anything with the great resources his dad left him.Dull，is the word people use to describe Liu Shan.Overtime，a stereotype was formed，he is a fool.

Of course，there are people who argue against that.I am one of them，I do not think Liu Shan is foolish，instead he is very intelligent.What made me think this way was his relationship between another person named Zhuge Liang.

Zhuge Liang is the prime minister of the Shu kingdom.He is an extremely talented military strategist，writer，inventor.He is like the opposite of Liu Shan，at least the book portrayed that way.

The interest thing is，Zhuge Liang described Liu Chan as a very intelligent person.Although this might be one of few compliments that Shan received，but it is the most reliable description of Shan compared to the one-sided evaluation of later generations.Liu Chan can use the right people for different tasks.Zhuge Liang is the best examples.But people only remembered the painstaking efforts of Zhuge Liang，they did not care about Liu Chan as an emperor who supports Liang regardless of the voices of doubt.Liu Chans wisdom was embodied in his decisive decision when the great army of Wei came to the city.Between death of millions and surrender，he chose the latter.He thinks the people of Shu are more important than the titles he will carry.If he chose to fight with Wei，the Shu kingdom would be doomed to failure.Is it a wise decision to trade the life of his people for his own pride？Being an emperor takes great wisdom，not a rash mind.

歷史，一直是一門我認(rèn)為最有意義的學(xué)問(wèn)。尤其是三國(guó)，它填滿了我對(duì)兒時(shí)的回憶。到現(xiàn)在還依稀記得小時(shí)候的我坐在床上與爺爺一起認(rèn)真揣摩那一本本妙趣橫生的小人書(shū)的樣子。書(shū)，連環(huán)畫，電視劇，電影，只要關(guān)于三國(guó)的我基本上都看過(guò)。有意思的是每一次看完之后，我發(fā)現(xiàn)我對(duì)那些角色，事件，人物關(guān)系的看法都會(huì)改變。小時(shí)候，我一直覺(jué)得曹操是一個(gè)十惡不赦的反派，漢室不應(yīng)該滅亡，可后來(lái)我覺(jué)得，曹操并沒(méi)有做錯(cuò)什么，毫無(wú)作為的君王也有理由被推翻。成長(zhǎng)的過(guò)程中，難免會(huì)對(duì)一些原來(lái)一直認(rèn)同的東西提出了疑問(wèn)，其中我覺(jué)得有趣的就是，諸葛亮與；劉禪的關(guān)系。

諸葛亮，字孔明，徐州瑯琊（現(xiàn)山東臨沂）人，三國(guó)時(shí)期蜀國(guó)丞相。早年隱居襄陽(yáng)，后劉備三顧茅廬請(qǐng)出諸葛亮。隆中對(duì)，舌戰(zhàn)群儒，草船借箭，借東風(fēng)，勝赤壁，奪荊州，取益州，先主托孤，北伐中原，六出祁山，一次又一次地證明了他的文韜武略。相比于諸葛亮，劉嬋在三國(guó)演義里被刻畫為另一個(gè)極端。劉禪，字公嗣又名阿斗，劉備長(zhǎng)子，在劉備死后即位，因其在位時(shí)不思進(jìn)取，使得他在人們眼里成為了扶不起的阿斗。劉備在白帝城臨終托孤于諸葛亮，“君才十倍曹丕，必能安國(guó)，終定大事。若嗣子可輔，輔之；如其不才，君可自取。”隨后，又在遺囑中讓劉禪拜諸葛亮為亞父。劉禪為君，諸葛亮為臣，一個(gè)為義子，一個(gè)為義父，但他們之間的關(guān)系也沒(méi)有這么簡(jiǎn)單。

從時(shí)間來(lái)說(shuō)，劉禪與諸葛亮十分有緣，公元207年，劉禪誕生，也是在這一年諸葛亮被劉備請(qǐng)到了麾下。有人說(shuō)，劉禪與諸葛亮是封建社會(huì)中最完美的君臣關(guān)系，諸葛亮曾經(jīng)評(píng)價(jià)過(guò)劉禪，“朝廷年方十八，天資仁敏，愛(ài)得下士?！币虼丝梢?jiàn)，諸葛亮對(duì)劉禪并沒(méi)有貶低的看法。劉禪在位期間基本上都采納了諸葛亮的建議。也有人說(shuō)他們的關(guān)系其實(shí)并不和諧?！断尻?yáng)記》載“亮初亡，所在各求為立廟，朝議以禮秩不聽(tīng)，百姓遂因時(shí)節(jié)私祭之於道陌上。言事者或以為可聽(tīng)立廟於成都者，后主不從?！敝T葛亮逝世后，劉禪并不支持民間為其立廟，雖然之后還是立了，但是不難從這件事中看出劉禪對(duì)諸葛亮心存不滿的情緒。我個(gè)人認(rèn)為，這兩種說(shuō)法都太絕對(duì)了，對(duì)于記載有限的事情，不能直接去判斷它是好還是壞。所以我覺(jué)得最好的說(shuō)法是，劉禪和諸葛亮起初的關(guān)系是非常和諧的，劉禪一直把諸葛亮視為他的老師與父親，可隨著劉禪在位時(shí)間的增長(zhǎng)和自身的成熟，他也有了自己的看法，而諸葛亮身為丞相卻一直把匡扶漢室的重任扛在自己的肩上，沒(méi)有選擇教授劉禪如何治理國(guó)家。