風景名勝區(qū)是中國自然保護地體系的獨立類型

黨的十九大報告要求建立以國家公園為主體的自然保護地體系，這是中國自然保護體制上的重大改革，具有深遠的歷史意義。目前改革已進入實施階段，為更好地落實中央要求，特提出以下建議。

1)繼承和發(fā)展風景名勝區(qū)管理制度。

從全世界范圍看，自然保護地有2 種主要模式。

一是以美國國家公園為代表，包括中國自然保護區(qū)在內，針對生態(tài)系統(tǒng)完整性、原真性的保護模式。美國國家公園是對世界自然保護地的重大貢獻，挽救了許多瀕臨破壞的自然保護地和自然遺產，推動了全世界的自然保護工作和自然保護理念的傳播。我國國家公園體制建設和自然保護區(qū)管理應更多地借鑒美國國家公園的保護理念和保護模式。

二是以中國風景名勝區(qū)為代表的自然文化綜合保護模式。中國風景名勝區(qū)源于我國古代的名山大川，具有數千年的發(fā)展歷史，她以優(yōu)美的生態(tài)環(huán)境為基礎，自然與文化高度融合，是人與自然和諧共生的典范之區(qū)。風景名勝區(qū)不僅有效保護了動物、植物、山脈、水系、農田等自然生態(tài)環(huán)境，而且傳承了思想、哲理、宗教、歷史、文學、藝術等中國文化，對中華民族的宇宙觀、價值觀、審美觀產生了極其重要的影響。自1982年正式建立風景名勝區(qū)制度以來，經過近40年的發(fā)展，風景名勝區(qū)已經形成了比較成熟的申報、規(guī)劃、保護、建設、監(jiān)管督察等一整套管理制度，取得了很多寶貴經驗，具有良好的管理基礎，這是森林公園、地質公園、濕地公園、水利風景區(qū)等其他自然保護地所不具備的。在今后建立國家公園體制、優(yōu)化完善自然保護地體系過程中，應總結歷史經驗，按照中央改革要求，繼承并發(fā)展風景名勝區(qū)管理制度。

2)在大類中保留風景名勝區(qū)，作為自然保護地體系的獨立類型。

風景名勝區(qū)薈萃了自然之美和人文之勝，成為最壯美的國土景觀，是中華民族薪火相傳的共同財富，是中華民族5 000年歷史延綿不斷的見證。自然與文化高度融合是風景名勝區(qū)區(qū)別于世界上其他保護地的最突出特征，也使得風景名勝區(qū)成為最具中國特色的自然保護地，是世界保護地類型的重大創(chuàng)新，為世界探索人與自然和諧共生提供了中國智慧和中國方案。因此，在自然保護地大類中保留風景名勝區(qū)具有十分重要的歷史和文化意義。而將風景名勝區(qū)置于自然公園之下，是對中國優(yōu)秀歷史文化的忽視。

建議按照中央改革要求，堅持國家公園的主體地位，發(fā)揮自然保護區(qū)在我國生態(tài)系統(tǒng)保護中的基礎性作用，同時充分體現風景名勝區(qū)所代表的中國特色，全面整合森林公園、濕地公園、地質公園、水利風景區(qū)等其他保護地，建立以國家公園為主體、自然保護區(qū)為基礎、風景名勝區(qū)為特色、其他保護地為補充的中國自然保護地體系(其實準確來講，應該叫國家公園體系），走具有中國特色的國家公園體系之路。

Scenic and Historic Areas are the Independent Type of China's Nature Reserve System

The report of the 19thCPC National Congress requires the establishment of a system of natural protection places with national parks as the main body.This is a major reform of China's natural protection system and has far-reaching historical significance.At present,the reform has entered the implementation stage.In order to better implement the requirements of the central government,the following recommendations are made.

1)Inheriting and developing the management system of scenic and historic areas.

From a global perspective,there are two main modes of nature conservation.

The first is the protection model for the integrity and authenticity of the ecosystem,represented by the National Parks of the United States,including the nature reserves of China.The National Park of the United States is a major contribution to the world's nature reserves,saving many of the endangered nature reserves and natural heritage,and promoting the spread of nature conservation work and concepts around the world.China's national park system construction and nature reserve management should learn more about the protection concepts and protection models of American national parks.

The second is the comprehensive protection model of natural culture represented by the Chinese scenic and historic areas.China's scenic and historic areas originated from the ancient mountains and rivers of ancient China.It has a history of thousands of years.Based on the beautiful ecological environment,nature and culture are highly integrated,which is a model of harmonious coexistence between man and nature.The scenic and historic areas not only effectively protect the natural ecological environment such as animals,plants,mountains,water systems,and farmland,but also inherit Chinese cultures such as thought,philosophy,religion,history,literature,art,etc.,and have greatly influenced the cosmology outlook,values,and aesthetics of the Chinese nation.Since the establishment of the scenic and historic area system in 1982,after nearly 40 years of development,the scenic and historic areas have formed a relatively complete set of management systems such as declaration,planning,protection,construction,and supervision,and have gained a lot of valuable experience and have very good management basis,which is not available in forest parks,geological parks,wetland parks,water conservancy scenic areas and other natural conservation areas.In the process of establishing a national park system and optimizing and perfecting the natural protection land system in the future,we should sum up historical experience and inherit and develop the scenic and historic area management system in accordance with the requirements for reform by the central government.

2)Retaining scenic and historic area in the general category as an independent type of the nature reserve system.

The scenic and historic areas have gathered the beauty of nature and the best of humanity,and they have become the most magnificent national landscape,the common wealth of the Chinese nation,and the witness of the 5,000-year history of the Chinese nation.The combination of nature and culture is the most prominent feature of the scenic and historic areas of China different from other protected areas of the world,and also makes the scenic and historic areas the most Chinese characteristic natural protection places.It is a major innovation in the world's protected land types,providing the Chinese wisdom and scheme the world's exploration for harmony between man and nature.Therefore,it is of great historical and cultural significance to retain scenic and historic area in the general category of nature reserves.The placement of scenic and historic area under natural park is a neglect of China's excellent history and culture.

It is suggested that,in accordance with the requirements for reform by the central government,the main position of national park should be adhered to,and the basic role of the nature reserve in the protection of China's ecosystems should be brought into play.At the same time,the Chinese characteristics represented by scenic and historic areas should be fully reflected,and other protected areas such as forest parks,wetland parks,geological parks,and water conservancy scenic areas should be fully integrated.The Chinese nature reserve system (in fact,it should be called the national park system)with national parks as the main body,nature reserves as the foundation,the scenic and historic areas as the feature,and other protected areas as supplements,should be established to take the road of a national park system with Chinese characteristics.