“四部曲法”在概要寫(xiě)作中的妙用
——以2019年高考英語(yǔ)浙江卷概要寫(xiě)作為例

浙江 李佳霖

概要寫(xiě)作作為浙江省高考新增題型，給不少考生，尤其是缺乏理性思維的考生設(shè)置了一定的障礙。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)2018 年11 月份浙江省高考概要寫(xiě)作的平均得分僅僅為9.44 分，居然連總分25 的一半都不到，確實(shí)令人深思。針對(duì)學(xué)生在應(yīng)對(duì)概要寫(xiě)作題時(shí)存在的種種困難，筆者立足《考試說(shuō)明》中概要寫(xiě)作的閱卷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，并結(jié)合多年的教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，總結(jié)出一套“四部曲法”，并且將其運(yùn)用到教學(xué)實(shí)踐中，取得了不錯(cuò)的效果。現(xiàn)以2019 年高考英語(yǔ)浙江卷概要寫(xiě)作為例，將這套方法呈現(xiàn)如下，以期引起大家思考，以便為廣大考生解答此類(lèi)題型提供必要的幫助。

第一步：確定段落中心

概要寫(xiě)作選取的素材往往是說(shuō)明文或議論文，與環(huán)環(huán)相扣、曲折情節(jié)取勝的記敘文不同的是這兩類(lèi)文章往往都圍繞某一中心話題展開(kāi)論述，《考試說(shuō)明》中概要寫(xiě)作閱卷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的第一條要求考慮的就是對(duì)原文要點(diǎn)的理解和呈現(xiàn)情況，所以把握每一段的中心大意是萬(wàn)里長(zhǎng)征的第一步，是決定概要寫(xiě)作能否取得高分的關(guān)鍵。下面我們不妨先來(lái)閱讀2019 年高考英語(yǔ)浙江卷概要寫(xiě)作有關(guān)“表?yè)P(yáng)孩子”話題的說(shuō)明文：

Parents everywhere praise their kids.Jenn Berman,author of The A to Z Guide to Raising Happy and Confident Kids,says,“We’ve gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades ago when parents tended to be more strict.”By giving kids a lot of praise,parents think they’re building their children’s confidence,when,in fact,it may be just the opposite.Too much praise can backfire and,when given in a way that’s insincere,make kids afraid to try new things or take a risk for fear of not being able to stay on top where their parents’praise has put them.

Still,don’t go too far in the other direction.Not giving enough praise can be just as damaging as giving too much.Kids will feel like they’re not good enough or that you don’t care and,as a result,may see no point in trying hard for their accomplishments.

So what is the right amount of praise?Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity.If praise is sincere and focused on the effort not the outcome,you can give it as often as your child does something that deserves a verbal reward.“We should especially recognize our children’s efforts to push themselves and work hard to achieve a goal,”says Donahue,author of Parenting Without Fear:Letting Go of Worry and Focusing on What Really Matters.“One thing to remember is that it’s the process not the end product that matters.”

Your son may not be the best basketball player on his team.But if he’s out there every day and playing hard,you should praise his effort regardless of whether his team wins or loses.Praising the effort and not the outcome can also mean recognizing your child when she has worked hard to clean the yard,cook dinner,or finish a book report.But whatever it is,praise should be given on a case-by-case basis and be proportionate（相稱的）to the amount of effort your child has put into it.

本篇文章總共分為四段，每段文字都包含一個(gè)中心話題，所以首先我們必須把每一段的中心大意捕捉出來(lái)。值得一提的是每段文字的中心大意所處的位置不盡相同，有時(shí)中心句會(huì)開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山般地出現(xiàn)在段首，有時(shí)會(huì)深藏不露般地置于段落中間，有時(shí)又會(huì)下定結(jié)論般地位于段落結(jié)尾，因此，考生必須利用敏銳的洞察力把每一段的中心句確定下來(lái)，上面文章中的畫(huà)線句子就是每一段的中心句。

第二步：理順語(yǔ)篇關(guān)系

《考試說(shuō)明》中概要寫(xiě)作閱卷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的第四條要求對(duì)各要點(diǎn)表達(dá)的獨(dú)立性情況進(jìn)行重視，但是說(shuō)明文和議論文最大的特點(diǎn)是邏輯關(guān)系嚴(yán)密，所以在對(duì)這兩類(lèi)文章進(jìn)行概要寫(xiě)作時(shí)的第二步是要緊密關(guān)注每段中心之間的邏輯關(guān)系，看它們究竟是并列關(guān)系、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系、因果關(guān)系、解釋關(guān)系還是總括關(guān)系。如上面文章中第一段和第二段是并列關(guān)系，分別從數(shù)量過(guò)多和數(shù)量不夠兩個(gè)角度來(lái)闡述不恰當(dāng)?shù)谋頁(yè)P(yáng)的壞處，第三段通過(guò)引用專家的觀點(diǎn)來(lái)作為引出自己的觀點(diǎn)的理由，第四段總結(jié)上面三條信息，提出自己的觀點(diǎn)，不難看出，整篇文章的基本網(wǎng)絡(luò)體系是分（1）—分（2）—轉(zhuǎn)（理由）—總（概括）。

when,in fact,it may be just the opposite.

分（1）

Still,don’t go too far in the other direction.

分（2）

Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity.

轉(zhuǎn)（理由）

But whatever it is,praise should be given on a case-by-case basis and be proportionate（相稱的）to the amount of effort your child has put into it.

總（概括）

理順語(yǔ)篇關(guān)系的作用在于為第四步銜接成文打好扎實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)，因?yàn)椴煌倪B詞用于連接不同關(guān)系的句子。如果在第二步時(shí)不能確定正確的段落關(guān)系，那么使用哪些連接詞將成為空中樓閣，變得虛無(wú)縹緲。

第三步：替換核心表達(dá)

在完成前面兩步任務(wù)后，接下來(lái)非常關(guān)鍵的一步是使用自己的語(yǔ)言替換文中的核心表達(dá)。因?yàn)榧兇庹瞻?、照抄原文中的句子，很難吸引閱卷老師的興趣，同時(shí)也不能取得高分?！犊荚囌f(shuō)明》中概要寫(xiě)作閱卷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的第二條要求考慮應(yīng)用語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯的準(zhǔn)確性。然而，替換核心表達(dá)并非是一件輕而易舉的事情，必須遵循一定的技巧才能夠完成。細(xì)細(xì)分解開(kāi)來(lái)，替換核心表達(dá)又可以分為替換語(yǔ)態(tài)、替換句型和替換詞匯三個(gè)方法。

1.替換語(yǔ)態(tài)

在進(jìn)行概要寫(xiě)作時(shí)，將主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子適當(dāng)調(diào)整成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子，或?qū)⒈粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子調(diào)整成主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子可以起到獨(dú)辟蹊徑的作用。如上文的第四個(gè)要點(diǎn)But whatever it is,praise should be given on a case-by-case basis and be proportionate（相稱的）to the amount of effort your child has put into it.可改寫(xiě)成：Parents should be aware that praise needs to be task-specific and match the amount of effort their children have made.改寫(xiě)后，句子的語(yǔ)言內(nèi)容沒(méi)有發(fā)生變化，但是其精煉度和高級(jí)性則提高了許多。

2.替換句型

英語(yǔ)中有許多高級(jí)句型，如名詞性從句（主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句）、定語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)從句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句型和倒裝句型，合理使用這些高級(jí)句型可以使概要寫(xiě)作煥發(fā)出勃勃生機(jī)，從而引人入勝。如第一個(gè)要點(diǎn)（揭示過(guò)度表?yè)P(yáng)的問(wèn)題）when,in fact,it may be just the opposite.可改寫(xiě)成which 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句N(xiāo)owadays parents tend to overpraise their children,which may have bad effects.此外，第三個(gè)要點(diǎn)Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity.可以改寫(xiě)成一句更加高級(jí)的賓語(yǔ)從句Experts suggest that parents pay attention to the quality of their praise and focus on the efforts rather than the result.

3.替換詞匯

概要寫(xiě)作對(duì)詞匯的要求相當(dāng)高，一方面需要考生使用相關(guān)的、準(zhǔn)確的詞匯，另一方面又需要考生使用高級(jí)、新穎的詞匯，這就要求考生字斟句酌，在每一個(gè)詞匯上都力求精準(zhǔn)，如第二個(gè)要點(diǎn)Still,don’t go too far in the other direction.我們不妨使用高級(jí)詞匯形容詞inadequate，從而形成下面一句高級(jí)的表達(dá)：Inadequate praise can be equally harmful.如果考生想不出inadequate 這個(gè)高級(jí)詞匯，表達(dá)的準(zhǔn)確性和高級(jí)性可能會(huì)被削弱，因?yàn)槠渌谋磉_(dá)形式可能無(wú)法精煉、準(zhǔn)確地傳達(dá)這個(gè)要點(diǎn)信息。

第四步：銜接成文

概要寫(xiě)作的臨門(mén)一腳在于使用合適的連詞把經(jīng)過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)換的核心信息串聯(lián)成文，這個(gè)問(wèn)題的解決需要從兩個(gè)方面入手，一為確定這些核心信息的邏輯關(guān)系，二為明確表示不同邏輯關(guān)系的適當(dāng)連詞。第一個(gè)問(wèn)題其實(shí)就是第二步的工作，如本文四條關(guān)鍵信息之中第一條為問(wèn)題一，其與第二條關(guān)鍵信息問(wèn)題二構(gòu)成并列關(guān)系，第三條信息通過(guò)引用專家的觀點(diǎn)來(lái)作為引出自己的觀點(diǎn)的理由，第四條信息則是總結(jié)上面的三條信息，提出自己的觀點(diǎn)。對(duì)于表示不同邏輯關(guān)系的連詞，在日常教學(xué)中教師很有必要給學(xué)生進(jìn)行有針對(duì)性的歸納總結(jié)并指導(dǎo)學(xué)生學(xué)以致用，下面是關(guān)于表示不同邏輯關(guān)系的連詞的總結(jié)：

表示并列關(guān)系的連詞：besides,in addition,additionally,what’s more,moreover

表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的連詞：however,on the other hand,in contrast

表示總結(jié)關(guān)系的連詞：to sum up,in conclusion,in brief,all in all,in a word,in short

表示次序關(guān)系的連詞：initially,first of all,most importantly,secondly,last but not least

表示假設(shè)關(guān)系的連詞：otherwise,if not

表示因果關(guān)系的連詞：as a result,as a consequence,consequently speaking,therefore

經(jīng)過(guò)以上兩方面的準(zhǔn)備之后，就可以進(jìn)行概要寫(xiě)作的最后一步了。下面仍以上述文章為例，進(jìn)行具體說(shuō)明。第一個(gè)要點(diǎn)Nowadays parents tend to overpraise their children,which may have bad effects.與第二個(gè)要點(diǎn)Inadequate praise can be equally harmful.之間可以用連接詞on the other hand或者h(yuǎn)owever 來(lái)連接。在第二個(gè)要點(diǎn)與第三個(gè)要點(diǎn)Experts suggest that parents pay attention to the quality of their praise and focus on the efforts rather than the result.之間可以考慮使用in fact,as a matter of fact,in reality 等連接詞組。而在第三個(gè)要點(diǎn)與第四個(gè)要點(diǎn)Parents should be aware that praise needs to be task-specific and match the amount of effort their children have made.之間最好使用表示總結(jié)關(guān)系的連接詞，如to sum up,in conclusion,in brief,all in all,in a word,in short 等。

連接詞的恰當(dāng)使用能夠較好地體現(xiàn)《考試說(shuō)明》中概要寫(xiě)作閱卷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的第三條內(nèi)容，即重視上下文的連貫性，因?yàn)橹挥姓Z(yǔ)篇連貫，才能讓文章層次分明、結(jié)構(gòu)清晰。

最后我們可以成文如下：

Nowadays parents tend to overpraise their children,which may have bad effects.However,inadequate praise can be equally harmful.In fact,experts suggest that parents pay attention to the quality of their praise and focus on the efforts rather than the result.All in all,parents should be aware that praise needs to be task-specific and match the amount of effort their children have made.(65 words)

牢牢掌握概要寫(xiě)作的“四部曲法”可以幫助考生在審題和成文時(shí)保持頭腦冷靜，有章可循地完成知識(shí)和內(nèi)容的完美有機(jī)組合，達(dá)到《考試說(shuō)明》對(duì)概要寫(xiě)作的四項(xiàng)要求，實(shí)現(xiàn)輕輕松松取得高分的目標(biāo)，真正培養(yǎng)考生的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力。