巧用英語(yǔ)課堂日記，提升學(xué)習(xí)有效性
——初探“以寫促學(xué)”在高中教學(xué)中的運(yùn)用

廣東 廖仕歡

課堂學(xué)習(xí)的有效性一般取決于課前預(yù)習(xí)、課堂聽(tīng)講、課后復(fù)習(xí)三個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)。就高中英語(yǔ)課堂學(xué)習(xí)來(lái)說(shuō)，課后復(fù)習(xí)是經(jīng)常被忽視的環(huán)節(jié)，或僅限定學(xué)生完成老師布置的相應(yīng)作業(yè)。但這些作業(yè)有時(shí)卻不一定與當(dāng)天課堂講授的內(nèi)容相關(guān)，這就會(huì)導(dǎo)致課后復(fù)習(xí)環(huán)節(jié)如同虛設(shè)或者被完全遺忘，從而讓英語(yǔ)課堂學(xué)習(xí)的有效性大打折扣。

英語(yǔ)課堂日記可以做到以寫促學(xué)，是高一、高二新授課階段一種很好的課后復(fù)習(xí)方式和保障課堂有效性的重要途徑。英語(yǔ)課堂日記就是教師要求學(xué)生在課后將課堂所學(xué)的內(nèi)容，包括課文內(nèi)容、知識(shí)點(diǎn)（單詞、短語(yǔ)、句型、語(yǔ)法等），以及課堂上發(fā)生的趣事等加以整理，最后以日記的形式用英語(yǔ)記錄并呈現(xiàn)出來(lái)。這樣做，一方面，學(xué)生鞏固了當(dāng)天課堂上所學(xué)的內(nèi)容，通過(guò)寫的方式來(lái)促進(jìn)學(xué)習(xí)；另一方面，學(xué)生在寫日記的過(guò)程中，不僅鍛煉了用英語(yǔ)思考問(wèn)題的思維品質(zhì)，而且提高了英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言使用的準(zhǔn)確性和連貫性。

根據(jù)高中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的課堂類型，英語(yǔ)課堂日記大致可以分為以下幾類。

一、復(fù)述型課堂日記

這種課堂日記類型適合新授課型。新授課一般把重點(diǎn)放在整體理解課文、把握文章脈絡(luò)和理解作者的寫作意圖和觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度上面。這些問(wèn)題在課堂上得以解決之后，如果教師要求學(xué)生課后將課文內(nèi)容以寫日記的形式復(fù)述出來(lái)，不僅解決了學(xué)生平時(shí)寫日記時(shí)沒(méi)有寫作話題的窘境，而且有助于學(xué)生再次溫習(xí)課文內(nèi)容，讓課文的學(xué)習(xí)得以鞏固。例如，在講授完外研版教材Book 6 Module 4 Music 中的Cultural Corner 的The Grammy Awards—Are They Important?之后，學(xué)生的課堂日記是這樣寫的：

Today,we learn something about Grammy Awards.It is one of the most famous musical awards in the world.

The Grammy Awards are presented every year in the music industry in the United States.There are 105 categories in the awards,and they cover 30 different types of music-pop,rock,jazz,blues,rap,classical,etc.But it doesn’t depend on the work itself whether it is well-known or not.It only depends on how many votes each artist receives from members of the Recording Academy.So some people don’t think the Grammys are as important as before.

But I know some of the winners of the Grammy Awards,like Taylor Swift,Lady Gaga,Avril Ramona Lavigne,and Ed Sheeran as well.Among them,I like Taylor Swift and Ed Sheeran best.Taylor Swift’s first song I heard is We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together.It is shared by my cousin.And about Ed Sheeran,the song called Shape of You is impressive.It is a song that I always listen to in my spare time.【高二（11）陳芷妍】

二、課文續(xù)寫型課堂日記

這種課堂日記適合記敘文類型的課型。記敘文類型的課文一般會(huì)完整地?cái)⑹鲆粋€(gè)故事，除了時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物和事件外，一般還包括了故事的開(kāi)端、過(guò)程和結(jié)局。但是有些課文的故事也可能戛然而止，并沒(méi)有結(jié)局。例如外研版教材Book 5 Module 3 Adventure in Literature and the Cinema 中的Reading and Vocabulary 的課文The Steamboat中，故事講到Huck 和Jim 劃著小船離開(kāi)那艘要沉的汽船時(shí)就結(jié)束了，而當(dāng)時(shí)汽船上還有另外三個(gè)人。像這種情況，就非常適合讓學(xué)生寫課文續(xù)寫型的課堂日記。而針對(duì)有正常結(jié)局的故事，教師可以讓學(xué)生續(xù)寫不同的故事結(jié)局。讀后續(xù)寫也正是新一輪高考改革英語(yǔ)書面表達(dá)的熱門題型。以下是一名學(xué)生對(duì)Book 6 Module 3 Interpersonal Relationships—Friendship 中 的Reading and Vocabulary 的 課文Roy’s Story 進(jìn)行續(xù)寫的課堂日記：

（At that moment,the door swung open,and Roy walked in.）

“Hi Roy,”I said awkwardly.Roy looked at me but didn’t say anything.Then he pointed at the banknotes in my hand.I hurriedly explained,“I felt a little cold,so I put on your coat.Then I found these notes.So why have you got so much money?”Roy was still silent.“Did you steal the money of our class charity?Please tell me the truth.”

“OK,I admit it.It’s all my fault.I know it’s wrong to do so.But I have no choice,”Roy said guiltily,“Since my father died in the accident,our family’s financial problem has got worse and worse.To make matters worse,my mother has been sick recently and I have no money to take her to hospital.So I can only do this.”

“Oh,I am sorry to hear that.But you can tell me about this and maybe I can help you.You see,my uncle’s shop needs an assistant.You can take it and earn some money in your free time.”I said.

Then I gave him a warm hug and we turned back the money to the class together.Finally,we solved Roy’s money problem with the help of our class and we became close friends again.【高二（6）黃惠瑩&徐怡欣】

三、關(guān)鍵詞型課堂日記

這種課堂日記類型適合講授課文語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)的課型。一般在學(xué)生整體理解完一篇課文之后，教師接下來(lái)都會(huì)就課文中的重點(diǎn)詞匯和考綱詞匯進(jìn)行講解，講解它們?cè)谡n文中的含義和用法，有時(shí)還會(huì)拓展學(xué)生在高中階段應(yīng)該掌握的這些詞匯的其他含義和用法。教師可以讓學(xué)生于課后在復(fù)習(xí)和消化這些知識(shí)點(diǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上，利用這些重點(diǎn)詞匯作為關(guān)鍵詞再次串講課文內(nèi)容，或者自己編造和串講一個(gè)故事，然后寫成日記。這樣，這些語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)學(xué)習(xí)的有效性就大大提高了。例如，在講授完外研版教材Book 6 Module 4 Music中的Reading and Vocabulary 的課文An Interview with Liu Fang 之后，學(xué)生的課堂日記是這樣寫的（畫線部分是課文中的重點(diǎn)詞匯）：

Liu Fang has given concerts since she was eleven.She graduated from the Shanghai Conservatory of Music.She worked as a pipa soloist of the Kunming Music and Dance Troupe.She said that different schools have different ways to interpret the classical pieces of music.I think that the same is true of teachers because different teachers have different ways to teach knowledge.The main influence for Liu Fang is traditional opera singing and folk songs.So when she is playing a tune,she is singing in her heart.

Chinese music is closely connected to Chinese poetry,so it isn’t surprising that most classical pieces have very poetic titles.And classical Chinese music and traditional Chinese paintings are like twin sisters.In Chinese art,painters give life to the painting by using some empty spaces.It’s the same with classical Chinese music.One of the characteristics of Chinese music is silence and pause,so people say the silence is full of music.【高二（11）溫嘉誠(chéng)】

四、語(yǔ)法情景型課堂日記

這種課堂日記類型適合語(yǔ)法講授課型。教師在語(yǔ)法課上講授完一個(gè)語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目之后，一般都會(huì)通過(guò)相應(yīng)的專項(xiàng)練習(xí)來(lái)鞏固和檢查學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)效果。但這種練習(xí)是孤立的，任何語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象只有在相應(yīng)的語(yǔ)境中才會(huì)有存在的意義和使用的價(jià)值，所以這種課堂日記要求學(xué)生自己設(shè)定一個(gè)語(yǔ)境或編寫一個(gè)故事，然后在其中盡可能多地使用所學(xué)的這一語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象。這樣學(xué)生不僅能更牢固地掌握該語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象的規(guī)則，還能體會(huì)和領(lǐng)悟該語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象的使用環(huán)境和使用情景，從而真正掌握這個(gè)語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目，保證了語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)的有效性。例如，在學(xué)習(xí)了外研版教材Book 6 Module 5 和Module 6的語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目“虛擬語(yǔ)氣”之后，一位學(xué)生的課堂日記是這樣寫的：

This morning I got up late and missed the first bus.It looked as if I would probably be late for class.On the way,I wish I could be a bird.If I were a bird,I could fly to school immediately.At the same time,I thought I would have caught the first bus if I had woken up a little earlier.I wished I hadn’t stayed up too late playing games last night.If my teacher knew this,he would probably become very angry.Only if I could make up a reasonable excuse!However,I would rather that I still told the truth because I think honesty is the best policy.【高二（6）任銳】

五、話題型課堂日記

這種課堂日記類型適合試卷評(píng)講課型。無(wú)論是在高一、高二還是在高三，學(xué)生都會(huì)參加各種月考、期中考、期末考、聯(lián)考等考試，這些考試的題型基本上都與目前高考英語(yǔ)試卷的模式一致，就全國(guó)卷而言一般包括4 篇閱讀、1 篇“七選五”閱讀、1 篇完形填空，以及1 篇語(yǔ)法填空。這樣，一套試卷里面就包含著7 個(gè)不同的話題。教師可以布置學(xué)生在聽(tīng)完老師的評(píng)講后，選擇其中一個(gè)自己感興趣的語(yǔ)篇話題于課后寫一篇日記。這種類型的日記，除了可以讓學(xué)生復(fù)述閱讀理解文段中的相應(yīng)內(nèi)容之外，更加鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生針對(duì)這一話題寫出自己的觀點(diǎn)和想法。這樣做，不但能加深學(xué)生課后對(duì)這一話題的自主探究，更重要的是在這個(gè)過(guò)程中學(xué)生的英語(yǔ)綜合能力也逐漸地得到提升。最后以寫作的形式呈現(xiàn)出來(lái)，就更加增強(qiáng)了學(xué)生英語(yǔ)書面表達(dá)的準(zhǔn)確性和條理性。例如，在某一英語(yǔ)試卷中有一篇介紹Winston Churchill 和他的演講的閱讀理解，課后學(xué)生就根據(jù)該閱讀理解文章內(nèi)容寫了這樣一篇課堂日記：

Today,we read a passage about Winston Churchill.He is well-known as a statesman,politician and as the British Prime Minister.Winston Churchill lived during most of the Second World War.He was a very excellent speaker.He promised the house of Commons:“I would say to the House,as I said to those who have joined the Government,I have nothing to offer but blood,toil,tears and sweat.”on 13 May 1940.Because it’s his first speech after being the Prime Minister,he did not win a lot of support or approval.But Winston Churchill never gave up.One day,he followed the king Henry VI’s suggestion and went to communicate with the ordinary people on the subway.To his surprise,every citizen is unwilling to surrender.To do this,Churchill made another speech passionately,“We shall fight on the beaches.We shall fight on the landing grounds.We shall fight in the fields and in the streets.We shall fight in the hills;we shall never surrender.”【高二（11）陳芷妍】

六、讀書筆記型課堂日記

這種課堂日記類型適合泛讀課型。在泛讀課上，教師通過(guò)對(duì)泛讀文章的講解讓學(xué)生了解到一個(gè)話題或幾個(gè)話題后，鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生課后通過(guò)各種途徑進(jìn)行自主拓展閱讀。這樣做可以開(kāi)闊學(xué)生的視野，增長(zhǎng)學(xué)生的見(jiàn)識(shí)，避免學(xué)生出現(xiàn)一天到晚都只捧著課本死啃的現(xiàn)象。這樣，英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)的資源就多了起來(lái)，達(dá)到了拓寬語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)的寬度和廣度的效果，保證了質(zhì)量，提高成績(jī)也就是指日可待、水到渠成的事情了。在這個(gè)過(guò)程中，學(xué)生可以到圖書館查找相關(guān)資料，從網(wǎng)上搜索相關(guān)資源等，最后教師鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生把查找到的資料和自己的心得體會(huì)用讀書筆記的形式寫成日記。例如，在一節(jié)TEENS 報(bào)紙的泛讀后，有一位同學(xué)的課堂日記是這樣寫的：

Today I read the TEENS.

At first,“express yourself”attracts me.However,it is not about how to express yourself,it is about how to fight stress instead.

It says stress is often caused by a lack of exercise.I can’t believe it.I always sit in my chair and don’t do exercise frequently.So this passage is bad news for me.The passage says this is because when we exercise,our body will release endorphins chemical which will create a feeling of happiness.

What’s also suggested is a new way of physical activities,light exercise,like walking,cycling and so on.What’s more,it stresses the importance of taking up a hobby.Hobbies are just as important to good health as exercise is,thanks to their ability to relieve stress.【高二（11）賴澤琳】

無(wú)論以上哪種類型的課堂日記都不是截然分開(kāi)的，教師可以靈活應(yīng)用，更可以根據(jù)教學(xué)實(shí)際布置其他不同種類的課堂日記。但是不論哪種課堂日記，其目的都是一致的，就是為了保障學(xué)生課堂學(xué)習(xí)的有效性，通過(guò)寫的形式來(lái)促進(jìn)學(xué)習(xí)。為了確保學(xué)生寫課堂日記的積極性和持久性，教師收到學(xué)生的課堂日記后，一定要認(rèn)真閱讀，做到及時(shí)給出反饋意見(jiàn)，及時(shí)與學(xué)生在日記中互動(dòng)。教師要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生養(yǎng)成積累日記中的高級(jí)詞匯和亮點(diǎn)句型，并修改不準(zhǔn)確的詞匯和語(yǔ)法等錯(cuò)誤的習(xí)慣。另外，教師要提醒學(xué)生，在寫課堂日記的時(shí)候，除了要陳述事實(shí)（facts）之外，在最后一段一般要發(fā)表自己的感想（feeling）和觀點(diǎn)（opinion）。這樣做，英語(yǔ)就不僅成為了一種了解和獲取信息（information）的手段，更成為了一種表達(dá)思想（thoughts）和觀點(diǎn)（ideas）的工具，任何一門語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)的最終目的都莫不過(guò)如此吧。