齊 飛,李 愷,李 邵,何 芬,周新群
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世界設(shè)施園藝智能化裝備發(fā)展對(duì)中國(guó)的啟示研究
齊 飛1,2,李 愷1,2,李 邵1,2,何 芬1,2,周新群1
(1. 農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)研究院,北京 100125;2. 農(nóng)業(yè)部農(nóng)業(yè)設(shè)施結(jié)構(gòu)工程重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京 100125)
設(shè)施園藝智能化是實(shí)現(xiàn)園藝產(chǎn)品播種移栽、栽培管理、環(huán)境調(diào)控、監(jiān)測(cè)預(yù)警、作物采收、內(nèi)部物流等全過程數(shù)字化、精細(xì)化、自主化的高級(jí)生產(chǎn)形態(tài),是當(dāng)前包括中國(guó)在內(nèi)的世界農(nóng)業(yè)智能化裝備的研發(fā)熱點(diǎn)和產(chǎn)業(yè)升級(jí)重點(diǎn)。為在全球設(shè)施園藝智能化裝備發(fā)展的大格局下科學(xué)定位中國(guó)的發(fā)展路徑,指導(dǎo)中國(guó)設(shè)施園藝智能化裝備的研發(fā)和推廣,需要對(duì)世界各國(guó)在該領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀和趨勢(shì)進(jìn)行研究分析。該文以全球設(shè)施園藝領(lǐng)域個(gè)人、企業(yè)和科研機(jī)構(gòu)在智能化方面的主要研究?jī)?nèi)容和裝備開發(fā)重點(diǎn)為基礎(chǔ),從全產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈的角度,分析世界設(shè)施園藝智能化裝備的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀。籽種生產(chǎn)在播種、移栽等環(huán)節(jié)上已初步實(shí)現(xiàn)了智能化應(yīng)用;作物生產(chǎn)在植株調(diào)整、授粉、植保和收獲等環(huán)節(jié)正加快研發(fā),剪葉、巡檢等部分智能化裝備已經(jīng)進(jìn)入商業(yè)化試用;倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)物流在內(nèi)部運(yùn)輸、分級(jí)分選、清洗、包裝等智能化方面不斷完善,智能苗床輸送、運(yùn)輸機(jī)器人已大量應(yīng)用,高速分選、包裝機(jī)器人等在加快研發(fā)。分析發(fā)現(xiàn),世界設(shè)施園藝智能化裝備需求增長(zhǎng)快、研發(fā)方向逐步聚焦、更加注重綠色安全、單機(jī)商業(yè)化速度加快、系統(tǒng)集成的全智能化生產(chǎn)設(shè)施開始出現(xiàn)。研究分析成果對(duì)中國(guó)設(shè)施園藝智能化的科技戰(zhàn)略和產(chǎn)業(yè)政策制訂、科研立項(xiàng)、成果評(píng)價(jià)、國(guó)際合作、裝備研發(fā)及推廣等工作提供參考和借鑒。
裝備;溫室;農(nóng)業(yè);設(shè)施園藝;智能化;現(xiàn)狀;趨勢(shì)
設(shè)施園藝智能化裝備是指將現(xiàn)代網(wǎng)絡(luò)通信技術(shù)、信息技術(shù)、智能控制技術(shù)與設(shè)施園藝商品化生產(chǎn)技術(shù)相結(jié)合,形成的具有感知能力、記憶和思維能力、學(xué)習(xí)和自適應(yīng)能力、決策與行為能力的用于設(shè)施園藝生產(chǎn)管理的裝備。在新一輪工業(yè)革命方興未艾的大背景下,世界經(jīng)濟(jì)強(qiáng)國(guó)都在大力推動(dòng)智能化為重點(diǎn)的產(chǎn)業(yè)升級(jí)并制定了相應(yīng)的發(fā)展路線,如德國(guó)“工業(yè)4.0”項(xiàng)目(德文語(yǔ)境中又稱“第四次工業(yè)革命”)旨在通過“智能工廠”的應(yīng)用,全面開啟工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)乃至整個(gè)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)體系的智能化過程[1]。中國(guó)也頒布了以智能制造為核心的綱領(lǐng)性文件《中國(guó)制造2025》[2-3]。在第二和第三產(chǎn)業(yè)中,智能化技術(shù)和裝備發(fā)展較快[4-8],而相對(duì)于工業(yè)與民用智能裝備,設(shè)施園藝等農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)在操作對(duì)象的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)性、環(huán)境狀態(tài)的復(fù)雜性、產(chǎn)品的易損性等方面均具有不同特點(diǎn),研發(fā)難度更大、商業(yè)化周期更長(zhǎng),因此至今還沒有像工業(yè)機(jī)器人那樣在實(shí)際生產(chǎn)中得到普遍應(yīng)用。隨著新經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)代到來,設(shè)施園藝發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家均加快了向智能化升級(jí)的步伐,如美國(guó)[9-10]、英國(guó)[11-12]、荷蘭[13-15]、日本[16-17]等國(guó)都制定了相關(guān)計(jì)劃并加大了研究力度,以澳大利亞[18-20]、加拿大等為代表的設(shè)施園藝新興國(guó)家甚至將智能化作為產(chǎn)業(yè)跨越式發(fā)展的重大機(jī)遇。歐洲提出了以精細(xì)農(nóng)業(yè)為特征的“農(nóng)業(yè)4.0”概念[21]。中國(guó)也將智能化作為“十三五”現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)裝備技術(shù)發(fā)展的重點(diǎn)方向之一[22],并制定了新一代人工智能發(fā)展規(guī)劃[23]。設(shè)施園藝領(lǐng)域國(guó)家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃“智能農(nóng)機(jī)裝備”專項(xiàng)“溫室智能化精細(xì)生產(chǎn)技術(shù)與裝備研發(fā)”項(xiàng)目正式啟動(dòng)[24]。
從發(fā)展看,世界設(shè)施園藝技術(shù)進(jìn)步都要經(jīng)歷機(jī)械化、自動(dòng)化、信息化、智能化等階段。當(dāng)前,荷蘭、美國(guó)等設(shè)施園藝發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家也正處在信息化向智能化的演進(jìn)時(shí)期,絕大多數(shù)國(guó)家還沒有完成傳統(tǒng)意義上機(jī)械化和自動(dòng)化的改造,以中國(guó)為例,生產(chǎn)力水平不平衡造成同一時(shí)間和空間內(nèi)多種階段并存的現(xiàn)象[25-27]非常普遍。按照設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[28-29],2016年中國(guó)設(shè)施園藝綜合機(jī)械化水平31.5%,遠(yuǎn)低于大田農(nóng)作物耕種收65%的水平[30],尤其在種植和采運(yùn)環(huán)節(jié)僅分別為15.2%和7.7%。為開啟設(shè)施園藝智能化發(fā)展道路,中國(guó)必須在提高機(jī)械化和自動(dòng)化水平、突破智能化關(guān)鍵技術(shù)裝備瓶頸、開展全過程智能化試點(diǎn)[31-32]等方面同步推進(jìn),才有可能在新一輪技術(shù)革命中贏得發(fā)展先機(jī),同時(shí)借助農(nóng)業(yè)智能化過程對(duì)社會(huì)就業(yè)產(chǎn)生的“替代效應(yīng)”和“創(chuàng)造效應(yīng)”[33],來提高農(nóng)業(yè)、乃至全社會(huì)的人均勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率。本文按照設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)分類,分項(xiàng)闡述了世界先進(jìn)設(shè)施園藝生產(chǎn)裝備水平,分析了智能化關(guān)鍵技術(shù)與自動(dòng)化裝備結(jié)合的研發(fā)應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀與趨勢(shì),對(duì)指導(dǎo)中國(guó)設(shè)施園藝智能化發(fā)展方向、研發(fā)重點(diǎn)和開展國(guó)際合作、推廣應(yīng)用等具有一定的借鑒和參考價(jià)值。
從設(shè)施園藝產(chǎn)業(yè)自身看,智能化技術(shù)研究開展較早[34-36],但受全球人力成本上升、農(nóng)業(yè)從業(yè)者減少[37],高技能專業(yè)人員不足等因素影響,同時(shí)為了進(jìn)一步提高操作效率、減少人工操作對(duì)園藝產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的影響[38]、保證供應(yīng)的及時(shí)性、提高產(chǎn)業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力,以商業(yè)化為目標(biāo)的設(shè)施園藝智能化在近10年內(nèi)開始加速發(fā)展。
從外部環(huán)境看,設(shè)施園藝智能化在硬件方面依賴于機(jī)械、信息、通訊等產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展。國(guó)際金融危機(jī)發(fā)生后,新一代信息技術(shù)與先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)加快發(fā)展、深度融合,智能制造成為全球新一輪產(chǎn)業(yè)變革的代表,數(shù)字化、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化、智能化逐漸成為未來制造業(yè)發(fā)展的主要趨勢(shì),人工智能技術(shù)的不斷突破[39-41]也為設(shè)施園藝的智能化預(yù)示出光明的前景。這種態(tài)勢(shì)為設(shè)施園藝智能化提供了有力的產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)支撐,也使包括設(shè)施園藝在內(nèi)的農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域成為智能化制造業(yè)新的投資方向之一。近期硅谷在農(nóng)業(yè)信息化、機(jī)器人技術(shù)等方面投資的大幅增長(zhǎng)也說明了這一趨勢(shì)[42],某些設(shè)施園藝新興國(guó)家也出現(xiàn)相同態(tài)勢(shì)[43],迄今投資速度仍在加快、總量不斷增長(zhǎng)。不少國(guó)家也以設(shè)立諸如“產(chǎn)業(yè)戰(zhàn)略挑戰(zhàn)基金”[44]等形式增加農(nóng)業(yè)人工智能、機(jī)器人和遙感等方面的創(chuàng)新投入,提高技術(shù)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。
除以企業(yè)和研究機(jī)構(gòu)單獨(dú)進(jìn)行的研發(fā)行動(dòng)外,世界各國(guó)采用多種協(xié)同攻關(guān)的方式加快智能化技術(shù)裝備在園藝產(chǎn)業(yè)的應(yīng)用。歐盟依靠“Horizon2020”計(jì)劃[45]的資助并以此前開展的歐洲農(nóng)業(yè)高技術(shù)研究項(xiàng)目CROPS[46]為基礎(chǔ),與跨學(xué)科的REELER項(xiàng)目[47]合作,整合來自荷蘭、比利時(shí)、瑞典和以色列的6家研發(fā)單位自2015年開展了名為Sweeper[48]的甜椒收獲機(jī)器人研究,旨在實(shí)現(xiàn)第一代收獲機(jī)器人的商業(yè)化。英國(guó)聯(lián)合劍橋大學(xué)等5所頂尖研究型高校組成了科技創(chuàng)新聯(lián)盟[49],以期在包括智能化農(nóng)業(yè)等產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)研發(fā)方面發(fā)揮更重要的作用。日本富士集團(tuán)聯(lián)合九州大學(xué)[50],發(fā)揮各自的優(yōu)勢(shì),加快人工智能技術(shù)在農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)的應(yīng)用。韓國(guó)通過建立以智能化為特征的智慧農(nóng)業(yè)綜合體[51]來加快技術(shù)進(jìn)步、提升產(chǎn)業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力、創(chuàng)造就業(yè)并吸引年輕人進(jìn)入農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域。上述研發(fā)雖與大田園藝智能化交叉進(jìn)行,但這些裝備在技術(shù)原理和功能上與設(shè)施園藝相通性很多,部分產(chǎn)品可直接用于溫室作業(yè)。為促進(jìn)全球設(shè)施園藝智能技術(shù)研發(fā)大協(xié)作,2018年瓦赫寧根大學(xué)研究中心在中國(guó)騰訊公司的支持下,組織了“國(guó)際挑戰(zhàn)”活動(dòng)[52-53],通過人工智能、傳感技術(shù)和“自治”溫室(autonomous greenhouses)技術(shù)的綜合應(yīng)用來提高設(shè)施蔬菜的生產(chǎn)水平。
設(shè)施園藝工程技術(shù)裝備主要包括種苗工程、設(shè)施生產(chǎn)、產(chǎn)地物流、綜合管理4部分[54],涵蓋了設(shè)施園藝商品化產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié),這些環(huán)節(jié)中均有適合于智能化升級(jí)的內(nèi)容,但受技術(shù)、經(jīng)濟(jì)、生產(chǎn)模式等影響,發(fā)展難度不同,重點(diǎn)和階段也不同。從世界設(shè)施園藝智能化裝備研發(fā)歷史和實(shí)際應(yīng)用進(jìn)展看,目前收獲智能裝備的投入和研發(fā)進(jìn)展最為顯著,這主要源于世界范圍內(nèi)的勞工短缺[55-56]和設(shè)施生產(chǎn)者老齡化等問題的加劇。但各個(gè)領(lǐng)域智能化技術(shù)與裝備的研發(fā)工作都在開展,從后文的分析中可清晰獲知。
全球智能化的長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)目標(biāo)是為了更好地滿足全球不斷增長(zhǎng)的食品供應(yīng)的需要,更有效地保障食品生產(chǎn)全過程的效率、質(zhì)量和供應(yīng)的精準(zhǔn)性,同時(shí)降低農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)對(duì)生態(tài)環(huán)境的影響。從研究預(yù)測(cè)看,到2050年,世界人口數(shù)量將達(dá)到91億~96億、食物需求較當(dāng)前增長(zhǎng)70%[57],同時(shí)75%的世界人口將居住在城市之中,對(duì)高品質(zhì)園藝產(chǎn)品的需求更大。為實(shí)現(xiàn)上述目標(biāo),設(shè)施園藝智能化要以增加效益、提高競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力和發(fā)展持續(xù)性為目的,以關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)為突破口,以提高效率、降低消耗為主要要求,以提高操作速度、作業(yè)精度、減少人工為手段。最終,通過智能化的應(yīng)用,使設(shè)施園藝實(shí)現(xiàn)由人工操作型向人機(jī)協(xié)同型和真正意義上的全天候工廠化生產(chǎn)型[43]轉(zhuǎn)變,并實(shí)現(xiàn)技術(shù)供給、經(jīng)濟(jì)成本、社會(huì)需求三者的平衡。
除與園藝作物本身直接相關(guān)的生物、環(huán)境、管理等農(nóng)業(yè)工程技術(shù)外,設(shè)施園藝智能化技術(shù)裝備還主要涉及傳感器技術(shù)、網(wǎng)絡(luò)通訊技術(shù)、智能控制技術(shù)以及以“智能制造”[58-59]為代表的機(jī)械、電子等工業(yè)與信息化技術(shù),它們需要與設(shè)施園藝工程技術(shù)相互補(bǔ)充、深度融合才能實(shí)現(xiàn)由通用技術(shù)向設(shè)施園藝產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)的轉(zhuǎn)變。同時(shí),由于設(shè)施園藝智能化相對(duì)上述技術(shù)應(yīng)用相對(duì)滯后,后者技術(shù)進(jìn)步和產(chǎn)業(yè)化的速度,會(huì)直接影響到設(shè)施園藝智能化技術(shù)裝備常規(guī)化和商業(yè)化的速度與程度。
種苗生產(chǎn)可分為播前處理、播種、嫁接、移栽、定植幾個(gè)過程。發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家育苗已基本實(shí)現(xiàn)工廠化,大多數(shù)以穴盤育苗為主,荷蘭也有一定量巖棉直播育苗[60]。在育苗階段除嫁接、定植等少數(shù)環(huán)節(jié)以外,其他均已配套自動(dòng)化設(shè)備,通過物流和輸送設(shè)備的串聯(lián)完成流水線作業(yè),裝備較為成熟,在智能化方面的研究主要集中在通過在線監(jiān)測(cè)技術(shù)和機(jī)器視覺反饋,進(jìn)一步提高設(shè)備作業(yè)精度和穩(wěn)定性。
1)前處理環(huán)節(jié)。主要裝備包括基質(zhì)消毒、穴盤清洗消毒、基質(zhì)攪拌等,這些裝備均已實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)械化,并且向?qū)崿F(xiàn)自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn)過渡,以荷蘭、德國(guó)、意大利為主的裝備制造和應(yīng)用大國(guó)采取蒸汽噴射基質(zhì)消毒、紫外線穴盤消毒等相對(duì)成熟的技術(shù)形成了適于推廣的系列生產(chǎn)設(shè)備[61-63]。
2)播種環(huán)節(jié)。主要采用播種流水線,由穴盤解垛、基質(zhì)填充、壓穴、播種、附土、噴淋、穴盤播后碼垛等單機(jī)設(shè)備串聯(lián)組成[64-65],各單體設(shè)備自動(dòng)化程度、設(shè)備匹配度都很高,在運(yùn)行穩(wěn)定性、種子適應(yīng)性等方面已經(jīng)能夠滿足當(dāng)前育苗生產(chǎn)需求。滾筒式播種機(jī)生產(chǎn)效率可以達(dá)到1 200盤/h,準(zhǔn)確率在95%以上,荷、意、美、英都在播種技術(shù)和設(shè)備方面形成自己特色[66-69]。如荷蘭大部分園藝生產(chǎn)以巖棉為主,播種時(shí)直接將種子播入巖棉塞或巖棉塊中。近年來,播種環(huán)節(jié)設(shè)備研究方向主要集中在如何進(jìn)一步提高播種生產(chǎn)效率、加快或簡(jiǎn)化不同類型種子變換時(shí)滾筒的更換以及對(duì)于特定種子的精量定向播種技術(shù)及裝備開發(fā)等;在智能化方面,荷蘭和美國(guó)為進(jìn)一步提高針對(duì)不同種子播種時(shí)的自適應(yīng)性,增加了播種滾筒的真空度反饋?zhàn)詣?dòng)調(diào)整系統(tǒng),通過實(shí)時(shí)檢測(cè)負(fù)壓系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定性,判斷播種機(jī)運(yùn)行穩(wěn)定情況,并智能化調(diào)整設(shè)備作業(yè)速率,初步實(shí)現(xiàn)了播種機(jī)排種的智能化。中國(guó)在播種設(shè)備方面還處在自動(dòng)化研發(fā)和初步推廣階段,如何進(jìn)一步提高播種精度、提升作業(yè)穩(wěn)定性依然是研究重點(diǎn),針對(duì)排種機(jī)構(gòu)、前后端自動(dòng)化匹配設(shè)備的研發(fā)已初見成效[70-72]。
3)嫁接環(huán)節(jié)。從20世紀(jì)90年代日本提出自動(dòng)化嫁接技術(shù)方案開始,嫁接設(shè)備經(jīng)歷了機(jī)械化、半自動(dòng)化、全自動(dòng)化的發(fā)展過程[73-75],目前正在與機(jī)器視覺技術(shù)結(jié)合實(shí)現(xiàn)智能化精準(zhǔn)對(duì)接。由于嫁接作業(yè)過程精細(xì),且嫁接對(duì)象復(fù)雜多樣,嫁接裝備研發(fā)速度緩慢。近期發(fā)展集中在2個(gè)方向,一是半智能嫁接機(jī),由人工完成上苗,設(shè)備完成嫁接動(dòng)作,荷蘭目前先進(jìn)的生產(chǎn)設(shè)備生產(chǎn)效率可以達(dá)到1 050株/h[76];另一方面由人工完成嫁接作業(yè),研究依靠流程規(guī)劃并配套合理的輸送平臺(tái),通過物流方式整合人工嫁接作業(yè)流程。在智能化應(yīng)用上荷蘭、韓國(guó)為進(jìn)一步提高嫁接成功率,將機(jī)器視覺技術(shù)應(yīng)用于嫁接切削過程,通過實(shí)時(shí)識(shí)別合適的切削位置,躲避莖節(jié)、莖稈曲率過大等不利于嫁接的位置,從而調(diào)整切刀和對(duì)接手,保證對(duì)接成功率。中國(guó)在嫁接設(shè)備方面的研究處于并跑階段,在嫁接苗及穴盤的機(jī)器視覺識(shí)別定位,正負(fù)壓結(jié)合的持苗方式等方面有一定的研究,但距離實(shí)際生產(chǎn)應(yīng)用還有一定差距[77-79]。
4)移栽環(huán)節(jié)。近年,荷、意、美、韓、澳等國(guó)在移栽技術(shù)和設(shè)備研發(fā)方面發(fā)展較快[80-81],相繼開發(fā)出盆花與葉菜自動(dòng)移栽系統(tǒng),并大面積應(yīng)用于設(shè)施園藝作物生產(chǎn)中[82],在高效自動(dòng)化的基礎(chǔ)上結(jié)合機(jī)器視覺和圖像分析技術(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)種苗智能分級(jí)移栽。當(dāng)前的研究重點(diǎn)一是針對(duì)移栽機(jī)構(gòu)、末端執(zhí)行器等硬件的改良升級(jí),不斷精簡(jiǎn)優(yōu)化移栽拾取手的結(jié)構(gòu),通過改變移栽拾取軌跡減少對(duì)幼苗葉面的傷害,如荷蘭在傳統(tǒng)3軸直線伺服平臺(tái)基礎(chǔ)上引入6軸機(jī)械手臂和并聯(lián)機(jī)械手進(jìn)行移栽,縮短單作業(yè)循環(huán)用時(shí),提高移栽定位精度,移栽作業(yè)最高速度可達(dá)35 000株/h[83];二是智能化升級(jí),在疏苗、補(bǔ)苗、移栽過程中,依靠機(jī)器視覺技術(shù)幼苗分級(jí)分選、精準(zhǔn)調(diào)向?yàn)楹罄m(xù)育苗和成苗商品化提供的可靠保障。通過幼苗托離穴盤、旋轉(zhuǎn)拍照,實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)每一株苗的2D或3D成像,進(jìn)行圖像分析,綜合高度、葉面積、葉方向、莖直徑、莖彎曲度等參數(shù)建立分級(jí)評(píng)分算法進(jìn)行分級(jí)[84]。荷蘭還在扦插移栽方面開展研究,基于視覺快速識(shí)別平面扦插葉片、莖稈和莖節(jié)側(cè)芽位置,通過機(jī)械手末端執(zhí)行器切割、拾取并插入基質(zhì),完成智能化扦插移栽作業(yè)[85]。中國(guó)在穴盤苗移栽設(shè)備研發(fā)方面起步較晚,目前還未形成成熟的商業(yè)化產(chǎn)品,但在基于機(jī)器視覺的識(shí)別分級(jí)研究和針對(duì)不同類型幼苗的末端執(zhí)行器研發(fā)方面有所進(jìn)展[86-87]。
總體上,設(shè)施園藝種苗需在主要環(huán)節(jié)自動(dòng)化、復(fù)雜環(huán)節(jié)半自動(dòng)化的基礎(chǔ)上,進(jìn)一步提升技術(shù)裝備的節(jié)能環(huán)保、智能化水平,尤其在復(fù)雜判斷環(huán)節(jié)通過增加機(jī)器視覺和人工智能(AI,artificial intelligence)等技術(shù),實(shí)現(xiàn)更快、更精準(zhǔn)的識(shí)別、定位、分級(jí)、轉(zhuǎn)移。
生產(chǎn)過程自動(dòng)化、智能化一直是設(shè)施園藝領(lǐng)域研究與發(fā)展的重點(diǎn),目前中國(guó)與其他設(shè)施園藝發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家相繼開發(fā)出設(shè)施環(huán)境控制、作物調(diào)整與授粉、病蟲害防治及自動(dòng)采摘等自動(dòng)化與智能化技術(shù)裝備,大幅度節(jié)省了勞動(dòng)力、提高了資源利用率與生產(chǎn)效率及生產(chǎn)操作舒適度,在一定程度上實(shí)現(xiàn)了設(shè)施園藝的自動(dòng)化與智能化生產(chǎn)[88-89]。
1)設(shè)施環(huán)境控制。環(huán)境控制是設(shè)施園藝智能化的重要前提。結(jié)合不斷提升精度和穩(wěn)定性的環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)傳感器以及葉片溫度、徑流、莖直徑、稱質(zhì)量等原位生理監(jiān)測(cè)傳感技術(shù),通過無線傳感網(wǎng)絡(luò)、物聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù),融合AI技術(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)信息通信傳輸,結(jié)合模糊理論、遺傳算法等數(shù)學(xué)工具建立精細(xì)的環(huán)境控制模型與植物生長(zhǎng)模型相適應(yīng),同時(shí),在智能算法方面,逐步由單因素控制向多因素耦合控制過渡,不斷豐富環(huán)境控制專家系統(tǒng),形成自適應(yīng)學(xué)習(xí)的設(shè)施環(huán)境控制“大腦”。熱泵技術(shù)、相變材料、LED補(bǔ)光、納米技術(shù)及清潔能源等新型技術(shù)與設(shè)備在設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)的推廣應(yīng)用實(shí)現(xiàn)了設(shè)施環(huán)境參數(shù)的精確控制;作物—環(huán)境互作機(jī)理的研究不斷深入,明確了不同作物對(duì)設(shè)施環(huán)境參數(shù)的需求。結(jié)合作物水分與養(yǎng)分快速診斷技術(shù)、無損檢測(cè)技術(shù)和裝備以及作物生長(zhǎng)模型與決策模型研究成果,逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)了基于作物真實(shí)需求的環(huán)境精確控制目標(biāo),相應(yīng)技術(shù)與設(shè)備的應(yīng)用大幅度提高了設(shè)施作物生產(chǎn)的資源利用效率與生產(chǎn)管理效率[90-93]。
2)作物調(diào)整和授粉,視覺技術(shù)、人工智能、植物表型組學(xué)以及作物生長(zhǎng)模型等技術(shù)綜合應(yīng)用到設(shè)施園藝作物調(diào)整與授粉方面[94-97],結(jié)合不斷發(fā)展的機(jī)器人技術(shù),裝備的智能化屬性不斷提升。如在勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度很大的吊落蔓環(huán)節(jié)中,美國(guó)研發(fā)了滑軌式自動(dòng)吊蔓系統(tǒng)[98];在植物修剪葉方面,荷蘭開發(fā)出番茄自動(dòng)剪葉機(jī)器人[99],并應(yīng)用到番茄生產(chǎn)管理中,通過3D視覺定位技術(shù)準(zhǔn)確識(shí)別需要減掉的枝葉,由旋轉(zhuǎn)切刀快速精準(zhǔn)完成剪葉工作;在設(shè)施作物授粉方面,基于風(fēng)力授粉與振動(dòng)授粉原理,國(guó)內(nèi)外研究學(xué)者開發(fā)出有軌式與無人機(jī)類的機(jī)械化與自動(dòng)化授粉機(jī)器人來代替自然授粉與雄峰授粉[100-101]。近年,華沙理工大學(xué)、美國(guó)哈弗大學(xué)、英國(guó)謝菲爾德大學(xué)和薩塞克斯大學(xué)學(xué)者將無人機(jī)和人造蜜蜂大腦結(jié)合在一起研究開發(fā)出機(jī)器蜂來進(jìn)行作物授粉[102-103],但目前這種機(jī)器蜂在模擬蜜蜂大腦認(rèn)知功能方面還有很大的提升空間[104]。
3)植物保護(hù)。目前研究大多基于1972年被公認(rèn)病蟲害綜合治理理念上開展的[105],近幾年美國(guó)、荷蘭等國(guó)家利用多維與高精度光譜成像與分析技術(shù)及3D傳感器(立體攝像頭與激光掃描儀)對(duì)植物進(jìn)行高頻率掃描,再進(jìn)行圖像與反射比分析來精確監(jiān)控病蟲害發(fā)生情況[106-107],將分析后的結(jié)果記錄形成植保數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),作為噴藥等作業(yè)機(jī)器人的目標(biāo)地圖,結(jié)合室內(nèi)定位技術(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)智能對(duì)靶精量噴施。在植物病蟲害防治設(shè)備方面,20世紀(jì)90年代開始國(guó)內(nèi)外研究學(xué)者就研發(fā)了紫外線、臭氧、植物天敵等技術(shù)與設(shè)備,并廣泛應(yīng)用到生產(chǎn)中,近年來的智能化移動(dòng)噴藥設(shè)備以及無人機(jī)噴藥設(shè)備也在生產(chǎn)中開始使用。目前作物病蟲害防治方向由從單純注重作物植保到注重作物健康的研究方向發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)。
4)作物收獲。設(shè)施作物收獲是生產(chǎn)中耗時(shí)耗力與持續(xù)時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)的環(huán)節(jié),是智能農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)器人技術(shù)集中呈現(xiàn)的領(lǐng)域。自動(dòng)導(dǎo)航、機(jī)械手臂與視覺識(shí)別技術(shù)的日漸成熟提高了作物自動(dòng)收獲的可行性。近年來,中國(guó)、荷蘭、日本、美國(guó)、比利時(shí)、西班牙、意大利均在果蔬收獲方面開展了探索性研究[108-113],分別針對(duì)不同外形、顏色的番茄、黃瓜、草莓等果蔬采摘機(jī)器人開展研發(fā)工作。在軟件方面,訓(xùn)練不同目標(biāo)識(shí)別模板,運(yùn)用雙目視覺、高光譜以及熒光成像技術(shù)并結(jié)合電子鼻技術(shù),獲取采摘果實(shí)的位置、尺寸、損傷、成熟度、品質(zhì)等信息。在識(shí)別算法方面研究不斷升級(jí),多卷積神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)、模糊決策、遺傳算法的聯(lián)合運(yùn)用攻克背景噪聲分割、復(fù)雜果實(shí)外形識(shí)別、消除葉片遮擋和重疊影響等方面不斷進(jìn)步,結(jié)合AI技術(shù)建立自適應(yīng)學(xué)習(xí)算法,提升識(shí)別模型的精準(zhǔn)性。在執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)方面,為提高采摘效率,開展了機(jī)械臂-手-眼協(xié)調(diào)研究[114-115],關(guān)節(jié)型多軸機(jī)械手臂已廣泛應(yīng)用于采摘機(jī)器人,針對(duì)草莓等柔軟易損對(duì)象在末端執(zhí)行器和拾取手方面展開研究,采摘方式包括夾持或吸持后切割的方式和更加仿生的柔性扭動(dòng)采摘方式等[116],最快的草莓采摘機(jī)器人單次采摘周期可以縮短到3 s[117]。果蔬采摘機(jī)器人目前還未能商品化,但大量的研究成果展示出這一領(lǐng)域巨大的發(fā)展前景。
總體來看作物生產(chǎn)智能化裝備研究處于從單因素向多因素、多環(huán)節(jié)融合方向發(fā)展,單因素智能技術(shù)與裝備逐漸成熟,多因素與多環(huán)節(jié)融合還處于初級(jí)階段,美國(guó)率先提出的可與植物對(duì)話的技術(shù)(SPA,speak plant approach to environment control),是通過融合植物監(jiān)測(cè)、分析、模型決策、調(diào)控等環(huán)節(jié),利用自動(dòng)化、信息化等技術(shù)與設(shè)備,實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)植物生產(chǎn)過程的智能化管控,這可能成為未來作物生產(chǎn)智能化技術(shù)與裝備的融合研究方向[118]。
物流倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)是產(chǎn)后商品化的重要過程,主要包括內(nèi)部輸送、分級(jí)分選、洗凈、包裝、儲(chǔ)藏保鮮、追溯等裝備。
1)內(nèi)部輸送。包括智能苗床輸送系統(tǒng)、自動(dòng)引導(dǎo)車輛(AGV,automated guided vehicle)、搬運(yùn)機(jī)器人等。智能輸送是工廠化盆栽植物及育苗生產(chǎn)需要解決的重要環(huán)節(jié)[119]。目前,國(guó)外的盆栽植物智能栽培輸送設(shè)備已形成產(chǎn)業(yè)化。荷蘭盆花生產(chǎn)中將輸送帶、自動(dòng)搬運(yùn)軌道、苗床搬運(yùn)天車和搬運(yùn)叉車等輸送設(shè)備有機(jī)連接,構(gòu)成了溫室內(nèi)部物流生產(chǎn)體系,大大提高了生產(chǎn)效率,減輕了人工作業(yè)的勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度[120],配套智能化的管理軟件實(shí)現(xiàn)苗床等單元載荷的定時(shí)定點(diǎn)自動(dòng)運(yùn)輸。近年來,隨著中國(guó)勞動(dòng)力成本上升和規(guī)模效益的驅(qū)動(dòng),智能化物流裝備的研發(fā)逐步開始,但只被極少數(shù)高檔花卉溫室采用。設(shè)施園藝AGV裝備在傳統(tǒng)的電磁、視覺或慣性導(dǎo)航基礎(chǔ)上,不斷拓展定位方式,如RFID(radio frequency identification)定位、Wi-Fi定位、UWB(ultra wide band)定位,精度不斷提升,實(shí)現(xiàn)溫室內(nèi)地圖與生長(zhǎng)、環(huán)境信息的匹配,形成設(shè)施園藝生產(chǎn)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),提升設(shè)施園藝生產(chǎn)的精準(zhǔn)性。另一方面AGV成為內(nèi)部運(yùn)輸、植保巡檢、視覺測(cè)產(chǎn)等功能機(jī)器人的智能化行走底盤[121]。荷蘭、中國(guó)生產(chǎn)者已經(jīng)將AGV應(yīng)用于收獲甜椒、西紅柿的運(yùn)輸[122]和種苗生產(chǎn)中[123]。同時(shí),越來越多的搬運(yùn)機(jī)器人被應(yīng)用到溫室園藝生產(chǎn)搬運(yùn)中[124],以此幫助保障工人的安全和整體效率。美國(guó)采用機(jī)器人進(jìn)行盆花的搬運(yùn),效率達(dá)到240盆/h[125]。
2)分級(jí)分選。按大小、質(zhì)量、色澤、形狀、成熟度、病蟲害等指標(biāo)對(duì)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行等級(jí)評(píng)定,是果蔬商品化的核心環(huán)節(jié),對(duì)增值減損具有重要意義。隨著視覺傳感元件的升級(jí),識(shí)別精度和速度都在提升,算法模型更加精準(zhǔn)、穩(wěn)定。國(guó)外從20世紀(jì)80年代中期開始水果品質(zhì)自動(dòng)檢測(cè)的研究,早期主要采用彩色CCD相機(jī)作為傳感器,近年多運(yùn)用神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò),灰度、顏色自適應(yīng)評(píng)估、小波分析和遺傳算法、分形理論等對(duì)蘋果、紅棗、番石榴、芒果等進(jìn)行顏色、果形、缺陷等的檢測(cè)分級(jí)[126-129];采用高光譜和多光譜圖像技術(shù)、熱紅外、X射線、近紅外和中紅外雙相機(jī)在線檢測(cè)損傷缺陷[130-132];采用核磁共振、紅外線、沖擊檢測(cè)水果的成熟度[133]。法國(guó)、西班牙、意大利、荷蘭等發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家較早開始利用計(jì)算機(jī)進(jìn)行果蔬分級(jí),開發(fā)設(shè)備已系列化、商業(yè)化。法國(guó)可對(duì)蘋果、柑桔、葡萄、菠蘿、火龍果等圓形和穗狀水果以及茄子、辣椒等長(zhǎng)形蔬菜進(jìn)行分級(jí)分選,其中蘋果、柑橘等的分選效率最高可達(dá)18 000個(gè)/h,火龍果5~8 t/h[134]。日本山岡大學(xué)開發(fā)的菜用大豆分選設(shè)備,分選效率達(dá)到85 kg/h,是人工分選的7倍[135]。中國(guó)關(guān)于果蔬品質(zhì)智能識(shí)別分選所采用的理論與技術(shù)與國(guó)外差別不大[136-137],研發(fā)的設(shè)備多聚焦在蔬果的外部品質(zhì)檢測(cè),如國(guó)內(nèi)企業(yè)已實(shí)現(xiàn)了贛南臍橙、獼猴桃、檸檬、蜜柚等的分級(jí)分選,四通道電子果蔬分選機(jī)處理量達(dá)到20 t/h[138]。未來重點(diǎn)是進(jìn)行多傳感器測(cè)量信息集成,采用機(jī)械、光學(xué)與機(jī)器視覺、傳統(tǒng)計(jì)算和AI等實(shí)現(xiàn)實(shí)時(shí)自動(dòng)檢測(cè)與分級(jí),同時(shí)基于大數(shù)據(jù)的深度學(xué)習(xí)應(yīng)用于黃瓜等果蔬的分選也將成為熱點(diǎn)研究[139]。
3)清洗。發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家已形成完善的蔬菜加工設(shè)備體系,在結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化、新工藝和新材料應(yīng)用等方面處于技術(shù)創(chuàng)新階段;設(shè)備專用性強(qiáng),一套設(shè)備一般只針對(duì)特定種類蔬菜如蘑菇、草本植物等進(jìn)行清洗,裝備主要還是以自動(dòng)化作業(yè)為主,通過增加水位及水質(zhì)實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)傳感器,實(shí)現(xiàn)清洗水的自動(dòng)補(bǔ)充和更新,清洗過程全自動(dòng)化,避免了人工污染[140-141]。荷蘭[142]、德國(guó)[143]企業(yè)研制的筐式生菜清洗生產(chǎn)設(shè)備,針對(duì)性強(qiáng),清洗性能和效果好、蔬菜損傷小且以生產(chǎn)線為主,清洗過程全自動(dòng)化,生產(chǎn)效率高;荷蘭公司[144-145]研制的蔬菜清洗生產(chǎn)線采用氣浴、水射流和噴淋相結(jié)合,通過在水中產(chǎn)生更強(qiáng)的湍流對(duì)蔬菜進(jìn)行低損清潔,清洗能力可達(dá)4 000 kg/h。中國(guó)蔬菜清洗技術(shù)研究基礎(chǔ)比較薄弱。山東研制的TS型臥式混流噴沖清洗機(jī)清洗能力≤2 000 kg/h[146],且蔬菜加工設(shè)備應(yīng)用多集中在發(fā)達(dá)城市,與美國(guó)、荷蘭、德國(guó)、日本等食品工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家存在一定差距。
4)包裝。包裝是采后商品化不可或缺的環(huán)節(jié),在保鮮過程中起到至關(guān)重要的作用,目前設(shè)備主要以自動(dòng)化作業(yè)為主。常見蔬菜包裝技術(shù)有薄膜包裝、涂膜包裝、氣調(diào)包裝以及真空包裝等[147]。國(guó)外蔬菜包裝設(shè)備起步較早,意、西、德、日等國(guó)的企業(yè)已開發(fā)出商業(yè)化的包裝設(shè)備。由于果蔬包裝屬勞動(dòng)密集型工作,為此西、澳、英、荷等國(guó)果蔬生產(chǎn)商均使用機(jī)器人來協(xié)助包裝生菜、草莓、黃瓜等,使勞動(dòng)力需求減少80%,如黃瓜最大包裝效率可達(dá)6 000根/h[148-151]。中國(guó)蔬菜包裝裝備研發(fā)較快,在2011-2015年協(xié)作機(jī)器人在包裝業(yè)的應(yīng)用從9.5%增加到17.4%,特別是《機(jī)器人產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展規(guī)劃(2016-2020年)》的發(fā)布將有助于進(jìn)一步推動(dòng)果蔬包裝業(yè)的自動(dòng)化和智能化水平[152]。
農(nóng)業(yè)作為人類生存的基礎(chǔ)性產(chǎn)業(yè),隨著人口的絕對(duì)增加,在社會(huì)進(jìn)步的大背景下必然面臨著傳統(tǒng)要素投入減少、環(huán)境和資源壓力增加的客觀現(xiàn)實(shí),設(shè)施園藝也同樣。相較于工業(yè),農(nóng)業(yè)智能化發(fā)展依然較落后,但實(shí)現(xiàn)智能化的趨勢(shì)卻成為一種必然并呈現(xiàn)出以下主要特點(diǎn)。
需求是促進(jìn)技術(shù)進(jìn)步和產(chǎn)業(yè)升級(jí)的根本動(dòng)力。從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)看,農(nóng)產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)的壓力使智能化成為戰(zhàn)略投資者的必然選擇,并對(duì)此產(chǎn)業(yè)前景充滿樂觀。從當(dāng)前生產(chǎn)需求看,面對(duì)投入成本的增加和人力資源供應(yīng)的持續(xù)減少,設(shè)施園藝種植者面臨著前所未有的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)壓力,而智能化產(chǎn)品的初步應(yīng)用,就為許多種植者帶來了顯著的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益[153],展現(xiàn)出巨大的潛力[154],大大激發(fā)了種植者采用先進(jìn)智能化技術(shù)裝備的熱情[43],并且這種意愿不斷保持增長(zhǎng),不僅傳統(tǒng)的大型企業(yè)加快智能化裝備的應(yīng)用,中小企業(yè)也在不斷增加投入。某些種植者甚至直接與機(jī)器人公司合作,以加快相關(guān)技術(shù)裝備的研發(fā)[155]、更早地獲得技術(shù)優(yōu)勢(shì)。這種工業(yè)制造企業(yè)尋求新市場(chǎng),設(shè)施種植者追求更高效率和效益的需求在當(dāng)前高度契合,形成了“拉”和“推”的2種動(dòng)力,相互促進(jìn)的態(tài)勢(shì)越來越明顯。
技術(shù)進(jìn)步通常受到發(fā)展的必要性、迫切性、技術(shù)成熟性和經(jīng)濟(jì)性等方面的影響,智能化技術(shù)裝備也不例外。通過前文的分析不難發(fā)現(xiàn),世界設(shè)施園藝智能化技術(shù)裝備研發(fā)應(yīng)用也呈現(xiàn)出不同的層次和熱度,當(dāng)前的研發(fā)重點(diǎn)主要集中在以下幾個(gè)方面:1)人工操作比例大、勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度高的工作,如收獲、打葉、授粉、除草、室內(nèi)運(yùn)輸、設(shè)施維護(hù)等;2)操作精度要求高、人員技能要求高的工作,如播種、嫁接、移苗等;3)對(duì)經(jīng)營(yíng)成本影響大的環(huán)節(jié),如灌溉、施肥、施藥等;4)內(nèi)容單調(diào)重復(fù),易引起誤差的工作,如巡檢、數(shù)據(jù)采集等;5)決策綜合性強(qiáng)、內(nèi)容涉及面廣的工作,如環(huán)境調(diào)控系統(tǒng)、能源綜合管理系統(tǒng)等。這些技術(shù)裝備的局部應(yīng)用或集成應(yīng)用可以顯著提高設(shè)施園藝的作業(yè)精度、降低投入成本、提高生產(chǎn)質(zhì)量,因此也將是智能化技術(shù)裝備研發(fā)應(yīng)用的長(zhǎng)期關(guān)注點(diǎn)。
農(nóng)業(yè)既受環(huán)境影響又影響環(huán)境,而設(shè)施園藝相對(duì)大田農(nóng)業(yè)具有能耗高[156]、藥肥施用量大[157]等特點(diǎn),因此綠色生產(chǎn)的壓力更大。針對(duì)綠色生產(chǎn),智能化裝備一方面在信息判斷的科學(xué)性、操作的精準(zhǔn)性、施用的精量化、流程的便捷化等方面不斷提高,使水、藥、肥、廢棄物減量程度不斷提高[158],甚至嘗試通過建立植物、人類、機(jī)器人之間的信息交流平臺(tái)[159-160],使作物的可持續(xù)生產(chǎn)與人類生活更加協(xié)調(diào);另一方面,智能技術(shù)裝備也在適應(yīng)綠色制造的趨勢(shì)[161-162],不斷推進(jìn)機(jī)械系統(tǒng)、動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)、能源供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)的優(yōu)化和材料的改進(jìn),充分利用太陽(yáng)能等可再生能源,減少材料和能源消耗。針對(duì)安全生產(chǎn),智能化裝備在避障、無人化、容錯(cuò)等技術(shù)方面也不斷提高,最大程度地減少對(duì)作物、設(shè)施和生產(chǎn)人員[163]的不良影響。
智能化作為一種復(fù)雜性很高的實(shí)現(xiàn)過程,技術(shù)和產(chǎn)品需要多個(gè)應(yīng)用、反饋、改進(jìn)的循環(huán)。智能化的實(shí)現(xiàn)也需要通過局部和某些環(huán)節(jié)的突破來帶動(dòng)系統(tǒng)化解決方案的實(shí)現(xiàn)。除直接采用工業(yè)技術(shù)的部分倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)物流智能裝備應(yīng)用較早外,其他單一功能的智能化裝備均在近5a才開始投入商業(yè)化運(yùn)行,如嫁接機(jī)器人、移苗機(jī)器人、苗圃和盆花生產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)維護(hù)機(jī)器人[164]、打葉機(jī)器人[165]、授粉無人機(jī)、施藥機(jī)器人、除草機(jī)器人[166]、運(yùn)輸機(jī)器人等均逐漸進(jìn)入市場(chǎng)。從目前的研發(fā)進(jìn)度看,以番茄、黃瓜、甜椒為對(duì)象的果菜采摘機(jī)器人,以草莓為代表的漿果采摘機(jī)器人[167-168]等研發(fā)進(jìn)度很快,許多機(jī)型都已進(jìn)入商業(yè)化測(cè)試階段[169],如松下公司計(jì)劃2019年開始番茄采收機(jī)器人的試銷[170]。其他諸如綜合巡檢機(jī)器人[171]、診斷機(jī)器人[172]、葉菜采收機(jī)器人、落蔓機(jī)器人等均在加快研發(fā)和測(cè)試。隨著工業(yè)和信息產(chǎn)業(yè)在新材料、智能制造、5G通訊、AI等方面的技術(shù)進(jìn)步和產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展,單機(jī)商業(yè)化的速度將進(jìn)一步加快,成本也將逐步降低。
完全通過數(shù)字化信息聯(lián)接各種生產(chǎn)裝備而形成的智能農(nóng)場(chǎng)將是設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的最高階段,在實(shí)現(xiàn)此目標(biāo)之前,小規(guī)模、局部性的集成化智能生產(chǎn)單元既是研發(fā)過程的必經(jīng)階段,也是生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐的迫切要求,并且這種嘗試需要在生產(chǎn)單元結(jié)構(gòu)化程度相對(duì)較高的環(huán)境下才易于實(shí)現(xiàn)。在當(dāng)前所有設(shè)施類型中,近年來方興未艾的植物工廠[173-176],品種也逐漸由傳統(tǒng)的葉菜、香料作物向果菜、花卉拓展。為進(jìn)一步提高這一高度集約化生產(chǎn)設(shè)施的效率,全智能化設(shè)施將會(huì)率先以植物工廠為平臺(tái)開始集成[177],如近年來日本松下、三菱等公司正在探索完全由機(jī)械手操作的植物工廠[178]。從經(jīng)濟(jì)角度看,雖然目前植物工廠的投入成本還是相對(duì)較高[179-180],但隨著以植物工廠為代表的都市農(nóng)業(yè)不斷升溫,以自動(dòng)化和智能化為主要手段來降低成本的趨勢(shì)將更加明顯。
在農(nóng)業(yè)全球化的背景下,智能化技術(shù)裝備將是包括設(shè)施園藝在內(nèi)的新一輪農(nóng)業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的焦點(diǎn)之一,中國(guó)既承擔(dān)著滿足國(guó)內(nèi)社會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)型、消費(fèi)升級(jí)和生態(tài)需求的重任,也肩負(fù)著穩(wěn)定世界農(nóng)產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)的國(guó)際責(zé)任。作為世界設(shè)施園藝面積最大的國(guó)家[181],智能化技術(shù)裝備可以全面促進(jìn)技術(shù)升級(jí)、產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力彎道超車,支撐中國(guó)城鎮(zhèn)化發(fā)展和鄉(xiāng)村振興戰(zhàn)略的實(shí)施。因此,中國(guó)在大力發(fā)展智能化工業(yè)和服務(wù)業(yè)的同時(shí),應(yīng)當(dāng)將農(nóng)業(yè)智能化作為重要的戰(zhàn)略性發(fā)展目標(biāo)之一,并率先在設(shè)施園藝這一生產(chǎn)參數(shù)可控度和相對(duì)效益較高的行業(yè)率先探索實(shí)踐,以提高技術(shù)進(jìn)步效率和發(fā)揮示范引領(lǐng)作用。
1)主動(dòng)適應(yīng)設(shè)施園藝智能化的趨勢(shì)??朔粍?dòng)和跟隨的產(chǎn)業(yè)推動(dòng)模式和技術(shù)研發(fā)模式,通過各種方式,研究并準(zhǔn)確預(yù)見設(shè)施園藝智能化發(fā)展可能帶來的生產(chǎn)方式和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)態(tài)勢(shì)變化,在產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展規(guī)劃和政策、技術(shù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略等宏觀方面具有前瞻性。在技術(shù)引進(jìn)、知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)、技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)移等方面采取相應(yīng)的保護(hù)和促進(jìn)措施。
2)努力形成中國(guó)的核心技術(shù)和產(chǎn)品體系。針對(duì)關(guān)鍵零部件、大數(shù)據(jù)構(gòu)建和挖掘、系統(tǒng)集成等關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)加大投入,國(guó)家應(yīng)設(shè)置連續(xù)的共性基礎(chǔ)研究支持項(xiàng)目,鼓勵(lì)協(xié)同創(chuàng)新、跨行業(yè)聯(lián)合,構(gòu)建具有中國(guó)特色的技術(shù)支撐體系。鼓勵(lì)企業(yè)成為創(chuàng)新主體,特別是在大數(shù)據(jù)共建共享、產(chǎn)品集成和服務(wù)方面形成穩(wěn)定的推廣和服務(wù)體系。
3)大力加強(qiáng)國(guó)際技術(shù)、人才和商業(yè)合作。中國(guó)設(shè)施園藝智能化技術(shù)起步較晚,目前的研究項(xiàng)目數(shù)量、研發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)規(guī)模、企業(yè)投入都相對(duì)弱小,但在AI等技術(shù)發(fā)展的外部環(huán)境上卻十分有利,并具有巨大的市場(chǎng)潛力。因此,在技術(shù)、產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展上要擴(kuò)大開放,積極引進(jìn)先進(jìn)技術(shù)和產(chǎn)品,利用本地優(yōu)勢(shì)吸引國(guó)外高水平專家,同時(shí)推動(dòng)中國(guó)產(chǎn)品在“一帶一路”等框架下的輸出。
4)加快各類智能化生產(chǎn)模式的研究示范。智能化作為生產(chǎn)方式的一種革命,隨著制造成本的下降和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品銷售價(jià)格的上升,必然會(huì)在適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)刻成為主流。因此中國(guó)應(yīng)加大在技術(shù)、組織、產(chǎn)業(yè)3方面的創(chuàng)新探索,以適度先進(jìn)的技術(shù)裝備為基礎(chǔ)、以適當(dāng)?shù)慕M織方式為經(jīng)營(yíng)主體、以良好的政策與產(chǎn)業(yè)環(huán)境為保障,探索形成適應(yīng)中國(guó)自然、社會(huì)特點(diǎn)和市場(chǎng)需求的新一代生產(chǎn)模式,形成設(shè)施園藝和智能化裝備制造業(yè)的共促共贏。
設(shè)施園藝智能化正成為產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的時(shí)代潮流和全球設(shè)施園藝產(chǎn)業(yè)升級(jí)的重要標(biāo)志,在未來5~10a內(nèi),育苗、收獲、植保等智能化裝備將在設(shè)施園藝發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家率先實(shí)現(xiàn)商品化應(yīng)用,全智能生產(chǎn)的植物工廠也將出現(xiàn)。在全球化背景下,受價(jià)格競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和技術(shù)輸出的影響,各國(guó)都將加快設(shè)施園藝產(chǎn)業(yè)裝備升級(jí)。在農(nóng)業(yè)供給側(cè)改革深入推進(jìn)的長(zhǎng)期趨勢(shì)下,中國(guó)高品質(zhì)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品需求加快增長(zhǎng),并對(duì)設(shè)施園藝的生產(chǎn)成本、質(zhì)量和供給效率提出更高要求,智能化裝備的市場(chǎng)空間巨大。為保障園藝產(chǎn)品供給的數(shù)量安全和質(zhì)量安全,中國(guó)應(yīng)在智能化上升為國(guó)家戰(zhàn)略的大背景下,將設(shè)施園藝智能化裝備研發(fā)作為實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)升級(jí)的重要舉措,力爭(zhēng)在主要環(huán)節(jié)、重點(diǎn)裝備上優(yōu)先研發(fā)、率先突破。為此,一要充分考慮中國(guó)設(shè)施園藝數(shù)量大、類型雜、層次多的特點(diǎn),在洞悉世界發(fā)展特點(diǎn)的前提下確立具有高度適應(yīng)性和針對(duì)性的中國(guó)設(shè)施園藝智能裝備研發(fā)目標(biāo)體系;二要借鑒發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家在注重國(guó)際合作、協(xié)同研發(fā)、強(qiáng)調(diào)企業(yè)主體等方面成功經(jīng)驗(yàn),形成以自主創(chuàng)新為主的研發(fā)推廣體制機(jī)制;三要在政府科研投入、政策引導(dǎo)、金融支持、知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)交易與保護(hù)等方面加大對(duì)設(shè)施園藝智能化的傾斜,通過構(gòu)建良好的發(fā)展環(huán)境,讓更多的機(jī)構(gòu)、人才、資金、技術(shù)進(jìn)入該領(lǐng)域。通過上述措施,使中國(guó)設(shè)施園藝產(chǎn)業(yè)能夠抓住此次智能化技術(shù)革命的機(jī)遇,成為智慧農(nóng)業(yè)和中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化的領(lǐng)頭羊。
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Development of intelligent equipment for protected horticulture in world and enlightenment to China
Qi Fei1,2, Li Kai1,2, Li Shao1,2, He Fen1,2, Zhou Xinqun1
(1.100125; 2.100125,)
Intelligentprotected horticulture is the advanced production form of digitization, refinement and automation in the whole process of horticultural products seeding and transplanting, cultivation management, environmental controlling, monitoring and early warning, harvesting and inner logistic etc. It is the hotspot of research and development and also the focus of agriculture upgrading both in China and overseas. In order to locate the development path of China and guide the research and development of the intelligent equipment of Chinese protected horticulture, it is necessary to study and analyze the current status and trend of the world's development in this field. Based on the individuals’, enterprises’ and institutes’ main research in intelligent technology and equipment, the status and prospect of theintelligent equipment are analyzed. Intelligent seed production has been preliminarily realized in sowing and transplanting. The development of intelligent crop production in the aspects of plant adjustment, pollination, plant protection and harvest is speeding up. Some intelligent equipment such as leaf cutting and inspection has entered commercialized trial. Intelligent storage logistics has been continuously improved continuously in internal transportation, classification separation, cleaning, packaging and so on. The intelligent seedbed conveying and transportation robot has been widely applied, and research for high-speed sorting and packaging robots are accelerating research and development. It is found that the demand for intelligent equipment in the world protected horticulture is growing rapidly, the direction of research and development is gradually focused, green and safety are concerned more, commercialization of single machine is accelerating, and the systematic integrated intelligent production facilities are beginning to emerge.The research and analysis results have important reference for the scientific and technological strategy and industrial policy formulation, scientific research projectapproval, achievement evaluation, international cooperation and equipment research and development forintelligent protected horticulture in China.
equipment; greenhouses; agriculture; protected horticulture; intelligence; status; prospect
10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.02.024
S26; TU261
A
1002-6819(2019)-02-0183-13
2018-05-25
2018-11-05
國(guó)家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2017YFD0701500)
齊 飛,總工程師、研究員,主要從事溫室結(jié)構(gòu)、設(shè)備、材料和產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展方面的研究。Email:qf2008@188.com
齊 飛,李 愷,李 邵,何 芬,周新群. 世界設(shè)施園藝智能化裝備發(fā)展對(duì)中國(guó)的啟示研究[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2019,35(2):183-195. doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.02.024 http://www.tcsae.org
Qi Fei, Li Kai, Li Shao, He Fen, Zhou Xinqun. Development of intelligent equipment for protected horticulture in world and enlightenment to China[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2019, 35(2): 183-195. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.02.024 http://www.tcsae.org