Prof.Friedrich Haberlandt-the Pioneer of Soybean in Europe

Georg Weissenb?ck,Dennis B?hmer,Leopold Rittler

（1.Institute of Rural History,3109St.P?lten,Austria;2.University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,Vienna.Institute for Plant Breeding,3430 Tullnander Donau,Austria;3.Donau Soja Organisation,1010 Vienna,Austria）

One can hardly overestimate the impact of Friedrich Haberlandt on the introduction of soybeans in Europe.His life is an archetype of an influential multinational academic in the Austrian-Hungarian Empire of the 19th century.After first finding out about the soybean in 1873,he was the first to conduct systematic trials with soybeans in Europe.He distributed his knowledge to experts and users in many countries.In his vision of the potential of soybeans for European farmers and for feeding the growing population,he predicted developments,which took place many generations after his early death.Although seemingly unsuccessful at first sight,his efforts formed a crucial starting point for the effective integration of soybeans in the Western Hemisphere.

Friedrich Haberlandt was born on February 21st in 1826in Pre?burg,now known as Bratislava,the capital of modern Slovakia (Shurtleff/Aoyagi 2008). Because his father, Gottlieb Haberlandt, was a craftsman in a German speaking community, he grew up in a tri-lingual environment learning Hungarian and Slovak languages in his youth alongside German. He finished high school in his hometown where he also studied law for one year. He was a liberal and even volunteered in the revolution of 1848. He completed his studies in natural sciences at the establishment of higher education in Ungarisch- Altenburg (Mosonmagyaróvár in modern Hungary)where he also started his academiccareerasan assistant professor. His thinking was highly influenced by the revolutionary works of scientists such as Justus von Liebig at that time. He lived in a time of fundamental technological and economic change. Rationalization processes and scientific knowledge were applied to many areas of society such as agriculture and diet (Kingsbury,2009).In 1853,Friedrich Haberlandt married Katharina K?hler.They had three daughters and three sons.His oldest son,Gottlieb Haberlandt(1854)became a famous botanist.Another son,Michael Haberlandt(1860)became an outstanding ethnologist and founded the museum for ethnology in Vienna in 1895.Friedrich Haberlandt was appointed professor for mathematics,zoology,botany and agricultural production in 1854.During the following period,he developed his distinct interest and sensitive talent for observation and an extensive activity in scientific networks(Haberlandt 1933).He left the college in 1869 after the Austro-Hungarian Compromise.In G?rz(Gorizia/Gorica in modern Italy and Slovenia),he founded and led a research centre for silkworm breeding.When the first agricultural college in Austria,theHochschule für Bodenkultur(the current University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,Vienna)was founded 1872,Haberlandt was appointed outright professor,and later became rector of the university.He kept this position until his death in 1878.In the course of his research,he worked extensively on the soybean as a protein supplier.

【參考譯文】

弗里德里希·哈伯蘭德教授——?dú)W洲大豆業(yè)的先驅(qū)

對于弗里德里?！すm德（Friedrich Haberlandt）教授將大豆引進(jìn)到歐洲所帶來的巨大影響，無論給予多高的評價(jià)都不過分。他是19世紀(jì)奧匈帝國一位極具影響力的跨國界學(xué)者。1873年，當(dāng)首次認(rèn)知大豆后，他成為歐洲進(jìn)行大豆系統(tǒng)試驗(yàn)的第一人，并向多國專家和用戶傳播大豆知識。他雖英年早逝，但他的關(guān)于大豆種植將對歐洲農(nóng)民產(chǎn)生的潛在重要性，以及養(yǎng)活不斷增長的人口方面所做出的準(zhǔn)確預(yù)測和展望，深深地影響了其后的幾代人。盡管他的初始研究似乎并不成功，但他的努力成為了西半球大豆綜合研究的有效且關(guān)鍵的起點(diǎn)。

弗里德里?！すm德，1826年2月21日出生于前堡，現(xiàn)稱布拉迪斯拉發(fā)，是現(xiàn)今斯洛伐克的首都。他的父親，戈特利布·哈伯蘭德，在一個(gè)講德語的社區(qū)里作工匠，他因而得以在一個(gè)有三種語言的環(huán)境中長大。年輕的時(shí)候，除了精通德語，他還會(huì)說匈牙利語和斯洛伐克語。他在家鄉(xiāng)讀完高中，并在那里學(xué)了一年的法律。他是個(gè)自由派，甚至自愿參加了1848年的革命。

他在不加里斯-奧爾滕堡（現(xiàn)今匈牙利的Mosonmagyaróvár）接受高等教育，并完成了自然科學(xué)研究，在那里他還開始了作為助理教授的學(xué)術(shù)生涯。當(dāng)時(shí)，他的思想很大程度上受到如尤斯特斯·馮·李比希（Justus von Liebige）等科學(xué)家們開創(chuàng)性著作的影響。他生活在一個(gè)技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)生根本性變革的時(shí)代，當(dāng)時(shí)，變革進(jìn)程和科學(xué)知識已應(yīng)用于社會(huì)許多領(lǐng)域，諸如農(nóng)業(yè)和飲食等（Kingsbury，2009）。1853年，弗里德里?！すm德與凱瑟琳·科勒結(jié)婚，他們育有三女三子。他的長子Gottlieb Haberlandt出生于1854年，后來成為一位著名的植物學(xué)家。另一個(gè)兒子Michael Haberlandt出生于1860年，后來成為一位杰出的民族學(xué)家，并于1895年在維也納建立了民族學(xué)博物館。

1854年，弗里德里?！すm德被聘為數(shù)學(xué)、動(dòng)物學(xué)、植物學(xué)和農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)學(xué)的教授。在隨后的時(shí)期，由于他獨(dú)特的興趣和敏銳的觀察力，在許多科學(xué)研究領(lǐng)域，他都開展了廣泛研究（Haberlandt，1933）。1869年，在奧匈帝國妥協(xié)簽訂之后，他離開了他就職的學(xué)院，在G?rz（現(xiàn)今意大利和斯洛文尼亞的Gorizia/Gorica），他創(chuàng)建并領(lǐng)導(dǎo)了一個(gè)絲蠶育種研究中心。當(dāng)奧地利第一所農(nóng)學(xué)院，即目前的維也納自然資源和生命科學(xué)大學(xué)1872年成立時(shí)，他被直接任命為教授，后來成為該大學(xué)的校長。此后，他一直擔(dān)任這一職務(wù)，直到1878年不幸離世。在他的研究過程中，他把大豆作為重要的蛋白質(zhì)原料進(jìn)行了廣泛研究。