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      學(xué)會(huì)精準(zhǔn)用詞,提升作文檔次

      2018-11-29 00:57:01湖北宜昌天問(wèn)國(guó)際學(xué)校
      瘋狂英語(yǔ)·新讀寫(xiě) 2018年8期
      關(guān)鍵詞:冠詞用詞事物

      湖北宜昌天問(wèn)國(guó)際學(xué)校 王 晶

      遣詞的原則是準(zhǔn)確恰當(dāng)、符合習(xí)慣、生動(dòng)形象。英語(yǔ)的詞匯相當(dāng)豐富,同義詞近義詞很多,因此,只有準(zhǔn)確選詞,力求語(yǔ)言地道、規(guī)范,文章才能備受閱卷老師的青睞。look forward to代替hope等。

      例5 We had better make full use of something inexpensive.(make full use of比use高級(jí))

      例6 Finally he caught sight of the young man's light overcoat in the distance.(catch sight of比see生動(dòng))

      例7 I'm looking forward to your visit next week.(look forward to比hope高級(jí))

      3.挖掘“味感”詞匯

      有的單詞很常見(jiàn),且“洋味”十足,表達(dá)地道,非常有“味感”,這類詞也被視為高級(jí)詞匯。如share,view,drive等。

      例8 The four of us share one dormitory.(share比live in更有“味感”)

      例9 We can view the problem in many ways.(view比look at更有內(nèi)涵)

      例10 The noise next to the door drove me mad.(drive比make更地道)

      三、英語(yǔ)與漢語(yǔ)用詞的差異

      英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言中相當(dāng)多的單詞往往是“一詞多類“或“一詞多義”。由于文化背景不同,英語(yǔ)與漢語(yǔ)中的詞匯意義是有差別的,要想在這兩種語(yǔ)言中求得詞匯意義完全對(duì)等并不是件容易的事情。

      1.中式英語(yǔ)

      許多考生由于不知道、不熟悉或一時(shí)想不起書(shū)面表達(dá)中所需要的詞匯,便用他們自己所熟悉的英語(yǔ)單詞,借助漢語(yǔ)思維造出令人啼笑皆非、五花八門(mén)的中

      一、基本詞語(yǔ)的靈活選用

      在用詞正確的前提下,多用生動(dòng)形象的詞語(yǔ),以增強(qiáng)語(yǔ)言的表現(xiàn)力和感染力。

      例1下著傾盆大雨。

      →It is raining cats and dogs.(cats and dogs比heavily更形象)

      例2我現(xiàn)在忙得不可開(kāi)交。

      →I am as busy as a bee now.(as busy as a bee比very busy更有表現(xiàn)力)

      二、高級(jí)詞匯的合理使用

      高級(jí)詞匯主要是指《考試大綱》中沒(méi)有列入的,但在實(shí)際運(yùn)用中使用較頻繁的詞匯。大綱中較常用詞匯通過(guò)構(gòu)詞法形成的詞也屬于高級(jí)詞匯。

      1.掌握綱外詞匯

      有些單詞在英語(yǔ)《考試大綱》中確實(shí)未出現(xiàn),但在閱讀時(shí)經(jīng)常碰到。如annoyed,currently等。

      例3 He was annoyed that she had forgotten his birthday.(annoyed比angry高級(jí))

      例4 China is currently in the primary stage of socialism.(currently比now高級(jí))

      2.挖掘可替代詞匯

      使用詞組、習(xí)語(yǔ)來(lái)代替簡(jiǎn)單枯燥的詞匯。如用make full use of代替 use,catch sight of代替 see,國(guó)式英語(yǔ)。如將跳水(dive)說(shuō)成jump water;將學(xué)費(fèi)(fee)說(shuō)成study money;將今天早上(this morning)說(shuō)成(today morning);將一天早上(one morning)說(shuō)成one day morning。

      例11我的家鄉(xiāng)發(fā)生了巨大的變化。

      →My hometown has a large/great change.(×)

      很顯然,此句中的large和great是受漢語(yǔ)思維影響而產(chǎn)生的錯(cuò)誤,應(yīng)改為:

      My hometownhaschangedalot./Great changes have taken place in my hometown.

      例12我的家鄉(xiāng)變得越來(lái)越美麗。

      My hometown has changed more and more beautiful.(×)

      本句中的change一詞并非系動(dòng)詞,其后不能接表語(yǔ),應(yīng)改為:

      My hometown has become more and more beautiful.

      2.詞性使用混亂

      例13做兼職影響學(xué)習(xí)。

      →Doing a part-time job always effects study.(×)

      本句中的effect和另一個(gè)詞affect都有“影響”的意思,但前者是名詞,后者是動(dòng)詞。該句應(yīng)使用動(dòng)詞affect作謂語(yǔ)。在英語(yǔ)中,由于詞性不同,單詞所起的語(yǔ)法功能也就不同??忌谟⑽膶?xiě)作時(shí)往往把名詞和動(dòng)詞混為一談。應(yīng)改為:

      Doing a part-time job always affects study.

      3.動(dòng)態(tài)、狀態(tài)不分

      例14我們結(jié)婚兩年了。

      We married for two years.(×)

      本句中的marry是一個(gè)非延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞,表示的是動(dòng)作而不是狀態(tài),所以不能與一段時(shí)間連用。應(yīng)改為:

      We have been married for two years.

      例15街上有許多車(chē)輛,過(guò)馬路時(shí)要小心。

      →There are many cars on the road.Be careful while crossing the road.(×)

      本句中的car表示處于靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)的“車(chē)”,若表示動(dòng)態(tài)的“車(chē)”應(yīng)該用traffic。應(yīng)改為:

      There is a lot of traffic on the road.Be careful while crossing the road.

      四、使用英語(yǔ)詞匯應(yīng)注意的幾點(diǎn)

      1.漢語(yǔ)沒(méi)有英語(yǔ)那么多的曲折變化

      (1)英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的曲折變化在漢語(yǔ)里沒(méi)有相應(yīng)的形式。

      例16他爸爸想去美國(guó),可是沒(méi)成功。

      (×)His father wanted to go to America but fail.

      (√)His father wanted to go to America but failed.

      例17自從我們分手后,什么事情也沒(méi)發(fā)生。

      (×)Nothing happened since we parted.

      (√)Nothing has happened since we parted.

      (2)英語(yǔ)名詞復(fù)數(shù)的曲折變化在漢語(yǔ)里沒(méi)有相應(yīng)的形式。

      例18老師給了我許多建議。

      (×)The teacher gave me many advices.

      (√)The teacher gave me many pieces of advice.

      例19她是我們學(xué)校最優(yōu)秀的學(xué)生之一。

      (×)She is one of the most successful student in our school.

      (√)She is one of the most successful students in our school.

      (3)英語(yǔ)代詞的曲折變化在漢語(yǔ)里沒(méi)有相應(yīng)的形式。

      最常見(jiàn)的錯(cuò)誤是該用賓格的地方用主格??忌3:雎訧與me,he與him,she與her的區(qū)別,因?yàn)闈h語(yǔ)里沒(méi)有這種區(qū)別。

      例20除他以外,我沒(méi)有別的朋友。

      (×)I have no friend but he.

      (√)I have no friend but him.

      例21這件事是我做的。

      (×)It is me that have done this work.

      (√)It is I that have done this work.

      2.注意中文無(wú)而英文有的現(xiàn)象

      (1)冠詞是英語(yǔ)句子里的一個(gè)重要部分。當(dāng)名詞前沒(méi)有所有格形式時(shí),如果指一類東西中的一個(gè)或幾個(gè)特定事物,要使用定冠詞;如果指一類事物中任何一個(gè),就用不定冠詞。在漢語(yǔ)中,沒(méi)有詞匯和冠詞(a/an/the)相當(dāng),因此在翻譯時(shí),要注意在需要的地方用冠詞。

      例22我們?cè)陔S后的那個(gè)禮拜去了上海。

      (×)We went to Shanghai next week.

      (√)We went to Shanghai the next week.

      例23架子上的大部分書(shū)是小說(shuō)。

      (×)Most of books on shelf are novels.

      (√)Most of the books on the shelf are novels.

      (2)在比較時(shí),英語(yǔ)常用“that”或“those”代替同類相比的事物以避免重復(fù),即要把兩樣相比的事物對(duì)稱地說(shuō)出,而漢語(yǔ)可以省略,且其意義可以很清楚。

      例24他的藏書(shū)比我的多。

      (×)The books he has collected are more than me.

      (√)The books he has collected are more than those of mine.

      3.語(yǔ)法功能詞在中英文中的不對(duì)等性

      (1)英語(yǔ)常用連接詞來(lái)連接詞、短語(yǔ)、句子,而漢語(yǔ)可以省略。這一差異造成中國(guó)考生漢譯英或使用英語(yǔ)時(shí)經(jīng)常寫(xiě)出病句。

      例25老師問(wèn)了我一個(gè)問(wèn)題,我不會(huì)回答。

      (×)The teacher asked me a question,I couldn't answer it.

      (√)The teacher asked me a question,and/but I couldn't answer it.

      例26我沒(méi)出去,待在家里看書(shū)。

      (×)I didn't go out,I stayed home and read books.

      (√)I didn't go out;instead,I stayed home and read books.

      (2)either...or;neither...nor;so(...)that等都與漢語(yǔ)存在差異。漢語(yǔ)中相似的意思在英語(yǔ)中用不同的句法結(jié)構(gòu)表示,這就給中國(guó)考生的英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作帶來(lái)了困難。

      例27他不抽煙,也不喝酒。

      →He neither smokes nor drinks.

      (3)漢語(yǔ)中注重關(guān)聯(lián)詞的成對(duì)使用,如“因?yàn)椤?所以……”,“雖然……,但是……”,“盡管……,還/仍……”等,但英語(yǔ)不能對(duì)等翻譯,且有別的說(shuō)法。

      例28因?yàn)槲业能?chē)壞在路上,所以我來(lái)晚了。

      Because my car broke down on the way,I came late.(The reason why I came late was that my car broke down on the way.)

      (4)英語(yǔ)介詞遠(yuǎn)比漢語(yǔ)介詞活躍。例29有人敲門(mén)。

      (×)Someone is knocking the door.

      (√)Someone is knocking at the door.

      例30在老師的幫助下,我的英語(yǔ)取得了進(jìn)步。(×)Under the teacher’s help,I have made progress in my English.

      (√)With the teacher’s help,I have made progress in my English.

      即時(shí)訓(xùn)練選詞填空

      1.I_________(forgot,left)my keys in the car when I got off the car.

      2.Martin Luther King,a great black leader in the movement against racial discrimination, was__________(awarded,rewarded)the Nobel Peace Prize for his outstanding contribution to world peace.

      3.We__________(arrived,arrived at)the railway station at noon.

      4.If you come across a(n)__________(known,unknown)English word,youcanrefertoyour e-dictionary to find its meaning.

      5.It is reported that by the end of next week the price will have_________(raised,risen)by about 10%.

      6.Whenever we are in trouble,we should never lose___________(heart,hearts).

      7.Have you sent thank-you notes to the relatives from whom you___________(received,accepted)gifts?

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