一個(gè)時(shí)代兩座城池文化的個(gè)性與共性

文本刊記者 陳思靜

分染麻質(zhì)水邊風(fēng)景鶴紋單衣 東京都江戶東京博物館藏The blue-nose cloud-grained cranes costume Edo-Tokyo Museum

作為“中日韓國際博物館學(xué)術(shù)研討會(huì)”的重要成果之一， 8月14日至10月7日，由北京首都博物館和東京都江戶東京博物館主辦的“都市·生活——18世紀(jì)的東京與北京”展在首都博物館舉行。展覽的創(chuàng)意是在“中日韓國際博物館學(xué)術(shù)研討會(huì)”的合作模式下提出的，由兩館策展人員共同策劃完成。

展覽以18世紀(jì)的北京與東京為背景，通過兩個(gè)國家城市博物館所藏精品文物，從宏觀城市功能與規(guī)劃，到百姓的城市生活，再到豐富多彩的城市藝術(shù)，多視角、多維度地展示了清前期盛極一時(shí)的北京和幕府時(shí)期繁花似錦的江戶。2017年，展覽在東京率先拉開帷幕，今年8月14日移師北京。

“2017年展覽在東京展出時(shí)，首都博物館展品占2/3；此次北京展出，東京都江戶東京博物館展品占2/3。 ”首都博物館黨委書記白杰介紹，此次展覽共展出展品181件(套) ，其中日方展品112件(套) 。展覽通過圖片資料、生活民俗資料、工藝品等各類型展品，展示了18世紀(jì)北京與東京的城市面貌、城市生活以及東京的各類藝術(shù)發(fā)展，向觀眾介紹了兩座城市的構(gòu)造、生活以及文化，并探究兩者的異同。一個(gè)時(shí)代、兩座城池，物質(zhì)生活所呈現(xiàn)的異與同，折射出兩個(gè)國家文化的個(gè)性與共性。

《康熙六旬萬壽圖》印版（局部） 首都博物館藏Kangxi 60-year-old Longevity Print (Partial) Beijing Capital Museum

18世紀(jì)的東京處于江戶幕府的管制之下，18世紀(jì)的北京處于康乾盛世時(shí)期，兩地政治安定，生活富足，盡顯東方文化的城市共性。北京首都博物館和東京都江戶東京博物館作為各自首都的城市博物館代表，共同研究城市發(fā)展歷史對人們生活的影響，把策劃重點(diǎn)放在展現(xiàn)中日同一時(shí)期歷史文化和人民生活的看點(diǎn)上，發(fā)揮城市博物館展覽的特性。因此，展覽分“城市營造”“城市生活”“城市藝蘊(yùn)”三個(gè)部分，對18世紀(jì)的東京與北京兩個(gè)城市的發(fā)展史、生活和文化進(jìn)行了全方位的比較。

“之所以采取對比的形式，是因?yàn)槲覀兞私庵R結(jié)構(gòu)都是從已知到未知，希望觀眾能從自己所在城市的生活遷移到同一時(shí)期另外一個(gè)城市，去了解他們的生活。 ”展覽中方策展人張靚說。尤其是“城市生活”部分，從居住、服飾、經(jīng)商、節(jié)日、育兒、教育、娛樂7個(gè)部分，對比展示了雙城歷史片段。

并列放置的《康熙六旬萬壽圖》印版、日本的《熙代勝覽》兩幅長卷拉開了“城市生活”的帷幕；一旁來自清朝的一品文官夏季官服青色納紗云鶴紋補(bǔ)單褂與江戶城鎮(zhèn)女性所穿和服分染麻質(zhì)水邊風(fēng)景鶴紋單衣相對應(yīng)； 《近代職業(yè)大全(浮世繪版)》描繪了煙袋店、煙草店，還有路過店鋪門前的耍猴人等，這些形象可以和《老北京三百六十行畫冊》里相應(yīng)的圖像進(jìn)行對比。展期橫跨七夕和中秋節(jié)，因此在節(jié)日部分，展覽著重比較了兩國關(guān)于七夕和中秋的習(xí)俗，在一輪明月兩側(cè)分別擺放了中日兩國的中秋賞月圖。如此，觀眾可以更直觀更深入地對比同一歷史節(jié)點(diǎn)、同一場景下兩座城市的特點(diǎn)和風(fēng)情、共性與特性，從而深化對自身世界與外部世界的認(rèn)知。

“同樣是過中秋節(jié)，但是兩國在節(jié)日習(xí)俗當(dāng)中還是有一定的差異。比如，中國的八月十五是中秋節(jié)，中國在這一天會(huì)賞月吃月餅，而日本賞月是在八月十五日和九月十三日這兩天，而且他們吃的是小點(diǎn)心、小年糕；還有七夕節(jié)，中國有乞巧的習(xí)俗，是女性進(jìn)行織繡比賽之類的活動(dòng)，但是日本會(huì)把祝福語和吉祥祈愿的心愿寫在彩紙上，拴在小竹竿上。 ”張靚介紹。

此外，在展覽上還能看到來自日本的算盤、圍棋，以及取自中國傳說及神話人物造型的印盒等物品。東京都江戶東京博物館館長藤森照信表示，日本和中國擁有悠久的文化交流歷史，即便在江戶時(shí)代日本已經(jīng)開始閉關(guān)鎖國，文化交流也未曾停滯過。張靚認(rèn)為：“兩座城市的共性有一部分正是中日文化的相互影響。中日兩國作為鄰國來說，交往的歷史非常悠久，文化方面的相互影響是一直以來都有的。這也是我們做這個(gè)展覽希望傳達(dá)給觀眾的內(nèi)容?！?/p>

中秋拜月圖 首都博物館藏Moon Appreciation in Mid-Autumn Festival Beijing Capital Museum

As one of the important achievements of the "China,Japan and South Korea International Museum Symposium", "City·Life - Tokyo and Beijing in the 18thCentury" hosted by the Beijing Capital Museum and Edo-Tokyo Museum has been held at the Beijing Capital Museum from August 14thto October 7th. The creativity of the exhibition, proposed under the cooperation mode of the "China, Japan and South Korea International Museum Symposium" has been jointly planned by the curators of the two museums.

Based on Beijing and Tokyo in the 18thcentury, as the backgrand the exhibition, through the collection of fine cultural relics from two national urban museums and macroscopic urban functions and planning, to urban life of the people and colorful urban art, displays the splendid early Qing Dynasty and fascinating Edo during the Shogun period via the multi-perspective and multi-dimensional aspects.It took the lead in Tokyo in 2017, and moved to Beijing on August 14th, this year.

"When the 2017 exhibition was held in Tokyo, exhibits from the Beijing Capital Museum accounted for 2 / 3 of the totals; this time in Beijing, those of the Edo Tokyo Museum of Tokyo accounted for 2 / 3," Said BAI Jie, secretary of the Party Committee of the Capital Museum. The event has introduced 181 pieces (sets) of exhibits in total, including 112 pieces (sets) from Japan. Through various types of exhibits,such as picture materials, folklore materials and handicrafts,the exhibition shows the urban appearance, urban life and various artistic developments of Beijing and Tokyo in the 18thcentury, introducing the structure, life and culture of the two cities to the audiences, and exploring the bilateral similarities and differences. An era and two cities, the differences and similarities of material life reflect the individuality and commonality of the cultures of the two countries.

In the 18thcentury, Tokyo was under the control of the Edo Shogun, and Beijing was in its prosperous period of emperors of Kangxi and Qianlong. The two places were politically stable and rich in life, showcasing the urban commonality of oriental culture. The Beijing Capital Museum and the Edo Tokyo Museum in Tokyo, as representatives of the city museums in their respective capitals, jointly study the impact of urban development history on people's lives, and focus on the display of historical culture and people's lives in the same period of China and Japan, playing the characteristic roles of the city museum exhibition. Therefore, the exhibition is divided into three parts: urban construction, urban life and urban art, comparing the history, life and culture of the 18thcentury Tokyo and Beijing cities in all aspects.

"The reason for the contrast mode is because we understand the knowledge structure through known to unknown. I hope that the audiences can move from the life of their own city to another city in the same period so as to understand their lives." ZHANG Liang, the curator of the exhibition from Chinese side, made the comment, especially in the "urban life" part, from the seven parts as residence, clothing,business, festivals, parenting, education and entertainment,the exhibition shows and compares the historical fragments of the twin cities.

The two long scrolls of theKangxi 60-year-old Longevity Printand the Kidai shoran (Depicting the Prosperity of the Nihonbashi distict) from Japan side-by-side have opened the curtain of"urban life"; the blue-nose cloud-grained cranes, the summer working costume of first degree civilian officials of the Qing Dynasty and the quilts with linen-like waterside scenery design clothing of the Edo urban women echoed each other; theModern Occupational Encyclopedia (Ukiyo-e Edition)depicted a tobacco-bag store, a tobacco shop, and a monkey-training entertainer and others who passed by the front of the store,these images can be compared with the corresponding images in theOld Beijing 360-Job Catalogue. The exhibition spans the Double Seventh Festival and the Mid-Autumn Festival. Therefore,the exhibition focused on comparing the customs of the two countries on the Double Seventh and Mid-Autumn Festival in the festival section. On the two sides of a bright moon, it lays the pictures of admiring moon of China and Japan. In this way,the audiences can more intuitively and deeply compare the characteristics and styles, commonalities and features of the same historical node and the two cities in the same scene, thus deepening the perception of their own and the external world."Spending the Mid-Autumn Festival in two countries alike,but there are still some differences in festival customs. For example, China's August 15this the Mid-Autumn Festival according to its lunar calendar, and Chinese will enjoy moon cakes on this day, while Japan's moon appreciation is on August 15thand September 13th, and they will eat small snacks and rice cakes; for the Double Seventh Festival, China has a wellbehaved custom, an activity for women to engage in weaving and embroidery competitions. However, Japan will write the wishes of blessings and auspicious wishes on colored paper and lie on the bamboo poles" said by ZHANG Liang.

In addition, the exhibition also included the abacus and Go game, and printed boxes from Chinese legends and mythical figures. Terunobu Fujimori, curator of Edo-Tokyo Museum said that Japan and China have a long history of cultural exchanges. Even in the Edo period, Japan has begun to close its doors, but cultural exchanges never stopped. ZHANG Liang believed that Part of the commonality of the two cities is the mutual influence of the two-sided culture. As the neighboring country, the two countries possess a very long history of exchanges, and cultural interactions have always existed. This is also what we want to convey to the audiences via this exhibition.

《近代職業(yè)大全》中卷（局部） 東京都江戶東京博物館藏Modern Occupational Encyclopeclia middle volume (Partial) Edo-Tokyo Museum

青色納紗云鶴紋補(bǔ)單褂 首都博物館藏Quilts with linen-like waterside scenery design clothing Beijing Capital Museum