朱曉虹
英語中的及物動詞有兩種語態(tài):主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者,被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者。如:
We should plant many trees on the mountains.(主動)
我們應(yīng)該在山上種許多樹.
Many trees should be planted on the mountains.(被動)
應(yīng)該在山上種許多樹。
漢語中,我們常用“被”“給”“由”“受”等詞表示被動,而英語中的被動語態(tài)是怎樣構(gòu)成的呢?我們一起往下看。
被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成
總的來說,被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成為:助動詞be+及物動詞的過去分詞。被動語態(tài)中,助動詞be隨主語人稱、數(shù)、時態(tài)和語氣的不同而變化,具體時態(tài)形式見下表:被動語態(tài)的用法
1.當(dāng)不知道或沒有必要指出動作的執(zhí)行者時,常用被動語態(tài),此時往往不用by短語。
This statue was created 500 years ago.
這個雕塑創(chuàng)作于500年前。
2.突出或強調(diào)動作的承受者或事件本身,如果需要說出動作的執(zhí)行者,使用by短語。
All the employees except the manager are required to work online at home.
除了經(jīng)理外所有的員工都被要求在家網(wǎng)上辦公。
These songs were composed by Mozart.
這些曲子是由莫扎特創(chuàng)作的。
3.當(dāng)漢語句子的主語既不是動作的執(zhí)行者,也不是動作的承受者時,這時常用in+名詞做狀語,而不用by短語。
More than 20, 000 cars will be produced each year in this factory.
每年,超過20 000輛汽車將在這個工廠生產(chǎn)。
4.“get+過去分詞”可表示被動,此結(jié)構(gòu)比較口語化。
Some glasses got broken when we were moving.
我們搬家的時候有些玻璃杯被打碎了。
主動形式表示被動意義
1.“系動詞look, sound, feel, smell, taste, appear, seem, go, prove, turn, stay, become, fall, get, grow, keep+形容詞/名詞”構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。
-Do you like the material?
-Yes, it feels very soft.
——你喜歡這種材料嗎?
——是的,它摸起來很柔軟。
2.表示主語的某種屬性特征的不及物動詞,
如 read,write, sell, wash, clean,wear, open, cook, lock, shut等,可用主動形式表示被動含義。
No matter how hard he tried, the door wouldn't open.
不管他怎么努力開門,門就是打不開。
Books of this kind sell well.
這種書很暢銷。
3.動詞want, need, require作“需要”講時,后接不定式的被動形式或動名詞的主動形式意義相同。
This old house wants painting.= This old house wants to painted.
這座1日房子需要油漆。
This wall needs repairing.= This wall needs to be repaired.
這面墻需要修理。
Those flowers requires watering.= Those flowers requires to be watered.
這些花朵需要澆水。
真題演練
1. If city noises _________ from increasing , people _________ shout to be heard even at dinner.
A. are not kept; will have to
B. are not kept; have
C. do not keep; will have to
D. do not keep; have to
2. The squirrel was very lucky and it just missed _________.
A. catching
B. to be caught
C. being caught
D. to catch
3. -_________the sports meet might be put off.
-Yes , it all depends on the weather.
A. l've been told
B. l've told
C. I'm told
D. I told
4. I need one more stamp before my collection______.
A. has completed
B. completes
C. has been completed
D. is completed
5. Rainforests ______ and burned at sucha speed that they will disappear from the earthin the near future.
A. cut
B. are cut
C. are being cut
D. had been cut
1.A。句意為:如果城市里的噪音不被阻止繼續(xù)增長的話,那么人們吃飯時只能互相吼叫才能被聽見。第一空考的的是keep sb./sth.from doing,轉(zhuǎn)換為被動為sb./sth. be kept fromdoing;第二空考查時態(tài),根據(jù)前文的if和句意可知,此處表示趨勢,用將來時。
2.C。句意為:這只松鼠很幸運,它剛才沒有被抓住。squirrel與catch之間為被動關(guān)系,而miss后接動名詞或名詞,故此處填beingcaught充當(dāng)句子的賓語。
3.A。句意為:——我已經(jīng)被告知運動會可能會被推遲?!堑模@取決于天氣。此處考查完成時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)。
4.D。句意為:在我的收藏完成前,我需要更多的郵票。此處考查的是before時間狀語后一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)的被動。根據(jù)前文動詞need,可以知道后面應(yīng)使用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。
5.C。句意為:熱帶雨林正在被以如此快的速度砍伐和燒毀,以至于它們將會在不遠(yuǎn)的將來會在地球上消失。根據(jù)后文中will disappear可知雨林的消失是未來,所以砍伐的動作是此階段正在進(jìn)行的,此處考查進(jìn)行時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)。