被動語態(tài)

劉　萍

英語中的被動語態(tài)使用得比漢語要多，要普遍，許多課本乃至實際應用中都常常涉及到這個問題。一般說來，當強調(diào)動作承受者，不必說出執(zhí)行者或含糊不清的執(zhí)行者時，多用被動式。須注意的是，許多地方與漢語不同。注意那些漢語中沒有“被……”的意思，英語卻用被動態(tài)的情況。還要注意，英語的被動態(tài)往往由“by”引出，而有些用介詞“by”的短語往往又不是被動態(tài)，而是系表結構。還有些待殊現(xiàn)象，如…known to man(人類所知……)，on foot步行(美國人有時用by foot)等等。還有假主動，真被動的十幾個常用詞的用法，以及so heavy to carry而不用so heavy to be carried等習慣用法。有關這類情況，做到心中有數(shù)，對全面掌握被動態(tài)，準確無誤地解答習題非常關鍵，被動態(tài)必須涉及的是動詞的各種時態(tài)變化的問題。英語的時態(tài)本來很復雜，怎樣記住各自的被動形式呢? 首先要明確“將來進行無被動，現(xiàn)在完成進行同”。這兩種時態(tài)無被動形式。

另外，不及物動詞，系動詞，反身代詞，相互代詞以及同源賓語是不能變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的。即便如此，還有不定式，動名詞，分詞，以及它們的復合結構的被動態(tài)，再加上情態(tài)動詞，助動詞以及它們的疑問式和否定式從中摻雜，真是令人頭痛，眼花繚亂。下面口訣就以動詞do為例，即do, did過去式, done過去分詞，以口訣形式總結各種時態(tài)的被動態(tài)，一定對你有所啟示。

被動語態(tài)的口訣

一般現(xiàn)、過用be done， be有人稱、時、數(shù)變。

完成時態(tài)have done，被動將been加中間。

一般將來shall (will) do，被動變do為be done。

將來進行無被動，shall (will) be doing,

現(xiàn)在完成進行同，have (has) been doing。

現(xiàn)、過進行be doing, 被動be加being done。

情、助、有、是妥安排，一律隨新主語變。

否定助后加not，疑問一助置主前。

主語恰是疑問詞，直陳語序主在前。

一般情助加be done，雙賓多將間賓變。

復合賓語賓變主，賓補、主補相應變。

第二句“be有人稱、時、數(shù)變”即be有人稱、時態(tài)和單、復數(shù)的變化。“情助”是指情態(tài)動詞和助動詞must，may，can，shall，will等一律隨新主語(多是主動句中的賓語)來變化。“疑問一助置主前”是說有兩個助動詞的話，應把主語放在第一助動詞之后或把第一助動詞置于主語之前。下面詳細舉例說明。

一般現(xiàn)、過用be done, be有人稱、時、數(shù)變

例：１. 主動：The children gave the foreign guests a warm welcome.

被動：The foreign guests were given a warm welcome by the children.

孩子們熱烈地歡迎外賓。

２. 主動：People regard him as brilliant.

被動：He is regarded as brilliant by people.

人們認為他很有才華。

以上兩例都是一般時態(tài)用be done的例子，be有人稱、時、數(shù)變，第三人稱foreign friends是復數(shù)，時態(tài)一般過去時，所以“be done”就是weregiven，而People regard him as brilliant一句，被動后的“be done”就變成單數(shù)第三人稱is regarded的形式了。

完成時態(tài)have done，被動將been加中間。

(過去完成時had done也包括在內(nèi))。

例：１.主動：We have studied English for 3 years off and on at the spare-time school.

被動：English has been studied for 3 years off and on at the spare-time school. (have隨新主語變?yōu)閔as)

我們已經(jīng)在夜校里斷斷續(xù)續(xù)地學了三年英語了。

２.主動: They had produced 100 tractors by the end of last year.

被動: 100 tractors had been produced by the end of last year.

到去年年底他們已生產(chǎn)出一百臺拖拉機。

３.主動：They have set up a power station in their home town.

被動：A power station has been set up in their home town.

他們的家鄉(xiāng)建立了一座發(fā)電站。

４.主動：They have warned us to be careful of rats.

被動：We have been warned to be careful of rats.

他們已提醒我們要注意老鼠。

５.主動：People have piled plastic bags full of rubbish in streets.

被動: Plastic bags full of rubbish have been piled in streets.

人們把裝滿垃圾的塑料袋子堆放在街上。

６.主動：We have used nuclear energy to produce electricity.

被動：Nuclear energy has been used to produce electricity.

核能已用來發(fā)電。

７.主動：No one has ever beaten him at tennis.

被動：He has never been beaten at tennis.

就網(wǎng)球來說還沒有人是他的對手。

過去完成時也是一樣：

主動: Somebody had cleaned my shoes.

被動: My shoes had been cleaned by somebody.

有人早已把我的鞋子擦了。

一般將來shall (will) do，被動變do為be done

即由shall do或will do變?yōu)閟hall be done或will be done。例：

主動:We shall build several big modern power plants in our city next year.

被動：Several big modern power plants will be built in our city next year. 明年我市將建幾座大型的現(xiàn)代化發(fā)電廠。

(shall do中的shall要隨新主語變?yōu)閣ill, do變?yōu)閎e done)

主動：I shall send my second boy to school next September.

被動：My second boy will be sent to school next September.

明年九月我將送我次子去讀書。

但如果是一般過去將來時如何處理呢？

一般過去將來時，過去某時將發(fā)生。例：

主動：A few days ago we were still not quite sure whether we should carry out the new plan ahead of time.

被動：…whether the new plan would be carried out ahead of time.

幾天前，我們還不能肯定能否提前執(zhí)行新的計劃。

主動：I did not say that we would change the equipment.

被動：I did not say that the equipment would be changed.

我并沒說過，我們將換掉那臺設備。

將來進行無被動，shall (will) be doing。

現(xiàn)在完成進行同，have (has) been doing。

即將來進行時表示動作在將來某一時刻或某個階段正在進行，現(xiàn)在完成進行時表示某一行為發(fā)生在過去，延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可能還要延續(xù)下去。兩種時態(tài)則不用被動語態(tài)。

例：We hope your company will soon be sending an engineer over to check this equipment. (將來進行時) 我們希望貴公司早些派一名工程師來檢查這臺設備。

In a few minutes our passenger plane will be flying in the stratosphere. (將來進行時) 幾分鐘后我們的客機將在同溫層中飛行。

I have been living in Anshan Since 1980. (現(xiàn)在完成進行時)

1980年以來，我一直住在鞍山。

How long have you been studying English? (現(xiàn)在完成進行時)

你學英語多久了?

現(xiàn)、過進行be doing，被動be加being done

即現(xiàn)在進行時或過去進行時都是be的人稱、時和數(shù)的形式加doing。而被動態(tài)則是be加上being done的形式，being是不變的?，F(xiàn)在進行時和過去進行時的被動態(tài)是被動態(tài)中的重點，容易搞錯。例如：

主動：The workers are repairing the main building of the Northeast Engineering Institute.

被動：The main building of the Northeast Engineering Institute is being repaired by the workers.

工人們正在維修東北工學院主樓。

情、助、有、是妥安排，一律隨新主語變。

帶情態(tài)動詞和助動詞等的被動態(tài)如何處理比較復雜,他們要隨新的主語來變化，這些詞如can, could； will, would; shall, should; may, might; must; ought to; need需要；have to不得不；be going to; used to; seem to; happen to等。例如：

主動: We must keep this in mind.

被動：This must be kept in mind.

我們必須把這個記在心里。

主動：We can put the refrigerator in that place. (refrigerator=freezer)

被動：The refrigerator can be put in that place.

我們可以把電冰箱放在那個地方。

主動：We shall not use the washing machine again.

被動：The washing machine will not be used again.

我們不能再用那臺洗衣機了。

原來的shall被動態(tài)中隨新主語變?yōu)閣ill。

否定助后加not，疑問一助置主前

在否定句的被動態(tài)中，否定副詞not一定加在第一助動詞之后，不放在別的助動詞之后。同樣在疑問句的被動態(tài)中，第一助動詞置于主語之前。

例：Why has(一助) not anything been(二助) done to end the strike?

not必須放在第一助動詞has之后，第一助動詞has必須放在主語anything之前。

決不可寫成:Why has not been anything done to end the strike?或Why has been not anything done to end the strike?

為什么不采取些措施來結束罷工呢?

The exercise will not be done in class.

不可寫成：The exercise will be not done in class.

練習不用在課堂上完成.

主語恰是疑問詞，直陳語序主在前

凡主語恰好是一個疑問詞或由疑問詞來修飾主語時，后面要用陳述語序。

例: What(主語) could be dropped from a satellite? 衛(wèi)星上扔下何物?

What measures(主語) are being taken to develop this new science?

(主語為疑問詞what所修飾) 正在采取什么措施來發(fā)展這門新科學?

What kind of device(主語) is needed to make the control system simple? (主語為疑問詞所修飾) 需要什么裝置來使控制系統(tǒng)簡化?

What has been done to improve the techniques? 采取了什么措施來改進這些技術呢? (what恰是句子的主語) 應指出的是有的學生把We study diligently.和She could see herself clearly in the mirror. 都硬行變成被動了, 殊不知不及物動詞通常是沒有被動態(tài)的。

不及物動詞，系動詞，反身代詞，相互代詞以及同源賓語是不能變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的。

★She introduced herself as Mrs Burke.

她自我介紹說她是伯克太太。

★You should help and learn from each other.

你們應該互相幫助，互相學習。

★We live a happy life. 我們過著幸福生活。

有些動詞可以帶雙賓語 在用于被動結構時，主動結構中的間接賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z時，直接賓語仍然保留在謂語后面；直接賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z時，直接賓語前通常加上介詞for/to。

★He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.

在記者招待會上人們問了他很多問題。

★They are taught a lot of things in the kindergartens.

他們在幼兒園被教給很多東西。

★A new MP4 was given to him as birthday present.

作為生日禮物他收到了一個新的MP4。

【特別提醒】

有些動詞后跟不帶to的不定式作賓補，但改為被動結構后要加上“to”。例如:

We heard him sing in his room just now.→He was heard to sing in his room just now.剛才聽到他在房間里唱歌。

一、 被動語態(tài)的構成總結：

1. 一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)的構成：is/am/are+及物動詞的過去分詞

Our classroom is cleaned every day. I am asked to study hard.

2. 一般過去時的被動語態(tài)的構成：was/were+及物動詞的過去分詞

A new shop was built last year.

Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago.

3. 現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)的構成：has/have+been+及物動詞的過去分詞

This book has been translated into many languages.

Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries.

4. 一般將來時的被動語態(tài)的構成：will+be+及物動詞的過去分詞

A new hospital will be built in our city.

Many more trees will be planted next year.

5. 含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)的構成：情態(tài)動詞+be+及物動詞的過去分詞

Young trees must be watered often.

Your mistakes should be corrected right now.

The door may be locked inside.

Your homework can be handed in tomorrow.

6. 現(xiàn)在進行時的被動語態(tài)的構成：am/is/are+being+及物動詞的過去分詞

Tom is mending my bike now.→My bike is being mended by Tom now. They are planting trees over there.→Trees are being planted over there by them.

7. 不定式的被動語態(tài)：to+be+及物動詞的過去分詞

There are two books to be read.

There are twenty more trees to be planted.

二、 怎樣把主動語態(tài)改成被動語態(tài)? 把主動語態(tài)改為被動語態(tài)非常簡單，可以遵循以下幾個步驟：

1. 先找出謂語動詞；

2. 再找出謂語動詞后的賓語；

3. 把賓語用作被動語態(tài)中的主語；

4. 注意人稱、時態(tài)和數(shù)的變化。 例：

1. Bruce writes a letter every week.

→A letter is written by Bruce every week.

2. Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.

→The broken bike was mended by Li Lei this morning.

3. He has written two novels so far.

→Two novels have been written by him so far.

4. They will plant ten trees tomorrow.

→Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow.

5. Lucy is writing a letter now.

→A letter is being written by Lucy now.

6. You must lock the door when you leave.

→The door must be locked when you leave.

三、 使用被動語態(tài)應注意的幾個問題：

1. 不及物動詞無被動語態(tài)。

What will happen in 100 years？

The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.

2. 有些動詞用主動形式表示被動意義。

This pen writes well. This new book sells well.

3. 感官動詞或使役動詞使用省略to的動詞不定式，主動語態(tài)中不帶to，但變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，須加上to。例：

make somebody do something→somebody+be+made to do something

see somebody do something→somebody+be+seen to do something

A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.

The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.

4. 如果是接雙賓語的動詞改為被動語態(tài)時，直接賓語(物)作主語，那么動詞后要用介詞，這個介詞是由與其搭配的動詞決定的。

He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him.

He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him.

My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father.

5. 一些動詞短語用于被動語態(tài)時，動詞短語應當看作一個整體，而不能丟掉其中的介詞或副詞。

We cant laugh at him.→He cant be laughed at by us.

He listens to the radio every day.→The radio is listened to by him every day.

The nurse is taking care of the sick man.→The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.

被動語態(tài)基礎練習：

1. Our house ____.

A. is getting paint B. is getting painted

C. is got painted D. has got to paint

2. He arrived in Beijing, where he ____ his friend.

A. was met by B. was met C. was meeting D. met by

3. The war ____ in 1937.

A. was broken out B. had been broken out

C. has broken out D. broke out

4. The mistakes in the exercises will ____ the teacher.

A. cross B. be crossing C. be crossed by D. cross by

5. My brother and I have ____ her birthday party.

A. been invited B. been invited for

C. invited to D. been invited to

6. It ____ this way.

A. is had to do B. is had to be done

C. had to be done D. has to do

7. It ____ this way.

A. used to do B. used to be done

C. is used to do D. is used to doing

8. ____ Chaplin.

A. The childs name was called B. The childs name calls

C. The child calls D. The child is named

9. The sports meeting ____.

A. is put off B. is to put off C. is to be put off D. puts off

10. Mary realized she ____.

A. was making fun of B. was made fun

C. was being made fun of D. was being made fun

11. ____ to say a thing in that way.

A. It is considers wrong B. It is considered wrong

C. It is considered its wrong D. It is considering wrong

12. He ordered that the books ____ at once.

A. would be printed B. would print

C. be printed D. print

13. The story ____ in China.

A. was taken place B. was happened

C. took place D. has been taken place

14. The house ____ my parents.

A. is belong to B. belong to C. belongs to D. is belonged to

15. He ____ by his teacher.

A. happened to see B. was happened to see

C. happened to be seen D. was happened to be seen

16. Great changes ____ in our province. Many tall buildings ____.

A. have been taken place, have been set up

B. have taken place, have been set up

C. were taken place, have been set up

D. were taken place, were set up

17. The halls ____ but its not yet ____ with lamps.

A. furnished, finished B. been finished, been furnished

C. being finished, being furnished D. set up, full

18. The new hall is the tallest building in this town. ____ from here?

A. Can it see B. Can it be seen

C. Can it seen D. Can see

19. As soon as we got to the airport, we found that the plane ____.

A. had already taken off B. already took off

C. was already taking off D. was already taken off

20. Some of the hotels in my hometown ____.

A. have now been rebuilding B. are now rebuilding

C. are now being rebuilt D. are rebuilt now

Key:1.B 2.A 3.D 4.C 5.D 6.C 7.B 8.D 9.A 10.C 11.B 12.C 13.C 14.C 15.C 16.B 17.B 18.B 19.A 20.C