金牛山森林步道（福道），福州，中國

建筑設(shè)計(jì)：銳科設(shè)計(jì)（新加坡）

1 高架步道/Elevated walkway

作為福州森林步道的建筑設(shè)計(jì)師和城市設(shè)計(jì)顧問，新加坡銳科建筑設(shè)計(jì)有限公司很榮幸能和大家分享從本地項(xiàng)目例如亞歷山大步道以及中國福州森林步道中獲得的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，也希望通過此分享把我們的影響力擴(kuò)展至整個(gè)亞洲區(qū)域。

福州城市森林步道起點(diǎn)到終點(diǎn)全長6.3km，環(huán)線總長約19km，東接左海公園環(huán)湖棧道，西連閩江廊線 （國光段），是福建省內(nèi)最長的一條依山傍水、與生態(tài)景觀融為一體的城市休閑健身走廊，開創(chuàng)了中國鋼架懸空棧道的先河。福道作為一個(gè)城市連接網(wǎng)絡(luò)，為市民前往閩江北港提供了可達(dá)性，也體現(xiàn)著通過引入自然景觀提高市民生活質(zhì)量的超前意識。

福州是福建省省會，也是中國綠色景觀最豐富的城市之一。福州因街道上整齊排列的榕樹而聞名，被稱為榕城或白楊城。福州市四周被群山峻嶺所環(huán)抱，風(fēng)景如畫，擁有純天然無污染的自然景觀。然而，伴隨著日益加快的城市化進(jìn)程與社會經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展，森林的覆蓋率逐漸下降。金牛山是福州市內(nèi)最大的“綠肺”之一。

因?yàn)楸卉娛轮氐匾约霸岫Y場地包圍，金牛山大部分區(qū)域未經(jīng)開發(fā)，也不向市民開放。環(huán)境改造工程作為福道項(xiàng)目的一部分，包括為發(fā)掘出來的墳?zāi)菇ㄔ煲粋€(gè)現(xiàn)代骨灰安置所（安樂居），在被荒廢的采礦場建造一個(gè)新的游客中心（壇口游客中心）和把一個(gè)巴士停車場改造成主入口(西客站)。

一共有10個(gè)入口通往森林步道，每個(gè)入口都是對現(xiàn)有城市肌理強(qiáng)有力的介入。在西客站，現(xiàn)有的巴士停車場被改造成餐飲中心，它的景觀屋頂和旁邊的“懸崖步道”緊密相連?！皯已虏降馈奔s20層樓高，懸挑的踏步嵌入現(xiàn)有的懸崖表面，游客漫步在上面十分刺激。

另外一個(gè)主入口位于金牛山體育館的公共廣場，這里建有一個(gè)直徑24m的螺旋形坡道，預(yù)示著空間從城市平地到山地丘陵的轉(zhuǎn)換。在北端，梅峰山地公園的設(shè)計(jì)還包含一個(gè)30,000m2的商業(yè)中心規(guī)劃。

步道上有很多便利設(shè)施貫穿全程，例如休息亭、觀景平臺、瞭望塔和配有衛(wèi)生間的茶室，這些設(shè)施都位于坡度不超過1:16的緩坡上。作為一個(gè)配有WiFi連接、觸屏信息板和游客交通監(jiān)察器的智能步道，福道有潛力在全國范圍內(nèi)成為生態(tài)步道的標(biāo)桿。

2 梅峰山地公園/Meifeng hill park

Commissioned as the Design Architect and Urban Design Consultant for Fuzhou Forest Walkway,Singapore-based LOOK Architects has had the honour to share the experience gained from local projects such as Alexandra Arch and Forest Walk with China, and in doing so extend our reach to the broader Asian region.

The project is an elevated steel pedestrian walkway system weaving through forested areas in China, the first of its kind, i.e. Fuzhou Forest Walkway(or more intimately known as Fudao) and spans over 6.3 kilometres from end to end, threading through the full breadth of Jinniushan and covers about 19 kilometres along its winding path.

Fudao is a signature urban connector network that connects together two water bodies, the Minjiang in the south and the West Lake in the north and provides public access to the green hinterlands stretching north-east of Minjiang. Fudao signifies an awakened consciousness to improve the lives of city dwellers by bringing nature within closer reach and connects together.

One of the greenest cities in China, Fuzhou is the capital of Fujian province, and sometimes referred to as Rongcheng or "banyan city", famed for the numerous banyan trees that line its streets. Together with its mountainous geography and picturesque manmade lakes, the charm of Fuzhou's natural beauty is undisputed. Nonetheless, accelerated urban growth has diminished the coverage of forestry – Jinniushan is one of the larger green lungs situated within downtown.

Hemmed in by military camps and a few burial sites, many parts of Jinniushan have been inaccessible to the general public and left largely untouched. As part of the implementation of Fudao, environmental enhancement works include the construction of a modern columbarium complex for re-housing mountainside cemeteries, the rehabilitation of an abandoned quarry site into a new visitor's centre and the conversion of an existing bus depot into a main entry point at Xikezhan.

福道由6種不同的基礎(chǔ)模塊組成，通過多變的排列方式形成一個(gè)具有適應(yīng)不同地形能力的模塊系統(tǒng)。史無前例的靈活設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)現(xiàn)了長達(dá)14.4m的柱距，最大限度減少對植被的破壞，為了更好地適應(yīng)多變的地形與復(fù)雜的山勢，更體現(xiàn)了對自然最崇高的敬意。福道主體采用空心鋼管桁架組成，橋面采用格柵板，縫隙控制在1.5cm以內(nèi)。這樣的尺寸設(shè)計(jì)，不僅滿足了輪椅的通行，也可以讓步道下方的植物沐浴陽光、自然生長。

為了實(shí)現(xiàn)無縫連接，我們設(shè)計(jì)了一條橫跨高速公路（洪甘路）的過頂天橋，這是一個(gè)橫跨72m中間沒有柱子支撐的地標(biāo)性設(shè)計(jì)。傾斜的擋板扶手增加了橋結(jié)構(gòu)的通透性，以達(dá)到更好抵御風(fēng)荷載的目的。步道每段都有自己的特點(diǎn)，配合獨(dú)特的場地肌理，打造出一個(gè)具有持續(xù)表達(dá)力的設(shè)計(jì)。

全長1.2km的示范段，包括金牛山體育館旁邊的螺旋坡道，已經(jīng)在2016年竣工并受到市政府領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的高度贊揚(yáng)。在示范段向公眾開放的同時(shí)，福道其他段落的工程會繼續(xù)開展，在2017年12月竣工。

項(xiàng)目的巨大尺度開闊了設(shè)計(jì)師的視野，銳科建筑設(shè)計(jì)有限公司的團(tuán)隊(duì)也因克服了項(xiàng)目中的重重困難感到愉悅。秉持著用設(shè)計(jì)帶來更美好生活的理念，團(tuán)隊(duì)渴望把這種積極態(tài)度向外界傳播，為福州未來的發(fā)展帶來積極的影響?！?/p>

3 從步道看向福州市/View of the Fuzhou City from the walkway

4 模塊示意/Kit of parts

5 梅峰山地公園/Meifeng hill park

There are a total of 10 entrances leading into the walkway network, each celebrated as a bold intervention into the existing urban grain. These entrances embed the walkway network within the city, giving locals an opportunity to enjoy a "slow walk" as a secondary mode of urban connectivity and an alternative to the hectic lifestyle of the city. Each entrance also functions as a "height modulator", with each providing seamless barrier-free vertical accesses into the elevated walkway network across Jinniushan.

At Xikezhan, the existing bus depot has been transformed into a visitor centre to the elevated walkway from the Minjiang River. The gently ramping landscaped roof of the building recedes into the adjacent mountains and links to the adjoining "Cliff walk" which features breath-taking cantilevered step platforms wedged into an existing cliff face about 20 storeys tall.

Another entrance is situated at the open plaza of the existing Jinniushan indoor sports hall, where a stately spiral ramp measuring 24 metres across in diametre has been introduced, announcing the transition from the flat urban plain to hilly forested terrain. The compact form of the spiral ramp maximises the open space within the plaza which continues to be well-utilised by locals for exercise and communal activities.

At Meifeng Hill Park, an existing village fish pond has been converted into a sprawling bioretention lake and entrance into the walkway. The lake takes advantage of the natural topography of the surrounding mountains and captures storm water runoff through a cleansing vegetated bio-retention basin.A corten steel clad bridge cutting across the lake gives visitors the chance to come close to the water's edge and experience the clean water and vegetation – a rare experience in China. Meifeng Hill Park represents a rehabilitated green threshold between the city and the rich vegetation of the mountain and beyond.

The elevated walkway across the mountain has been designed with consideration and sensitivity to retain as much as possible the existing layered forest of the mountains.

6 步道蜿蜒穿過茂密的樹林/Meandering through the dense subtropical forest canopy

7 分解軸測圖/Exploded axonometric

8 總平面/Site plan

9 洪甘路天橋/Honggan overpass

Comprising 6 basic deck components that can be stitched together in various permutations, the walkway network is an all-terrain modular system with the capability of negotiating the undulating topography.Efficient design allows for a long span of 14.4 metres between supporting columns, minimising the construction footprint. The modular steel construction allowed for construction to be limited to a 2m by width around the walkway.

This was an important consideration for Fuzhou municipal officials, who had accorded top priority to the conservation of existing ecology. The modularity of the construction afforded for ease and speed of construction while still allowing for modifications to be made on site.The use of a porous steel grating for the walkway decks serves to bring natural light down to the ground plane,encouraging low-lying plants to thrive.

The walkway is laid with a consistent 1:16 gradient allowing for barrier-free access along its entire length, an important consideration for public access,and permits for the walkway to be enjoyed by residents both young and old, the able and the disabled.Conveniences such as rest shelters, viewing decks,observation towers and teahouses with washroom amenities have been interspersed throughout the walkway, adding variety and character to the walkway as an eco-tourism destination.

To maintain seamless pedestrian connectivity to the waterfront park along the Minjiang River, an overhead bridge straddling across the existing vehicular arterial Honggan Road has also been designed as a stunning icon with a column-free span of over 72 metres. The raked profile of parapet screens serves to increase the bridge structure's porosity, to better withstand high wind loads in the vicinity.

Engaging the unique character of the existing site context, each of the different segments of the walkway network add to the local character and contribute to an enduring expressiveness that broaches a renewed connection between the city and its green heritage.

The demonstrative stretch of Fudao – stretching 1.2 kilometres, including the entrance spiral ramp next to Jinniushan indoor sports hall – was completed in the beginning of 2016 and was well received by municipal leaders. The project was finally completed in December 2017 and has been very well received by the local community. Official statistics has indicated that the walkway receives an average of 13,000 visitors a day with a peak visitorship of 30,000 people during public holidays like the Lunar New Year.

The project has also been well received locally and internationally. It has been featured on a China Central Television TV programme and has been published in a variety of international publications including a mention in the UN FAO report on Forest and Sustainable Cities, as a prototype for groundbreaking forest management. In Singapore, the project has received the prestigious Design of the Year at the 2018 President’s Design Awards.

The immense scale of the project has been an eyeopener and the team at LOOK Architects has found the design challenges involved most gratifying to surmount.

Embracing the philosophy of bettering lives through design, the team has aspired to spread this optimism beyond our shores, and to create a positive impact on future development of the city of Fuzhou. □

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data

客戶/Client: 福州市鼓樓區(qū)建設(shè)投資管理中心/People's Government of Gulou District, Fuzhou, China

合作者/Collaborators: Fuzhou Planning Design and Research Institute Arup Singapore Pte. Ltd.

項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)/Project Team: 駱文義，黃素香，蔡良評，李麗婷，周坤桐，岳峙嶸，林宛倩，蘇凱山，段凱文/Look Boon Gee, Ng Sor Hiang, Chua Liang Ping, Lee Liting, Chow Khoon Toong, Yue Shirong, Lim Wan Chien, Chris Su, Kevin Doan

聯(lián)合設(shè)計(jì)/Associated Architect: 福州市規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)研究院/Fuzhou Planning Design and Research Institute

結(jié)構(gòu)工程/Structural Design Engineer: 新加坡奧雅納有限公司/Arup Singapore Pte. Ltd.

本地結(jié)構(gòu)工程/Local Structural Engineer: 福州市規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)研究院/Fuzhou Planning Design & Research Institute

機(jī)械工程/Mechanical & Electrical Engineer: 福州市規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)研究院/Fuzhou Planning Design & Research Institute

施工技術(shù)/Quantity Surveyor: 福州市規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)研究院/Fuzhou Planning Design & Research Institute

景觀建筑/Landscape Architect: 福州市規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)研究院/Fuzhou Planning Design & Research Institute

總承包商/Main Contractor: 廣東省基礎(chǔ)工程集團(tuán)有限公司，中國一冶集團(tuán)有限公司/Guangdong Foundation Engineering Group Co., Ltd., China First Metallurgical Group Co., Ltd.

竣工日期/Date Completed: 2017.12

攝影/Photos: 周躍東/ZHOU Yuedong

10 帶孔洞的鋁板的接合/Articulation of perforatied aluminium panels

評論

龍灝：由于只看到項(xiàng)目示范段的幾張圖片，因而對項(xiàng)目描述中整體的“美好愿景”很難給出評價(jià)，僅就建成效果圖片而言，一定程度上確實(shí)體現(xiàn)了項(xiàng)目試圖提供的跨越森林、穿行其中的效果。在材料和形式的選擇以及空間效果方面，似有幾處可以商榷的地方：一是為安全起見將較一般扶手欄桿更高的不透明板狀欄桿外傾，顯然將導(dǎo)致行人停駐觀景時(shí)視線受阻；二是外傾面上的扶手從照片上看，似乎其位置與人行時(shí)手握的位置關(guān)系不是很好，細(xì)節(jié)值得推敲；三是橋面采用格柵板, 一方面這算是一種對步行的女士“高跟鞋不友好”的材料，另一方面1.5cm以內(nèi)的縫隙似乎又很難達(dá)到讓步道下方的植物沐浴陽光的目的；最后就是現(xiàn)在看到的懸空棧道尺度過于單一，缺乏像紐約高線公園那樣的豐富空間與休息場所。

張昕楠：在福州森林步道系統(tǒng)中，“懸浮”作為一種路徑介入的方式，一方面避免了對金牛山植被的破壞，另一方面也創(chuàng)造出行走體驗(yàn)的新奇。步道系統(tǒng)的入口，結(jié)合場地現(xiàn)有城市肌理及其公共設(shè)施進(jìn)行設(shè)置；其中的節(jié)點(diǎn)，也根據(jù)其所處的具體場地景觀設(shè)置服務(wù)設(shè)施和信息設(shè)備。在建構(gòu)技術(shù)上，“懸浮”的姿態(tài)、步道的距離和無障礙坡度的條件制約，一方面使標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化鋼結(jié)構(gòu)成為了最適宜的選擇，另一方面也給予其產(chǎn)生形式的機(jī)會，最終創(chuàng)造了連接的愉悅性。

11 景觀斜坡與建筑的整合/Integrating landscape ramp and building

Comments

LONG Hao: An evaluation of the overall "glorious vision" in the project description can hardly be given with only a few pictures taken during the demonstration period. Merely in terms of the pictures showing the result after construction, the project realized the effect it tries to bring about to some extent, such as the experience of walking through and crossing the forest. On the aspect of material and form selection, as well as spatial effects, there seem to be a few points to be discussed: First, the opaque slab-shaped parapets are higher than common ones and tilted out for safety reasons, which would obviously block the views of the pedestrians. Second,the handrails on the tilted surface seem not to be in a perfect position corresponding to the pedestrians'hand position according to the pictures, and its detail should be further considered. The third is that grating plates are used for the bridge deck, which on one hand is not a material friendly enough to ladies'"high-heeled shoes ", and on the other hand hard to achieve the purpose of bathing the plants underneath with the sunlight as the gap width is less than 1.5cm.Lastly, The relatively fixed scale of the skyway is too monotonous, lacking diverse spaces and rest places shown in the High Line project in New York.(Translated by CHEN Xi)

ZHANG Xinnan: The Fuzhou Forest Walkway System uses "suspension" as a way of intervention, on the one hand, to prevent the damage to the natural environment in Jinniu Mountain, on the other hand, to create a fresh experience of walking. The entrance of the walkway system is placed according to the existing urban fabrics and public infrastructure. Service and information facilities are located in important positions in accordance to the surrounding landscapes. In tectonic, the gesture of"suspension", the distance of walkway, and the accessible slope make standardized steel structure the most suitable choice, consequently creating forms for enjoyable connections. (Translated by ZHANG Jingqiu)