馮建軍,楊寇帆,朱國俊,羅興锜,李文鋒
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進口管壁面軸向開槽消除軸流泵特性曲線駝峰
馮建軍,楊寇帆,朱國俊,羅興锜,李文鋒
(西安理工大學(xué)水利水電學(xué)院,西安 710048)
當(dāng)軸流泵在小流量工況下運行時,由于葉輪進口的沖角增大,導(dǎo)致在葉輪內(nèi)產(chǎn)生脫流等不穩(wěn)定流動結(jié)構(gòu),降低泵的水力性能。該文采用計算流體動力學(xué)分析方法對軸流泵內(nèi)部流場進行了研究,結(jié)果表明:該軸流泵的特性曲線存在明顯的駝峰區(qū)域,在0.3到0.61倍最優(yōu)流量工況區(qū)間,軸流泵的揚程和效率明顯下降。在臨界失速工況下(0.61倍最優(yōu)流量工況),葉片吸力面前緣靠近輪緣處及葉片尾緣靠近輪轂處均出現(xiàn)了脫流;在深度失速工況下(0.45倍最優(yōu)流量工況),脫流進一步發(fā)展,并與來流共同作用形成穩(wěn)定的渦旋結(jié)構(gòu),阻塞整個流道。為了提高軸流泵在小流量工況下的水力性能,引入一種軸流泵進口管開槽技術(shù),分析其對軸流泵內(nèi)部流場的影響及駝峰的改善作用。結(jié)果表明:在小流量工況下,軸向開槽可以減小葉輪進口環(huán)量和沖角,可以減小葉片背部的脫流,軸流泵的駝峰得到明顯的改善。開槽深度是改善軸流泵小流量工況下駝峰的重要因素之一,當(dāng)槽深與葉輪直徑比為0.02時,葉輪內(nèi)的通道渦幾乎完全消除,軸流泵深度失速工況點的揚程、效率分別提高了66%和32%,極大地改善了軸流泵的水力性能。溝槽數(shù)目越多,槽長越長,消除駝峰的能力越好,60個溝槽與2/3倍葉輪直徑的槽長在其他參數(shù)相同的條件下消除駝峰的能力更強。該文可為避免軸流泵內(nèi)部的失速流動以及消除水力性能曲線上的駝峰相關(guān)研究提供參考。
泵;計算機仿真;葉輪;計算流體動力學(xué);軸流泵;駝峰;性能;軸向槽
軸流泵作為一種高比轉(zhuǎn)速泵,有流量大和揚程低的特點,廣泛應(yīng)用在農(nóng)業(yè)灌溉、防洪排澇、市政供水、水環(huán)境治理、電廠水循環(huán)以及船舶噴水推進器等領(lǐng)域[1-3]。軸流泵在小流量工況區(qū)域易產(chǎn)生駝峰,即在揚程和效率曲線上具有正斜率特性[4-10]。駝峰的出現(xiàn)即意味著運行工況存在嚴重的不穩(wěn)定性,影響機組效率并造成大量能耗,更嚴重的會影響機組的運行安全性。
對于軸流泵駝峰的研究和改善方法,國內(nèi)外學(xué)者開展了一定的研究。通過對軸流泵葉輪前后的速度場和靠近輪緣處的葉片壓力分布開展研究,Toyokura[11]發(fā)現(xiàn)在最優(yōu)工況點時葉輪內(nèi)的流動較為平順并且沒有明顯的回流現(xiàn)象,但隨著流量降低,葉片發(fā)生失速時,葉輪處的徑向速度突然增大,軸流泵的水力性能急劇下降。Goltz等[12]通過開展軸流泵的水力特性試驗發(fā)現(xiàn):臨界失速工況下,在吸力面的前緣葉頂處和后緣靠近輪緣處分別捕捉到了回流結(jié)構(gòu);并且在深度失速工況下觀測到流道中存在垂直葉片表面的通道渦。Fay[13]通過研究表明失速是由于葉片表面的流動分離引起的,當(dāng)軸流泵的葉輪葉片數(shù)為3~4個時,失速團在葉輪通道中不發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移,當(dāng)葉輪葉片數(shù)為6片以上時,失速團會在葉輪通道中轉(zhuǎn)移。仇寶云等[14]發(fā)現(xiàn)通過增設(shè)固定前導(dǎo)葉、選擇適當(dāng)?shù)膶?dǎo)水錐長度以及流道形線優(yōu)化等方法,可以抑制和減弱葉片進口斷面二次流,提高軸向流速均勻度,從而提高水泵運行效率和壽命。錢忠東等[15]發(fā)現(xiàn)沖角和尾部脫流是致使導(dǎo)葉部分水力損失增加的兩大主要因素;可調(diào)式導(dǎo)葉可以通過調(diào)節(jié)角度顯著地改善軸流泵導(dǎo)葉部分的流態(tài),減小水力損失,提高泵的揚程和效率。此外,有學(xué)者借鑒壓氣機中擴大運行工況范圍的“機匣”作用原理,在軸流泵進口管壁面采用軸向開槽的方法,有效消除了軸流泵揚程曲線上的駝峰[16-17]。而一些學(xué)者則在葉輪進口采用雙進口噴嘴的方法,來減小軸流泵小流量工況下葉輪進口的預(yù)旋,從而抑制失速工況下葉輪葉頂附近的回流,改善葉輪入流條件進而提高水力性能[18-19]。
本文針對軸流泵小流量工況的流動特性開展研究,通過計算流體動力學(xué)分析揭示了不穩(wěn)定工況下軸流泵內(nèi)部失速流動的特征,并探究了軸流泵進口管內(nèi)壁軸向開槽技術(shù)抑制泵內(nèi)不良流動的機理,分析了泵進口管軸向開槽前后對失速流動的改善效果。同時,本文還進一步研究了不同槽的形狀參數(shù)對軸流泵水力性能的影響,為避免軸流泵內(nèi)部的失速流動以及消除水力性能曲線上的駝峰提供了有價值的參考。
本文所選取的研究對象為比轉(zhuǎn)速n=610的小型軸流泵。其葉輪直徑1=300 mm,葉輪葉片數(shù)為6,擴壓器導(dǎo)葉葉片數(shù)為11,設(shè)計轉(zhuǎn)速=1450 r/min。該泵三維計算模型如圖1所示,包含進口管、葉輪、擴壓器及出口管。其中,進口錐管壁面采用軸向開槽,軸向槽的數(shù)量=60,均布角度=3°,槽長=200 mm[20]。
圖1 軸流泵計算域和過流部件網(wǎng)格
采用ANSYS ICEM-CFD對各過流部件進行六面體網(wǎng)格劃分。計算域網(wǎng)格總的單元數(shù)為706萬。為了消除網(wǎng)格數(shù)對計算結(jié)果的影響,將計算網(wǎng)格加密到1 200萬進行了結(jié)果對比。結(jié)果表明,當(dāng)網(wǎng)格數(shù)從706萬增加到1 200萬,泵的計算揚程的相對變化僅為0.3%,效率變化約為0.4%。故認為采用網(wǎng)格數(shù)為706的網(wǎng)格可以得到網(wǎng)格無關(guān)解,因此采用該網(wǎng)格對軸流泵開展進一步的數(shù)值計算。
本文采用CFD商業(yè)軟件ANSYS CFX-16來求解軸流泵內(nèi)部三維湍流流場。邊界條件為:在進口設(shè)置總壓,出口給定質(zhì)量流量,壁面邊界均采用水力光滑的無滑移條件。對流項采用二階中心差分方法進行離散,湍流模型選擇壁面分離預(yù)測精度較高的SST湍流模型[21-23]。進口管與葉輪以及葉輪與擴壓器交界面之間的數(shù)據(jù)傳遞采用Frozen-rotor交界面來實現(xiàn),從而得泵內(nèi)的穩(wěn)態(tài)流場,從而計算泵的揚程和效率。同時,為了研究軸流泵的壓力脈動,本文也對軸流泵內(nèi)部的非定常流動進行了計算。在非定常計算中,軸流泵轉(zhuǎn)動部件和固定部件之間的交界面采用Transient rotor-stator;時間步長設(shè)置為2.299×10-4s,對應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)輪旋轉(zhuǎn)2°;在每個步長內(nèi),設(shè)置收斂標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為最大殘差小于10-3。
圖2為原始未開槽軸流泵模型數(shù)值模擬得到的揚程曲線和試驗結(jié)果的對比。此軸流泵模型為一工業(yè)用泵,其揚程的試驗數(shù)據(jù)由泵生產(chǎn)廠家據(jù)泵的出廠試驗提供,試驗數(shù)據(jù)與數(shù)值模擬結(jié)果列于表1。由圖2可知,數(shù)值模擬得到的揚程與試驗結(jié)果吻合較好,計算與試驗得到的揚程曲線具有相同的變化規(guī)律且二者之間的偏差較小,最大偏差在3.5%以內(nèi),驗證了CFD數(shù)值模擬的可靠性。
注:H為揚程;Hexp為試驗所得最優(yōu)工況點揚程;Q為流量;Qdes為最優(yōu)工況點流量。
表1 軸流泵揚程誤差分析 Table 1 Error analysis of axial pump head
為了研究泵進口管內(nèi)壁面的開槽深度對駝峰的改善作用,本文對60個溝槽軸流泵模型進行了研究,應(yīng)用進口管4種不同開槽深度的軸流泵進行水力性能對比。圖3給出了進口管不同相對槽深的軸流泵揚程及水力效率曲線,其中相對槽深定義為槽深與葉輪直徑1的比值。
由圖3a可知,泵進口管未開槽即=0時,軸流泵駝峰現(xiàn)象十分嚴重[24-25],具體表現(xiàn)為在/des=0.61附近,揚程陡降40%,效率下降29.3%左右。采用相對槽深=0.013的軸向開槽進口管以后,軸流泵的駝峰得到明顯改善,des=0.61附近的揚程陡降現(xiàn)象基本消失。當(dāng)相對槽深增加到=0.02及=0.027時駝峰完全消除,此時軸流泵深度失速工況點的揚程、效率分別提高了約66%和32%。為了進一步分析具有溝槽特征的進口管對軸流泵能量特性的影響,對圖3b中的軸流泵水力效率曲線進行分析發(fā)現(xiàn),進口管內(nèi)壁面開槽對最優(yōu)工況附近的效率影響不大;但在小流量工況下,進口管內(nèi)壁面開槽能夠在一定程度上提高軸流泵的效率。隨著進口管內(nèi)壁面開槽深度的增加,在大流量工況下泵的效率相比于進口管未開槽的原始狀態(tài)有所降低,且效率的降低幅度隨著相對槽深的增大而增加。綜合上述分析,選定相對槽深=0.02為本文最終方案。
注:Hdes為未開槽模型數(shù)值模擬所得最優(yōu)工況點揚程。
開槽進口管通過對葉輪進口前的流體進行主動控制從而改善軸流泵的駝峰,為了分析進口管開槽對葉輪前來流的影響,探尋其改善駝峰的機理,在圖4中分別給出了2種流量工況下進口管開槽和未開槽時葉輪進口的軸面速度分布和周向速度分布。變量Span為從輪轂到輪緣的相對葉高。由圖4可知,在相同工況下,2種方案的葉輪進口軸面速度的分布規(guī)律基本相同,特別是在靠近軸流泵最優(yōu)工況區(qū),葉輪進口的軸面速度分布比較均勻,周向速度趨于0,同時,進口管開槽軸流泵葉輪進口的軸面速度明顯大于未開槽的軸流泵,周向速度則正好相反。此外,通過分析不同流量工況下速度分布發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)軸流泵運行在小流量工況下時,葉輪進口的軸面速度隨半徑分布不均勻,隨著半徑的增大,軸面速度先增大后減小至負值,導(dǎo)致水流在靠近管壁處出現(xiàn)回流,同時周向速度先減小后增大,在靠近輪緣處達到最大值[26-27]。通過上述分析可見,在小流量工況下,軸流泵的軸面速度減小,周向速度增大,根據(jù)軸流泵葉輪進口速度三角形可知進口沖角逐步增加,導(dǎo)致相鄰兩葉片間的脫流渦進一步累積、發(fā)展,最終堵塞了整個流道。
注:相對槽深為0.02,溝槽數(shù)目為60,下同。
葉輪內(nèi)的能量損失和來流角有關(guān)[28],為了研究進口管開槽對軸流泵葉輪進口的液流角影響規(guī)律,分別對設(shè)計工況(des=1)、臨界失速工況(des=0.61)、失速工況(des0.55)及深度失速工況(des=0.45)下軸流泵葉輪進口相對液流角進行了計算。圖5列出了臨界失速工況和失速工況下開槽和未開槽相對液流角變化規(guī)律。通過對比泵進口管開槽和未開槽的情況可以發(fā)現(xiàn),進口管開槽使得靠近輪緣附近的相對液流角顯著增加,最大增幅超過了40°,相對液流角大幅增加所帶來的有益效果是減少了該處葉片進口的沖角,有效的遏制了葉片背部脫流[29],從而提高了軸流泵在小流量工況下的揚程,抑制駝峰。但在臨界失速時,進口管開槽后使得葉片進口靠近輪轂處的相對液流角反而減小,說明進口管開槽能很好地抑制輪緣處的沖角,但開槽對靠近輪轂處流動狀態(tài)的改善作用十分有限。
圖5 不同相對葉高下葉輪進口相對液流角
圖6分別給出了失速工況(/des=0.55)不同相對葉高截面處的速度流線圖。由圖6可知,當(dāng)Span=0.8時,葉輪流道內(nèi)出現(xiàn)雙排渦,靠近葉輪進口處的渦順時針旋轉(zhuǎn),靠近出口的渦呈逆時針旋轉(zhuǎn),旋渦幾乎堵塞了整個流道。當(dāng)Span=0.85時,葉輪出口處未發(fā)現(xiàn)渦旋結(jié)構(gòu),取而代之的是一條出流和回流的分界線,此時葉輪進口處旋渦結(jié)構(gòu)較小,更貼近于葉片進口。當(dāng)截面進一步擴大,在Span=0.9時,葉輪進口渦縮小,回流進一步加大,并在葉輪進口處受來流沖擊作用,改變流動方向,向下一級葉輪通道流動。開槽以后,由圖6b、6d、6f可知,葉輪進口管壁面開槽改變了來流方向,增大了葉輪輪緣處進口的流速,能夠有效的消除葉輪流道中的通道渦。
圖7為深度失速工況(/des=0.45)下,葉輪葉片表面不同葉高上的壓力分布對比。表示從葉片頭部到尾部的無量綱相對弦長。由圖7可知,在深度失速工況下,除在靠近輪轂處葉片背面出口處壓力變化較大外,其他位置葉片正背面的壓力分布比較均勻,進口管開槽后,葉輪葉片正背面的壓力特別是靠近葉片出口處葉片正背面的壓力提升都十分明顯。而葉片中部壓差被進一步增大,增加了葉片中部的負載,這也表明葉片轉(zhuǎn)換能量的能力得到提升,提高了軸流泵的揚程。
圖6 不同葉輪截面的流線分布(Q/Qdes=0.55)
圖7 Q/Qdes=0.45時,葉輪葉片表面壓力分布
為了研究進口管開槽對軸流泵壓力脈動的影響,對該軸流泵模型進行了非定常計算,并在葉輪進口沿徑向設(shè)置3個監(jiān)控點(如圖8所示),監(jiān)控壓力脈動特性。其中P1靠近輪轂,P2處于半葉高位置,P3靠近輪緣。
注:P1靠近輪轂;P2處于半葉高位置;P3靠近輪緣。
采用式(1)定義的無量綱壓力脈動系數(shù)C來表示壓力脈動[7]。
圖9給出了設(shè)計工況下葉輪進口截面上3個監(jiān)控點上的壓力脈動系數(shù)頻域圖,其中為捕捉到的頻率和葉輪轉(zhuǎn)頻的比值。由圖9可知,設(shè)計工況下的壓力脈動幅值由輪轂到輪緣依次增大,壓力脈動的主頻為6倍轉(zhuǎn)頻,即葉片通過頻率。這充分說明在最優(yōu)工況下,2種方案下葉輪進口前的壓力脈動主要受葉輪轉(zhuǎn)動影響[30-32]。從監(jiān)測點P1和P2可以看出在2種方案下壓力脈動幅值變化不大,說明在最優(yōu)工況下,進口管開槽對遠離輪緣區(qū)域壓力脈動影響不大。進口管開槽對靠近輪緣的監(jiān)測點P3的壓力脈動幅值影響較大,進口管開槽方案下的最大壓力脈動幅值約為未開槽的5倍左右,因此進口管開槽增大了葉輪轉(zhuǎn)頻下的壓力脈動幅值。
圖10給出了失速工況下葉輪進口截面壓力脈動頻域圖。由圖10可知,在失速工況下,進口管開槽的軸流泵的壓力脈動主頻包含葉片通過頻率和3.5倍轉(zhuǎn)頻下的脈動值;與之對應(yīng)的是進口管未開槽的情況下,壓力脈動的主頻為6倍轉(zhuǎn)頻。通過對比發(fā)現(xiàn),進口管開槽增加了高頻脈動的幅值。但值得注意的是,除靠近輪緣的監(jiān)測點P3外,監(jiān)測點P1和P2的低頻壓力脈動幅值有所降低。對比圖10,在最優(yōu)工況下和失速工況下,監(jiān)測點P1和P2上的壓力脈動幅值變化不大,壓力脈動幅值的最大值均低于0.3。但由于監(jiān)測點P3靠近葉輪進口壁面,而每個葉輪葉片通道對應(yīng)10個軸向槽,葉片在高速轉(zhuǎn)動過程中與軸向槽形成動靜干涉作用[33],使得葉輪進口靠近輪緣處的壓力脈動急劇增大。因此,在使用壁面開槽來抑制軸流泵的駝峰時,盡量使用較少的軸向槽數(shù),以便減少靠近壁面的壓力脈動幅值。
圖9 Q/Qdes=1時,設(shè)計工況下葉輪進口壓力脈動頻譜
圖10 Q/Qdes=0.55時,失速工況下葉輪進口壓力脈動頻譜
圖11中給出了不同開槽參數(shù)下、在駝峰區(qū)域附近軸流泵揚程的對比。由圖11可知,減小開槽個數(shù)在一定程度上降低了開槽的效果,達不到完全消除駝峰的目的。原因是葉輪進口的周向速度沒有能降低到消除駝峰的程度。此外,將開槽長度1從2/3降低到1/3時,對軸流泵駝峰的改善效果略有降低,因此,60個溝槽與2/3倍葉輪直徑的槽長在其他參數(shù)相同的條件下消除駝峰的能力更強。由此可見,合理選擇軸向槽的參數(shù)對提高軸流泵小流量工況的水力性能、改善駝峰非常重要,值得進一步研究。
注:K為相對槽深,K=h/D1, h為槽深,D1為葉輪直徑;Z為溝槽數(shù)目;L為溝槽長度,L/D1為相對槽長。
本文采用數(shù)值仿真的方法,研究了軸流泵進口軸向開槽對軸流泵水力特性上的駝峰的改善作用,探究了軸向開槽抑制葉輪內(nèi)流動失速的機理,具體結(jié)論如下:
1)在0.61倍最優(yōu)流量工況點(有效最高點),軸流泵的揚程和效率存在一個突降,分別下降了40%和29.3%,從而造成揚程曲線存在明顯的駝峰現(xiàn)象。在小流量工況下,葉輪進口的軸面速度降低,周向速度增加,水流在葉輪葉片頭部的沖角增大,導(dǎo)致在葉輪葉片背面脫流嚴重,并產(chǎn)生回流?;亓髟趤砹鞯臎_擊作用下形成了回流渦,堵塞了整個流道,導(dǎo)致?lián)P程急劇下降。
2)采用了進口段壁面軸向開槽的方法來抑制葉輪內(nèi)的流動失速。當(dāng)相對槽深為0.02時,軸向開槽增加了軸流泵葉輪葉片進口處的軸向速度,改善了軸流泵葉輪葉片進口處的水流沖角,有效的抑制葉輪進口預(yù)旋回流和通道渦的產(chǎn)生,對消除軸流泵駝峰、提高軸流泵駝峰區(qū)效率起到積極作用。
3)在0.55倍最優(yōu)流量工況點,軸向開槽提高了葉輪葉片正背面的壓力,這種現(xiàn)象在靠近葉片出口更加明顯。在葉片中部正背面壓差被進一步拉大,導(dǎo)致葉片中部載荷增加,從而提高了軸流泵的揚程。
4)在葉輪的旋轉(zhuǎn)過程中,葉輪葉片和進口管軸向槽流體之間的相對運動造成流體的動靜干涉效應(yīng),在一定程度上增加了軸流泵葉輪內(nèi)高頻壓力脈動的幅值,且引入了多種軸流泵轉(zhuǎn)頻倍頻,但同時抑制了葉輪內(nèi)低頻壓力脈動的產(chǎn)生。
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Elimination of hump in axial pump characteristic curve by adopting axial grooves on wall of inlet pipe
Feng Jianjun, Yang Koufan, Zhu Guojun, Luo Xingqi, Li Wenfeng
(,,710048,)
Axial flow pumps are widely utilized for transporting fluid with large flow rates. The internal flow field is extremely complex and fully turbulent. When an axial flow pump operates at small flow rate, the incidence angle at the impeller leading edge will increase because of the decreasing meridional velocity. Rotating stall may occur when the incidence angle reaches a threshold, which will reduce greatly the delivery head of the pump and produce a hump in the pump performance curve. The hump phenomenon is a source of instability for the pump operation, which will normally limit the safe operating range of an axial flow pump. Therefore, it is very important to understand the flow behavior inside the pump during the range corresponding to the hump, so as to find a way to improve the flow condition. In this paper, the commercial software ANSYS CFX-16 was adopted to calculate the three-dimensional turbulent flow in an axial flow pump with a specific speed of 610 at different flow conditions. The pump impeller has an outer diameter of 0.3 m, with 6 three-dimensional blades, and the diffuser has 11 two-dimensional vanes. The computational meshes were created by ICEM-CFD (integrated computer engineering and manufacturing code for computational fluid dynamics) in structured format, andSST turbulence model was chosen for the unsteady simulations. The obtained results show that there is an obvious hump in the performance curve of the axial flow pump, occurring in the flow range of between 30% and 61% design flow rate. In the critical stall condition (61% design flow rate), flow separations have been observed at the leading edge of the impeller blade near the shroud and at the blade trailing edge near the hub. Under a deep stall condition (45% design flow rate), the flow is seriously developed and combined with the incoming flow to form a stable vortex structure that blocks the whole flow passage. In order to improve the hydraulic performance of the axial flow pump under small flow conditions, axial grooves were applied to the wall of the pump inlet pipe. The effects of axial grooves on the internal flow field and pump performance curves have been examined in detail, and different configurations of the grooves have also been tested, in order to find the best one for improving the pump performance. The results show that under the condition of small flow rates, the axial grooves can effectively reduce the inlet circulation and the attack angle at the leading edge of the impeller as well. As a result, the back flow on the suction side of the impeller has been reduced. Consequently, the unstable hump phenomenon in the performance curve of the axial flow pump has been eliminated. At the same time, it is found that the relative groove depth is one of the most important factors to improve the stability in performance curves for the axial flow pump under small flow rate conditions. When the groove depth reaches 1/50 of the impeller diameter with the axial length being 2/3 of the impeller diameter, the axial grooves increase the axial velocity and the relative flow angle near the shroud of the impeller. As a consequence, both the inlet circulation and the attack angle of the inlet of impeller have been greatly reduced. The backflow occurring near the impeller leading edge is obviously eliminated, the channel vortex is almost eliminated, and the hump phenomenon of the axial flow pump has been removed. However, the pressure fluctuation in the impeller has been magnified by the axial grooves, caused by the rotor-stator interaction effects between the rotating impeller blades and stationary axial grooves. In addition, the introduction of axial grooves has introduced some high-order harmonics of the impeller rotation frequency and depressed low-order harmonics to the frequency spectrum of unsteady pressure fluctuations.
pumps; computer simulation; impellers;computational fluid dynamics; axial flow pump; hump; performance; axial grooves
馮建軍,楊寇帆,朱國俊,羅興锜,李文鋒. 進口管壁面軸向開槽消除軸流泵特性曲線駝峰[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報,2018,34(13):105-112.doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.13.013 http://www.tcsae.org
Feng Jianjun, Yang Koufan, Zhu Guojun, Luo Xingqi, Li Wenfeng. Elimination of hump in axial pump characteristic curve by adopting axial grooves on wall of inlet pipe[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2018, 34(13): 105-112. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.13.013 http://www.tcsae.org
2017-12-29
2018-04-04
國家自然科學(xué)基金(51679195;51339005);陜西省自然科學(xué)基礎(chǔ)研究計劃(2018JM5102)
馮建軍,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師,研究方向為流體機械流動理論及優(yōu)化設(shè)計。Email:jianjunfeng@xaut.edu.cn
10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.13.013
TH312
A
1002-6819(2018)-13-0105-08