文/陳德彰
有一個(gè)問(wèn)題需認(rèn)真考慮,即如何對(duì)待以前已有、乃至已為大家接受的譯法。有些在上一節(jié)已涉及到,這里再舉一些例子。例如“氣”字,在我國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化中有很多意思,除了breath之外,還有spirit等意思,并常引申轉(zhuǎn)指多種具體的顯現(xiàn)(concrete manifestation)?,F(xiàn)在很多人已接受了音譯qi,“氣功”就譯為qigong。古代哲學(xué)中的“氣稟”一般譯為endowment of material force,而經(jīng)典著作中還把“陰陽(yáng)”和“五行”統(tǒng)稱(chēng)為“七氣”,一般譯為the seven forces,所以在qi之后加上vital force的解釋?zhuān)且粋€(gè)可取的做法??墒牵选皻赓|(zhì)”譯為QiSubstance就讓人費(fèi)解了,還不如不要substance一詞。實(shí)際上“氣質(zhì)”和前面討論的“氣”并沒(méi)有直接關(guān)系,“氣質(zhì)”應(yīng)該是physical nature。
“境界”本是佛教里的一個(gè)常用詞,一般譯為the external world 或phenomenal world。在佛家看來(lái),external world也是客觀(guān)存在的。而哲學(xué)里的“境界”則譯為spheres of living。可是有人非要另起爐灶這樣譯:Jingjie(境界),加 上“originally meant border or boundary and was later used to translate the idea of a mental realm in Buddhist sutras, a state of spiritual cultivation achieved after having progressed beyond bewilderment in the objective”這么一個(gè)奇長(zhǎng)無(wú)比的解釋。尤其是“境界”和border 或 boundary完全是兩碼事。順便提一下,sutra(亦作sutta,指“釋迦牟尼的話(huà)”)不用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
有一種說(shuō)法很流行,即搞翻譯的無(wú)需關(guān)注語(yǔ)法。筆者認(rèn)為此話(huà)沒(méi)有道理,至少不確切。翻譯課上當(dāng)然不需要大搞句子語(yǔ)法分析。不過(guò)語(yǔ)法還是很重要的。英譯中是要借助語(yǔ)法分析弄清原文的意思;而中譯英的譯文,如果連基本語(yǔ)法都有問(wèn)題,怎么能把意思說(shuō)清楚呢?
冠詞雖小,卻不容易掌握。在以英語(yǔ)為母語(yǔ)的人看來(lái),泛指和特指是有很大區(qū)別的。這一點(diǎn)是冠詞的主要功能。漢語(yǔ)似乎不太分這一點(diǎn)?!叭藖?lái)了”和“來(lái)人了”在詞語(yǔ)形態(tài)上沒(méi)有什么不一樣,可是在英語(yǔ)使用者心目中必須嚴(yán)加區(qū)分。前者是the man/men has/have come或is/are coming;后者是some people have come / are coming。
“三表”three standards、“三玄”three metaphysical、“四端”four initators、“四?!眆our seas、“四書(shū)”four books、“五經(jīng)”f i ve classics、“唐傳奇”Tang fi ction,這些詞語(yǔ)都包含特定的內(nèi)容,前面不加上定冠詞是不對(duì)的。
筆者還發(fā)現(xiàn)過(guò)這樣的譯文:
1)It also refers to the related social order. 這里的定冠詞顯得有點(diǎn)多余,因?yàn)樵牟⒉恢改撤N特定的社會(huì)秩序。
2)The pursuit of moral principles in daily life should be true and sincere.“Being sincere in thought” is one of eight notions from the philosophical textThe Great Learning.此句中eight之前應(yīng)該加上定冠詞the。
英語(yǔ)中and的使用也要注意。筆者見(jiàn)到有人將“厚德載物”譯為have ample virtue and carry all things。大家知道and 是一個(gè)并列連接詞。那么,“厚德”和“載物”之間的邏輯關(guān)系是并列的嗎?難道是說(shuō)一個(gè)人“既要厚德又要載物”?事實(shí)上“厚德”是“載物”的前提,即只有“厚德”者才能“載物”,起碼“厚德”是“載物”的方式,兩者還是有主次之分,一個(gè)and并無(wú)法表達(dá)出這樣的意思。還不如譯為:Have ample virtue and one can carry all things.此外,virtue不可度量,用ample不如用great;all things好像還不能盡意,其后可加上in the world,或?qū)ll things改為anything,最好再加上in the outer world。
3)A brilliantly composed poem is the one in which the blending of image and concept is such that it transcends that of sound and music. 此句中,不但定冠詞 the 應(yīng)該去掉,而且兩個(gè) that 靠得太近,讀起來(lái)很別扭,第二個(gè) that 和其后的 of 可省略。
也有人and用得不確當(dāng),如將“宋之戲文,乃有唱念,有諢”譯為“In the Song there were stage performances with songs, recitation and comedy.”。譯文中的 comedy 意為“喜劇”,和songs、recitaions 并不并列,可改為comic getures and remarks。
漢語(yǔ)句子中的詞序往往不一樣,實(shí)質(zhì)上體現(xiàn)出兩種不同的思維方式。漢語(yǔ)可謂“畫(huà)龍點(diǎn)睛”,先進(jìn)行鋪陳,說(shuō)明條件、原因、背景等,然后再說(shuō)結(jié)果或其他重要信息。猶如中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)戲劇中,在重要人物出場(chǎng)前先要出場(chǎng)幾個(gè)跑龍?zhí)椎慕巧?墒怯⒄Z(yǔ)句子多采取“點(diǎn)睛畫(huà)龍”的詞序,開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山,先說(shuō)結(jié)果等重要的信息,把條件等放在后面。大家一定記得《哈姆雷特》,一開(kāi)幕,主人公哈姆雷特王子直接上場(chǎng),前面沒(méi)有跑龍?zhí)椎摹_@一點(diǎn)在畫(huà)畫(huà)上也有反映,中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)畫(huà)先勾勒出整體輪廓,然后再畫(huà)細(xì)部,而西方傳統(tǒng)的油畫(huà),在落筆之前先要定下一個(gè)焦點(diǎn),然后由此擴(kuò)展,畫(huà)出三維的形象。
有的是翻譯時(shí)下的功夫不足,如這一句:In earlier ages, the scripts used in brothels later evolved intozaju.應(yīng)該將in earliery ages 提到used 或later之前,否則邏輯不通。
有時(shí)候,譯文詞序安排不好會(huì)影響理解。
1)原文:如果取境偏于飄逸,那么整首詩(shī)的意境就飄逸。譯文:When the poet starts to compose a poem, if his conception of the poem tends towards grandeur, then the artistic conception of the poem will be grand; if his conception of the poem is free and easy, so will the artistic conception of the poem be free and easy.
點(diǎn)評(píng):建議將if從句放到when從句前。意思更突出,而且和后一半對(duì)稱(chēng)。
2)原文:天命之性,指言;率性之道,指人物所行言。譯文:Heavenly endowed characters refer toli(heavenly laws); the way of following those characters refer to human conduct.
點(diǎn)評(píng):不知道這里的“言”為什么變成了li(heavenly laws),而follow characters從搭配看是有問(wèn)題的。至于分號(hào)后的句子意思實(shí)在讓人搞不明白,如果倒過(guò)來(lái)說(shuō)human conduct refers to the way one acts accordingly意思也許更清楚。
一般人翻譯時(shí)看重的往往是選擇合適的詞語(yǔ),而會(huì)忽略搭配問(wèn)題,包括名詞后的謂語(yǔ)、名詞和其形容詞定語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞和其副詞狀語(yǔ)、及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)、不及物動(dòng)詞后的介詞、介詞后的介詞賓語(yǔ)等。
如果譯者根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣用法照搬到英語(yǔ)中,就會(huì)有問(wèn)題。比如漢語(yǔ)說(shuō)“參加考試”,英語(yǔ)不說(shuō)take part in an exam,而要說(shuō)do/take/sit (through)an exam。
筆者曾見(jiàn)過(guò)practice moral principles的說(shuō)法,這里的搭配就有問(wèn)題,principle是不能practice的,動(dòng)詞只能用apply、observe或follow。至于realize the reality的說(shuō)法,更是不可思議,reality本身就是現(xiàn)實(shí),怎么能再realize(現(xiàn)實(shí)化)呢?
請(qǐng)看這一句:Spiritual cultivation can heighten the reader’s affective appreciation.
首先,heighten appreciation就不符合英語(yǔ)搭配習(xí)慣,應(yīng)該是deepen one’s appreciation。其實(shí)漢語(yǔ)也不說(shuō)“提高欣賞”,也許該譯者想表示的是“提高欣賞能力”,那也應(yīng)該是raise one’s capacity of appreciation,一般不用heighten。其次,affective appreciation也有問(wèn)題,因?yàn)閍ffective的意思是“會(huì)讓別人感動(dòng)的”,所以affective appreciation在邏輯上說(shuō)不通,還不如不要。筆者在一則譯文中見(jiàn)到過(guò)“Scholars and performers mingled closely.”。根據(jù)英語(yǔ)搭配習(xí)慣,mingle不能用closely修飾,可以說(shuō)well mingled。
說(shuō)起appreciation一詞,筆者想起曾有人將“意興”譯為inspirational appreciation,也值得商榷,因?yàn)椤耙馀d”是從作者的角度講的,appreciation則應(yīng)該是讀者對(duì)作品的欣賞。即使是想表達(dá)作者將自己欣賞的東西在作品中表達(dá)出來(lái),inspirational appreciation也不能表達(dá)這一意思。 □
Recommended Books for Preschoolers
The Snowy Day
You don’t have to live in an area that sees wintry snowfall to appreciate this classic by Ezra Jack Keats, and neither do your children. The story itself is simple, as it involves a little boy waking up to the sight of an overnight snowfall, leading to a day filled with snow-angels, footprints, and a quest to save a snowball for future use. The thing that makes this picture book so essential is its beautiful, painting-like illustrations. Keats’s use of watercolors, collage, and cut-outs fi nd different ways to stimulate the eye, allowing it to keep a child’s excitement fresh with the turn of every page.