呂微,姜勇,張心邈,荊京,孟霞,周脈耕
慢性腎臟?。╟hronic kidney disease,CKD)和缺血性卒中是患者全因死亡率和心血管事件發(fā)生率較高的常見(jiàn)疾病,兩種疾病經(jīng)常一起發(fā)生并相互影響。伴有CKD的急性缺血性卒中患者發(fā)生不良事件的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高[1-4],他汀類(lèi)藥物是一種3-羥基-3-甲基戊二醇輔酶還原酶抑制劑,被推薦用于缺血性腦血管疾病的一級(jí)、二級(jí)預(yù)防[5-6]。研究表明,住院期間使用他汀類(lèi)藥物可改善缺血性卒中患者的預(yù)后[7-8]。
近年來(lái),很多研究開(kāi)始關(guān)注他汀類(lèi)藥物在CKD患者中的使用效果[9-13]。前期在急性冠脈綜合征(acute coronary syndrome,ACS)或冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心臟?。╟oronary atherosclerotic heart disease,CHD)領(lǐng)域的研究表明,他汀類(lèi)藥物在減少CKD患者的心血管事件方面是有效的[10,14-15]。雖積極降低膽固醇水平預(yù)防卒中(Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels,SPARCL)試驗(yàn)顯示,他汀類(lèi)藥物能改善腎功能,預(yù)防缺血性卒中或短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作患者腎小球?yàn)V過(guò)率(estimated glomerular filtration rate,eGFR)下降[16],但是他汀類(lèi)藥物對(duì)伴有CKD的缺血性卒中患者卒中復(fù)發(fā)的二級(jí)預(yù)防研究較少。卒中指南也未提及他汀類(lèi)藥物治療不同腎臟功能急性缺血性卒中患者的明確建議[5]。因此,我們通過(guò)中國(guó)國(guó)家卒中登記(China National Stroke Registry,CNSR)研究,探討伴有CKD的急性缺血性卒中患者住院期間使用他汀類(lèi)藥物與短期卒中復(fù)發(fā)的關(guān)系。
1.1 研究設(shè)計(jì)與樣本量 本研究數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源于CNSR研究中無(wú)他汀類(lèi)藥物治療史的缺血性卒中患者,關(guān)于CNSR研究的設(shè)計(jì)及科學(xué)性等詳細(xì)資料已經(jīng)發(fā)表[17]。CNSR是一項(xiàng)全國(guó)多中心、前瞻性登記研究,研究周期為2007年9月-2008年8月,覆蓋全國(guó)27個(gè)省、4個(gè)直轄市的132家醫(yī)院,共連續(xù)入組22 216例卒中和短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作患者,依據(jù)世界衛(wèi)生組織診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[18],通過(guò)腦計(jì)算機(jī)斷層掃描(computed tomography,CT)或磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)確診急性缺血性卒中患者,該研究通過(guò)了北京天壇醫(yī)院及所有參研醫(yī)院的倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),患者或其法定代理人均簽署了知情同意書(shū)。
本研究選取首次發(fā)病的缺血性卒中患者,排除既往使用他汀類(lèi)藥物及缺失基線(xiàn)血清肌酐測(cè)定和3個(gè)月隨訪(fǎng)的患者,住院期間規(guī)律服用他汀類(lèi)藥物患者,無(wú)論藥物類(lèi)型或劑量,均分配至使用他汀藥物組,其他患者分配至未使用他汀藥物組[19]。
1.2 數(shù)據(jù)收集 經(jīng)過(guò)專(zhuān)業(yè)培訓(xùn)的醫(yī)師通過(guò)面對(duì)面訪(fǎng)視收集患者的人口學(xué)資料、心血管危險(xiǎn)因素(吸煙、酗酒、糖尿病、高血壓、血脂異常、心房顫動(dòng))、入院時(shí)血脂情況、卒中嚴(yán)重程度、卒中分型以及住院期間的治療等信息[20]。使用美國(guó)國(guó)立衛(wèi)生研究院卒中量表(National Institute of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS)在患者入院時(shí)進(jìn)行神經(jīng)功能檢查,評(píng)價(jià)患者神經(jīng)功能?chē)?yán)重程度。依據(jù)前期研究報(bào)道[21-22],將缺血性卒中分為大動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化型、小動(dòng)脈閉塞型、心源性栓塞型與其他。采集患者晨起空腹靜脈血液標(biāo)本并送實(shí)驗(yàn)室進(jìn)行分析,血脂異常包括高總膽固醇水平(total cholesterol,TC)≥5.18 mmol/L,高甘油三酯水平(triglyceride,TG)≥1.7 mmol/L,低高密度脂蛋白膽固醇水平(high density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)男性<1.03 mmol/L或女性<1.30 mmol/L,高低密度脂蛋白膽固醇水平(low density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)≥2.59 mmol/L。所有患者均完成3個(gè)月中心化電話(huà)隨訪(fǎng),由經(jīng)過(guò)專(zhuān)業(yè)培訓(xùn)的隨訪(fǎng)人員依據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化操作流程進(jìn)行,隨訪(fǎng)內(nèi)容包括患者卒中復(fù)發(fā)等結(jié)局情況。
1.3 腎臟功能定義 采用Jaffe方法對(duì)血清肌酐水平進(jìn)行測(cè)定,eGFR采用慢性腎臟病流行病學(xué)合作研究公式(chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration,CKD-EPI)計(jì)算,中國(guó)人群調(diào)整系數(shù)為1.1[23]。本研究的eGFR計(jì)算方法與既往研究保持一致[24-26],eGFRCKD-EPI(CN)=141×min(SCr/k,1)α×max(SCr/k,1)-1.209×0.993Age×1.018(如為女性)×1.1。SCr為血清肌酐,女性:k=0.7,α=-0.329;男性:k=0.9,α=-0.411;min代表SCr/k的最小值或1,max代表SCr/k的最大值或1;CN指適用于中國(guó)的計(jì)算方程,即China。根據(jù)美國(guó)國(guó)家腎臟基金會(huì)腎臟病預(yù)后質(zhì)量(National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative,NKF-KDOQI)指南[24,27-28],將患者分為三組:正常腎功能組[eGFR≥90 ml/(min·1.73 m2)]、輕度CKD組[60 ml/(min·1.73 m2)≤eGFR<90 ml/(min·1.73 m2)]和中度CKD組[eGFR<60 ml/(min·1.73 m2)]。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)分析 采用SAS 9.4軟件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析。滿(mǎn)足正態(tài)性分布的計(jì)量資料采用()表示,兩組間的比較采用t檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行分析,三組間的比較采用方差分析,不滿(mǎn)足正態(tài)性分布的計(jì)量資料采用中位數(shù)(四分位距)表示,采用秩和檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行分析。計(jì)數(shù)資料采用頻數(shù)(構(gòu)成比)表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行分析;采用多因素Logistic回歸分析不同腎功能組患者住院期間他汀類(lèi)藥物治療與3個(gè)月卒中復(fù)發(fā)的關(guān)系,以未使用他汀藥物組為參考,計(jì)算95%可信區(qū)間(confidence interval,CI)和比值比(odds ratios,OR)。Model 1校正年齡和性別;Model 2校正年齡、性別、人口學(xué)信息、心血管危險(xiǎn)因素、血脂、入院NIHSS評(píng)分和卒中分型;Model 3校正年齡、性別、人口學(xué)信息、心血管危險(xiǎn)因素、血脂、入院NIHSS評(píng)分、卒中分型和住院期間治療。P<0.05表示差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
表1 本研究納入和排除患者的基線(xiàn)特征比較
2.1 基線(xiàn)特征 CNSR研究共納入首發(fā)缺血性卒中,且無(wú)他汀藥物服藥史的患者8029例,排除缺失基線(xiàn)血清肌酐測(cè)定和3個(gè)月隨訪(fǎng)的患者2078例,本研究共納入合格病例5951例。平均年齡為(64.4±12.8)歲,女性占38.3%。分析結(jié)果顯示,納入和排除患者心血管疾病和入院NIHSS評(píng)分比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),其他基線(xiàn)信息的差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(表1)。
納入本研究的5951例患者中,腎功能正?;颊邽?125例(52.5%),輕度CKD患者為2177例(36.6%),中度CKD患者為649例(10.9%)。分析結(jié)果顯示,三組患者年齡、性別、吸煙、酗酒、疾病史(糖尿病、高血壓、心血管疾病和心房顫動(dòng))、HDL-C、入院時(shí)NIHSS評(píng)分、低分子肝素治療急性卒中試驗(yàn)(Trial of Org 10 172 in Acute Stroke Treatment,TOAST)分型、住院期間服用藥物(抗血小板藥、降糖藥、降壓藥和他汀藥物)比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。
與正常腎功能組和輕度CKD組比較,中度CKD組患者平均年齡更高,女性、吸煙者、有心血管危險(xiǎn)因素(糖尿病、高血壓、心血管疾病和心房顫動(dòng))者、住院期間服用降糖和降壓藥物患者所占比例更高,HDL-C平均水平、入院NIHSS評(píng)分更高,酗酒者、服用抗血小板藥物患者所占比例更低(表2)。
在5951例患者中,2595例(43.6%)患者卒中后住院期間使用他汀類(lèi)藥物,在腎功能正常的患者中,有45.7%的患者在院期間使用他汀,輕度CKD患者42.0%,中度CKD患者39.0%。使用與未使用他汀藥物患者的基線(xiàn)資料比較見(jiàn)表3。
表2 中度CKD組、輕度CKD組和正常腎功能組基線(xiàn)資料比較
2.2 3個(gè)月卒中復(fù)發(fā) 本研究5951例患者中,3個(gè)月卒中復(fù)發(fā)的患者共622例(10.9%)。表4顯示了三組患者住院期間服用他汀類(lèi)藥物與3個(gè)月卒中復(fù)發(fā)的關(guān)系。校正年齡和性別后(Model 1),三組住院期間使用他汀類(lèi)藥物與降低患者3個(gè)月卒中復(fù)發(fā)差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。進(jìn)一步校正人口學(xué)信息、心血管危險(xiǎn)因素、血脂、入院NIHSS評(píng)分、卒中分型(Model 2)和住院期間治療(Model 3),顯示住院期間服用他汀類(lèi)藥物可降低輕度CKD(OR0.69,95%CI0.50~0.95,P=0.02)和中度CKD(OR0.48,95%CI0.28~0.83,P=0.009)患者3個(gè)月卒中復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。然而對(duì)于正常腎功患者,使用他汀類(lèi)藥物治療與降低其卒中復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)沒(méi)有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(OR0.80,95%CI0.60~1.06,P=0.12)。
表3 住院期間使用與未使用他汀類(lèi)藥物患者的基線(xiàn)資料比較
表4 正常腎功能組、輕度CKD組和中度CKD組住院期間使用和未使用他汀類(lèi)藥物患者的3個(gè)月卒中復(fù)發(fā)分析
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在中國(guó)人群中住院期間使用他汀類(lèi)藥物可降低輕度和中度CKD缺血性卒中患者3個(gè)月卒中復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。前期研究表明,住院期間使用他汀類(lèi)藥物可以改善急性缺血性卒中患者的短期預(yù)后[7-8,19,29-36]。本研究首先觀察了伴有CKD的急性缺血性卒中患者住院期間使用他汀類(lèi)藥物和短期卒中復(fù)發(fā)之間的關(guān)系。此前心血管疾病領(lǐng)域的研究表明,他汀類(lèi)藥物治療可有效降低伴有CKD的ACS或CHD患者主要不良心血管事件的發(fā)生率[9-11,14-15,37-38]。Marcello Tonelli等[10]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),中度CKD患者使用他汀類(lèi)藥物治療后心血管事件減少23%。Marcello Tonelli等[14]試驗(yàn)顯示,他汀類(lèi)藥物治療可降低伴有輕度CKD心肌梗死患者28%的心血管事件發(fā)生率。James Shepherd等[15]研究顯示,伴有中度CKD的CHD患者,大劑量阿托伐他汀藥物治療可減少32%心血管事件的發(fā)生。對(duì)于急性缺血性卒中,雖然SPARCL試驗(yàn)表明,使用他汀類(lèi)藥物可防止卒中患者的eGFR下降[16],但住院期間使用他汀藥物有益于降低伴有CKD急性缺血性卒中患者的短期卒中復(fù)發(fā)的研究還未被證實(shí)。本研究顯示,住院期間使用他汀藥物可降低輕度和中度CKD缺血性卒中患者的3個(gè)月卒中復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),這與心血管疾病患者中研究結(jié)果一致。因此,筆者建議輕度或中度CKD急性缺血性卒中患者住院期間使用他汀類(lèi)藥物。
他汀藥物能降低腎功能不全缺血性卒中患者的卒中復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),可能原因如下:首先,meta分析顯示[13,39],降低LDL-C和他汀類(lèi)藥物治療可以有效降低輕度和中度CKD患者的血管風(fēng)險(xiǎn),延緩CKD的進(jìn)展。其次,他汀類(lèi)藥物的多效性(降低自由基水平,增加內(nèi)皮一氧化氮合酶水平,抑制興奮性氨基酸的活性和炎癥介質(zhì)的產(chǎn)生)[40-42],能減少CKD和腦血管疾病的常見(jiàn)危險(xiǎn)因素(如氧化應(yīng)激和炎癥)[43]。在輕度和中度CKD缺血性卒中患者中觀察到他汀類(lèi)藥物治療可降低卒中復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),而在正常腎功能患者中未觀察到此效果,表明住院期間他汀類(lèi)藥物治療對(duì)腎功能不全急性缺血性腦卒中患者有更大的益處。
本研究也存在不足之處:①本研究人群排除缺乏基線(xiàn)血清肌酐或缺乏3個(gè)月隨訪(fǎng)的患者,故可能存在選擇偏倚。②他汀類(lèi)藥物的類(lèi)型、劑量等詳細(xì)信息CNSR研究中未做記錄,因此進(jìn)一步的具體分析無(wú)法進(jìn)行。③本研究eGFR<30 ml/(min·1.73 m2)患者較少(78例),對(duì)于此部分腎功能不全患者進(jìn)行分析時(shí)需要特別注意。因此,將來(lái)需要進(jìn)行前瞻性、精心設(shè)計(jì)的研究進(jìn)一步證實(shí)我們的結(jié)論。
綜上所述,在中國(guó)人群中,住院期間使用他汀類(lèi)藥物可降低輕度和中度CKD缺血性卒中患者的3個(gè)月卒中復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),不能降低正常腎功能缺血性卒中患者的3個(gè)月復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但此結(jié)論需在更大樣本人群中加以驗(yàn)證。
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