栗子
木版水印常被看作是古代獨(dú)一無(wú)二的一種印刷術(shù),它可靜觀宇宙,又可格心成物,字與畫共同復(fù)印出了一幅相似的生活場(chǎng)景。透過(guò)紙張的縫隙,不管是尋常老百姓還是傳統(tǒng)文人,他們都能在這方小小世界里找到了自己的心靈撫慰。
中國(guó)單色木版印刷作為一項(xiàng)歷史悠久的技藝,遠(yuǎn)在唐宋時(shí)期就已經(jīng)具有相當(dāng)水平。到了明末,胡正言開創(chuàng)的十竹齋,更是將“饾版”“拱花”等套色疊印技術(shù)發(fā)展到極致,《十竹齋書畫譜》、《十竹齋箋譜》的相繼問(wèn)世,開啟了彩色印刷的輝煌時(shí)代,使木版水印成為文人士大夫眼中的奢侈品,其影響甚至跨越大洋,成為日本浮世繪的“先師”。
近代,隨著現(xiàn)代印刷術(shù)的發(fā)展,木版印刷業(yè)陷入窘境,幸有魯迅和鄭振鐸聯(lián)袂扶持傳統(tǒng)技藝的維系,為后人的學(xué)習(xí)和借鑒,乃至新中國(guó)成立之后“讓古老傳統(tǒng)延續(xù)于當(dāng)代藝術(shù)作品之中”的藝術(shù)理想,提供了活著的技藝范本。如今,伴隨著木版水印在2006年被列入首批國(guó)家級(jí)非遺,杭州十竹齋和北京榮寶齋、上海朵云軒一起,成為木版水印的三駕馬車。
最美人間四月天。4月25日,國(guó)家藝術(shù)基金項(xiàng)目、中國(guó)印刷術(shù)的活化石——“十竹齋藝術(shù)作品展”在浙江美術(shù)館開幕。兩天后,筆者對(duì)十竹齋木版水印技藝非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)代表性傳承人魏立中進(jìn)行了一次訪談,用眼睛看,用耳朵聽,一場(chǎng)木與紙的朝圣之路。
水印木刻是東方版畫藝術(shù)中的瑰寶,請(qǐng)你跟我們講講你跟它之間的緣分?
上世紀(jì)90年代初,我在中國(guó)美院學(xué)習(xí)繪畫,因?yàn)橐淮闻既坏臋C(jī)會(huì)看到一幅傳統(tǒng)木版水印作品。它既能取得蒼勁淳厚、明朗清晰的肌理效果,又可達(dá)到水墨淋漓、朦朧淡雅的煙雨意境,原作的筆墨意趣被逼真還原,連水墨滲透在宣紙中千變?nèi)f化的暈染效果也纖毫畢現(xiàn)。當(dāng)時(shí)就像看到一個(gè)美麗姑娘,一下愛上了,決定大膽追求。
在如今機(jī)械復(fù)制方便快捷的時(shí)代,木版水印依舊屬于比較小眾的一個(gè)行業(yè),你當(dāng)時(shí)有沒(méi)有考慮過(guò)現(xiàn)實(shí)的問(wèn)題?
就是因?yàn)椴涣私獠乓活^闖了進(jìn)去,如果了解的話,也許就放棄了,因?yàn)槟景嫠〖妓嚨膫鞒写_實(shí)困難重重。但人在年輕的時(shí)候,總覺(jué)得自己可以解決很多問(wèn)題。我當(dāng)時(shí)想,如此精湛絕妙的技藝,為什么鮮有人在學(xué)習(xí)和鉆研?當(dāng)時(shí)我腦子里想的是,如果繼續(xù)忽視這些優(yōu)秀的傳統(tǒng)技藝,甚至失去這些傳統(tǒng)技藝,對(duì)于中國(guó)的藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作者來(lái)說(shuō),跟失去了根有什么區(qū)別。
聽說(shuō)你離開中國(guó)美院以后曾有過(guò)一段“流浪生活”,為什么要作這樣的選擇?
我當(dāng)時(shí)一心想做“藝術(shù)家”,所以我覺(jué)得經(jīng)歷和感受才是最重要的。學(xué)校一畢業(yè),我就帶著幾十張紙和畫筆沿著鐵路走出了杭州。就是想要去面對(duì)痛苦,把自己逼入絕境,體會(huì)一下沒(méi)有錢的時(shí)候,這個(gè)社會(huì)怎么看我。這段流浪對(duì)我以后的生活產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)影響,讓我自信能夠面對(duì)任何問(wèn)題,哪怕一無(wú)所有,但我心中有山水,因?yàn)槲倚羞^(guò)萬(wàn)里路。
王伯敏先生曾說(shuō):十竹齋佳制,畫刻印三絕。也就是說(shuō),不僅要“畫得好,刻得好,還要印得好,才是十竹齋?!币灿腥嗽u(píng)價(jià)說(shuō),魏立中的傳承,精髓就在于其畫、刻、印三者均游刃有余。你自己覺(jué)得呢?
我認(rèn)為,如果把木版水印分為畫歸畫、刻歸刻、印歸印,它就變成了流水生產(chǎn)線的做法。西方的版畫都是一個(gè)人做到底,日本浮世繪版畫也基本是一個(gè)人做到底,自己畫、刻、印。如果把木版水印的“畫刻印三絕”分工,它就永遠(yuǎn)只能局限于印刷廠或工藝品的范疇。有文、有字、有圖,便更有生活,更有質(zhì)地,更有感懷。
聽說(shuō)你在杭州長(zhǎng)江實(shí)驗(yàn)小學(xué)有一堂“秒殺課”,學(xué)生都很歡迎;你也在中青年群體,特別是高等院校中掀起了木版水印的“復(fù)古潮”。你怎么理解非遺的“傳承”?
非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)的傳承弘揚(yáng),不能僅僅停留在口中成為一句空洞的口號(hào),而是要通過(guò)實(shí)際行動(dòng),向人們呈現(xiàn)它的歷史、魅力與傳承軌跡,這也是非遺傳承人必須要走的“回家的路”。
所以我們一定要?jiǎng)幽X子,原汁原味地繼承以前的技藝;更要在繼承的基礎(chǔ)上加以改進(jìn)和提升,要對(duì)未來(lái)有一個(gè)方向性的引領(lǐng)。
我更關(guān)注的是非遺項(xiàng)目的“純”與“慢”。所以我嘗試帶小朋友們從小開始玩。這樣的普及教育,等于是把傳統(tǒng)的基因注入到小孩子身上,他長(zhǎng)大以后對(duì)中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化就會(huì)有一種認(rèn)同感,我們的優(yōu)秀文化才能得以傳承。非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn),最重要的就是口傳心授,靠的就是人的傳承力量。
你曾經(jīng)說(shuō),木版水印對(duì)你來(lái)說(shuō)是藝術(shù),也是一場(chǎng)自我修行?
以木為紙,以刀為筆。從每一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)中,關(guān)照自己,留意內(nèi)心的每一點(diǎn)領(lǐng)悟。在不完美的世界里尋求完美,從重復(fù)的枯燥中發(fā)現(xiàn)驚喜,這是我每天在做的事情。
你看我穿得也很隨便,是工作衣服,上面還留有墨汁。我現(xiàn)在是這種狀態(tài),在生活中也是這樣,哪怕我去見總統(tǒng),也不會(huì)很特別。我只能是集中所有的力量,去把自己認(rèn)為最重要的事情做好。
我認(rèn)為藝術(shù)家應(yīng)該是很純粹的,真正地把生命蘊(yùn)含在藝術(shù)之中,而這個(gè)過(guò)程一定是寂寞和漫長(zhǎng)的。
剪彩之后留在展館內(nèi)做講解員,這是你一直以來(lái)的習(xí)慣嗎?
我在任何地方做展覽都是這樣,只要有時(shí)間,我就在展館內(nèi)做講解。通常的情況是講解員不一定知道每件作品的來(lái)龍去脈,而我可以解答里面任何的問(wèn)題。
你嘗試以這樣的方式讓更多人了解木版水???
對(duì)的,因?yàn)槲易鲞@個(gè)展覽的目的就是讓更多人來(lái)了解、來(lái)參與,甚至來(lái)探討中國(guó)版畫印刷術(shù)的前世今生。如果你不了解自己的歷史光是學(xué)習(xí)西方的藝術(shù),你玩不過(guò)人家。
這幾年,十竹齋把“活著的中國(guó)版畫印刷術(shù)”帶到了瑞士日內(nèi)瓦、美國(guó)洛杉磯、法國(guó)巴黎和普羅萬(wàn)、印度新德里、西班牙馬德里、德國(guó)紐倫堡、日本東京和英國(guó)倫敦等地,在與外國(guó)朋友接觸過(guò)程中,你最大的感受是什么?
在英國(guó),我在那里做了一周的工作坊。一周課程結(jié)束后,所有的英國(guó)學(xué)生都自己做了一張卡片,還認(rèn)真地留了言,而且這個(gè)留言都像詩(shī)一樣美,每一段都非常精彩。我覺(jué)得交流真的是要有真才實(shí)學(xué),要把屬于我們東方的、傳統(tǒng)的、獨(dú)有的好東西教給他們,他們才會(huì)真正地向你學(xué)習(xí)。其中有一個(gè)學(xué)生,春天聽了我在那里的授課,夏天就到杭州來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)了。他們對(duì)于優(yōu)秀的文化,就是這么想學(xué)。
外國(guó)朋友能理解我們的文化嗎?
英國(guó)王儲(chǔ)藝術(shù)學(xué)院教授、著名藝術(shù)家托馬斯(Thomas Newbolt)看完展給我留下了一段話,他說(shuō):“這是一個(gè)有著非同尋常的教育意義的展覽。冷靜地說(shuō),是因?yàn)樗磉_(dá)的美是簡(jiǎn)凈的。我們常常會(huì)忽略了:正是藝術(shù)家以其高超的技巧與匠心創(chuàng)造出了美,才給這個(gè)痛苦的世界以治愈?!边@段話也特別鼓舞我。
這是一位跨越國(guó)界的知己,他從你的作品里看到了一位藝術(shù)家的自我修行與完美追求。只是這條復(fù)興之路不好走,它是孤獨(dú)的,充滿壓力的,比如資金的投入、旁人的不理解。你更多的壓力來(lái)自哪里?
來(lái)自于如何解決發(fā)展的問(wèn)題,如果不能實(shí)現(xiàn)自我創(chuàng)作,一成不變,木版水印的生存都成問(wèn)題,那么傳承又從何談起呢?
我希望作品不再局限于傳統(tǒng)的復(fù)制,而是加入更多創(chuàng)作的元素,版畫的內(nèi)容可以是當(dāng)代文化名人、西湖新風(fēng)景,也可以是卡通人物,新形象的門神,而不是500年前做的是什么,現(xiàn)在做的還是那樣的東西。只有跟時(shí)代相結(jié)合,木版水印才能走近人們的生活,它才會(huì)有市場(chǎng),才能夠慢慢流傳下去,得到大家的認(rèn)可。
非遺文化也應(yīng)該活在當(dāng)下,所以你把過(guò)去與未來(lái)進(jìn)行了連接。
我相信,只有站在祖先的肩膀上,我們才能夠眺望未來(lái)。我們用講學(xué)的方式,把活的中國(guó)版畫印刷術(shù)帶向世界,讓人們領(lǐng)略這古老的記憶在今天的傳承與發(fā)展,并且通過(guò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)平臺(tái),讓更多的人參與進(jìn)來(lái)。
“努力分三個(gè)層面:盡力而為、全力以赴和不遺余力?!敝囆g(shù)家吳山明先生說(shuō)你顯然屬于最后的那種。你想把十竹齋帶到怎么樣的遠(yuǎn)方?
我的夢(mèng)想,是使十竹齋成為世界上歷史最悠久的文化出版社,然后在西湖邊開一家杭州十竹齋木版水印博物館,將自己多年的積累全部捐獻(xiàn)國(guó)家,讓十竹齋走入尋常百姓,煥發(fā)新的生命力。十竹齋就像一個(gè)孩子,突然來(lái)到我身邊,我只是撫養(yǎng)他長(zhǎng)大,再目送他遠(yuǎn)去。
Printmaking in China reached excellence in the Tang (618-907) and the Song (960-1279) periods. Toward the end of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), Hu Zhengyan (1584-1674) started his own printmaking press and perfected color printing techniques. He published two collections of prints, starting watercolor printmaking in the central kingdom. “Ten Bamboo Studio” was the name of his watercolor printmaking studio. The new printmaking made watercolor a fantasy in the eyes of the intelligentsia. It was Hus watercolor printmaking that help give birth to , a Japanese printmaking style which later influenced Europe.
The traditional printmaking suffered a huge setback when modern printing technology from the west overwhelmed China. Lu Xun and Zheng Zhenduo worked together in the 1930s to bring the art back. The founding of the Peoples Republic in 1949 started a renaissance of the ancient art. In 2006, China made public the first national list of intangible cultural heritage and the watercolor printing technology is on the list. Beijing Rongbaozhai Studio, Shanghai Duoyunxuan Studio, and Hangzhou Shizhuzhai Studio are named on the list as major inheritors of this technology.
April 25, 2018 saw the opening of Chinese Traditional Woodblock Prints, Presented by Ten Bamboo Studio, at Zhejiang Art Museum in Hangzhou. The Ten Bamboo Studio is the name now adopted by Wei Lizhong, a printmaker based in Hangzhou. The name suggests artistically where Wei came from and where he desire to go. Two days after the unveiling ceremony, Cultural Dialogue had an interview with Wei Lizhong, designated master of watercolor printmaking of Shizhuzhai based in Hangzhou. The exhibition ended on May 4, 2018. The following is a summary of the interview.
Wei Lizhong encountered watercolor printmaking at China Academy of Art in the early 1990s. It was by chance and it was a traditional watercolor print. He was instantly fascinated. In an aged yet clear and bright texture, the print delivered an image of rain and mist; the ink techniques and brushwork were vividly reproduced. He fell in love at the first sight and made up his mind then and there that he would pursue watercolor printing as his lifelong dream.
In retrospection, he said he would not have plunged headlong into such an epic adventure had he known what was ahead. It is unimaginably difficult to master the traditional watercolor printmaking. But he was young, thinking he could solve all the problems. He decided that such an intricate and elegant art deserved his lifelong dedication. He thought if an artist allowed himself to ignore such a fine tradition and techniques and allowed himself to see it get lost in history, what would be the fundamental purpose of pursuing art in the first place?
So Wei Lizhong decided to dedicate himself to the watercolor printmaking and he has succeeded.
He paints, carves and prints, but he never thinks that the three should be examined and discussed separately as different steps of the whole art. The three are one in his world. If they were separated, the process of making a woodblock print would be like a factory assembly line. What comes out of this factory would never be art, but only craft, he pointed out.
Wei Lizhong never gives up any opportunity to talk about watercolor printmaking. At exhibitions, he always stays after opening ceremony to take guests around and talk about each exhibit and answer questions. He never limits his answers to artworks. He is willing to expand his topics and reach out to include brief discussions about history, masters and masterpieces of watercolor printmaking in China and beyond.
Over the past years, Wei has brought traditional Chinese woodblock prints made by the modern-day Ten Bamboo Studio to Geneva, Los Angeles, Paris, Provins, New Delhi, Madrid, Nuremburg, Tokyo, and London. During these visits, he was able to talk with artists in these cities, gave lectures, and hosted workshops.
Wei emphasizes innovation and determines to bring something new to the ancient art. He avowed in the interview, “We need to bring Chinese printmaking, which is very much alive, to the world so that people can see how this ancient art looks like today and how it will create a new future.”
“Carrying the ancient art to future means action. Lip service achieves nothing. As an inheritor of the art, I take it upon myself to present the history, charms and development trajectory of watercolor printmaking to people. We must think hard and carry on the tradition and we need to make it better and give it a direction to move ahead toward future,” said Wei in the interview.
Wei considers youngsters in schools aged from 8 to 13 as a key force for the future of Chinese printmaking. That is why he now teaches at Hangzhou Changjiang Experimental Primary School. He also works with universities and colleges so as to let young adults take an interest in the renaissance of printmaking.