把“松陽故事”講給世界聽

徐馨

一

2016年的某一天，青年建筑師徐甜甜的工作郵箱中收到一封來自柏林伊達斯建筑論壇（Aedes Architecture Forum）的來信。信中對她持續(xù)多年在中國浙江松陽進行的建筑實踐表現(xiàn)出濃厚興趣。

徐甜甜，中國當代青年建筑師，先后畢業(yè)于清華大學、哈佛大學，2004年回到國內(nèi)成立DnA建筑設計事務所，主要從事公共文化建筑設計。2014年初，徐甜甜第一次來到松陽，那時的她沒有想到自己會開啟一段漫長又充滿生命力的征程。

柏林伊達斯建筑論壇，歐洲最重要的建筑藝術(shù)館，曾于2001年舉辦“土木”展，首次向世界推介第一代獨立建筑師。近年來西扎、庫哈斯、卒姆托、弗蘭克蓋里、妹島和世、扎哈等人均在此舉辦過個展?？死锼雇　べM哈斯，建筑論壇創(chuàng)建者、藝術(shù)總監(jiān)，業(yè)內(nèi)人士稱贊她有一個“敏銳的鼻子”。她和搭檔，論壇另一位藝術(shù)總監(jiān)漢斯-尤爾根·科莫瑞爾共同“發(fā)現(xiàn)”徐甜甜，起因正是他們主動地想了解中國青年一代建筑師。

“徐甜甜的建筑敏感地創(chuàng)造出新的空間、新的價值。她很特別很優(yōu)秀，在任何行業(yè)，女性若想成功至少須比男性優(yōu)秀兩倍。我們有不同的文化背景，認識不久后我們很快就能感受到，她充滿激情，而且這個激情不是作為設計者對設計的渴望，而是意識到建筑是服務他人的媒介?！睗h斯說。

于是，經(jīng)過一年籌備，2018年3月16日，“鄉(xiāng)村變遷：松陽故事”建筑文化展在柏林伊達斯建筑論壇開幕。此次“松陽故事”展覽接續(xù)此前伊達斯的中國緣，更開啟一個充滿無限可能的新篇章。

“農(nóng)村的發(fā)展關(guān)乎人類未來——松陽以建筑為載體進行鄉(xiāng)村建設的實踐，不僅對德國，對歐洲乃至世界都有借鑒意義。能夠‘尋找到松陽故事，我們由衷地高興和驕傲?！睗h斯-尤爾根·科莫瑞爾說。

“德國和中國在農(nóng)村問題上存在共性。松陽用文化引領并推動鄉(xiāng)村發(fā)展，把離開家鄉(xiāng)的年輕人吸引回來，這對中國其他地區(qū)、對世界上其他國家是很好的借鑒?！敝袊v德國使館公使銜文化參贊陳平表示。

此次展覽集中展示浙江省松陽縣和浙江省“千人計劃”專家徐甜甜合作4年多來，以建筑文化牽引鄉(xiāng)村發(fā)展的9個實踐案例：紅糖工坊、農(nóng)耕展覽館、石門廊橋等等。開幕當天，歐盟官員、建筑師、學者、學生，參觀者身份不同，絡繹不絕?！暗谝淮慰吹洁l(xiāng)土中國”，“原來中德面臨同樣的鄉(xiāng)村問題：文化認同、留住當?shù)厝丝凇保剿袊半[在其間的鄉(xiāng)村振興實踐激發(fā)觀眾共鳴。

二

中國當代鄉(xiāng)村振興案例為何會在歐洲引起廣泛關(guān)注？此次展示的每座建筑在當?shù)鼐烤拱l(fā)揮什么樣的作用？讓這一切成為可能的，又是怎樣的一群人？展覽無法傳遞的故事又有哪些？

2017年12月，浙江松陽。即便在霧靄沉沉的冬季，松陽老街也是一派熱氣騰騰的生活景象：剪頭發(fā)、蒸粽子、打鐵，每走一步，老街就換上一幀日常畫面，不重樣的從容。過去十多年中，克里斯汀·費哈斯多次往返中德，置身中國鄉(xiāng)村還是第一次。對街坊們來說，也不是第一次見到外國人，但克里斯汀瘦高的身材、熱切探究的眼神還是讓人好奇：她是誰？

克里斯汀·費哈斯，不僅是伊達斯國際建筑論壇創(chuàng)建者、館長，她的頭銜還有很多：十字勛章獲得者、普利茲克建筑學獎評委、2008年北京奧運會建筑場館評委。不過，克里斯汀的專業(yè)并不是建筑學，而是藝術(shù)史和哲學研究。取得今天的成就，用克里斯汀的話說，“很簡單，我有好奇心?！彼偸悄軌虬l(fā)現(xiàn)未來的建筑大家、提出探索性課題——此次75歲的克里斯汀和漢斯從柏林經(jīng)芬蘭轉(zhuǎn)機抵達上海，再坐7小時汽車走進浙江松陽，正是因為“嗅”到青年建筑師徐甜甜在這里持續(xù)進行的建筑設計，以及建筑所依托的鄉(xiāng)村振興實踐的獨特性與普適性。

“松陽實踐最大的特點就是：它實實在在地發(fā)生了。38年來，我們在世界上許多地方探討鄉(xiāng)村問題，中國則是踏實地行動。歐洲有些鄉(xiāng)建熱衷‘大動作，松陽不是這樣。松陽就是一個個小項目，每個小項目都能找準地點和時機，彼此適配。據(jù)我所知，這一點在國際上也是獨一無二的?！笨死锼雇≌f。

松陽農(nóng)村普通人家世代傳承的家譜族譜也讓克里斯汀震撼。探究自己從哪里來，困擾了克里斯汀大半生，直到去年她撰寫的家族傳記出版。“孩子們說，這是我做的所有事情里最棒的一件！”克里斯汀帶著自嘲，開心地笑了。4歲那年，克里斯汀遭遇車禍。車禍帶走了她的父母和哥哥。直到成年，克里斯汀才忽然意識到，自己失去了8歲以前所有的記憶。為厘清家族歷史，克里斯汀四處采訪、收集資料，花去15年時間。

三

“最初和村民溝通時，很多人表示想要像上海、北京那樣的摩登建筑。我們試著說服村民，建筑不是形式或地標性、個人化簽名，一個人再有才華，也比不過幾百年傳承下來的文明智慧。建筑應該是歷史文化的承載者、講解者，從而連接起腳下土地的過去和未來。”徐甜甜說。今年大年初一，王家后人主動聚集在王景紀念館朗讀族規(guī)族訓，一位在城里行醫(yī)的后人領讀，另一位做老師的講解?！巴蹙凹o念館凝聚了人心。現(xiàn)在村里其他姓氏后人受影響，正齊心合力集資修宗祠、修族譜?！蓖醮宓那裢粱榻B。

利用建筑凝聚人心、建立文化自信，這是松陽考察帶給幾位策展人共同的印象。“建筑師徐甜甜在松陽進行的全部建筑實踐，都由當?shù)毓そ硜硗瓿桑瑥突町數(shù)貍鹘y(tǒng)建筑工藝，同時又加入當代理念和技能，推動傳統(tǒng)建造工藝的轉(zhuǎn)化與提升，這一點對世界其他地區(qū)的建筑實踐都有啟發(fā)。通過建筑，重塑鄉(xiāng)村文化自信與自我身份認同，這一點也同樣意義深遠。”策展人、中國當代建筑研究專家愛德華·克格爾說。

“建筑師和當?shù)卣挤浅Ｓ惺姑?，雙方都很清楚可以利用當代建筑激發(fā)村民的文化認同，從而建立新的鄉(xiāng)村自信——這種文化自信是讓人們留在農(nóng)村，甚至吸引離開的人返鄉(xiāng)創(chuàng)業(yè)的首要元素。同時，這些建筑推動了微觀經(jīng)濟發(fā)展，將整個鄉(xiāng)村盤活?！睗h斯為此次展覽，兩次深入松陽。

“我們通過‘針灸激活方式，以最小介入爭取最大效果。根據(jù)每個村獨有的歷史文化和產(chǎn)業(yè)特色，因地制宜，激活民俗文化活動，開展項目建造。當這些建造帶來經(jīng)濟復興，村民們就對家鄉(xiāng)有了新的價值判斷，這種文化自信增強了幸福感和自豪感。同時，推進高效生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)，借助互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，推動鄉(xiāng)村振興。”松陽縣縣委書記王峻說。建筑師徐甜甜創(chuàng)建的系列建筑，就是“針灸療法”所用的一根根“銀針”。

此次“松陽故事”柏林展伊始，策展人克里斯汀特以幻燈片向來賓介紹未能到場的王峻，以此表達敬意和問候：“鄉(xiāng)村問題在歐洲也很普遍，現(xiàn)實作為不多，中國則是政府帶頭在做。王峻是松陽鄉(xiāng)建實踐主要領導者，有效介入并主導全程，給我留下非常深刻的印象。”

Xu Tiantian， a Chinese architect based in Beijing， was found by Aedes Architecture Forum in 2016. What she did in rural Songyang County in Zhejiang aroused the interest of the forum.

Based in Berlin， Germany， Aedes Architecture Forum is a world-renowned independent institution and exhibition space for the international communication of contemporary architecture and urban design. Established in 1980 as the first private architecture gallery in Europe， the Aedes Architecture Forum has gained a large international partnership network， which feeds to an outstanding cultural platform for the global and public discourse of the built environment. Founded by Kristin Feireiss and Helga Retzer， Aedes has been co-directed by Hans-Jürgen Commerell since 1994.

The forum approached Xu and offered to hold an exhibition to tell the Songyang story to the world. The choice of Xu Tiantian and Songyang represented the rethinking of strategies for rural development， which is now a global pressing challenge.

During the festivities of the Chinese Lunar New Year in 2017， Xu flew to Berlin to meet Ms. Kristin Feireiss and Mr. Hans-Jürgen Commerell. In the following year， the two visited Songyang to help prepare for the exhibition. Mr. Hans-Jürgen Commerell visited Songyang twice to do field studies. In December 2017， Kristin Feireiss visited Songyang to take a look. She had been to China many times over the past 10 plus years but it was her first visit to rural China. The 75-year-old Kristine Feireiss and Hans-Jürgen Commerell flew all the way from Berlin via Finland to Shanghai and then rode a car for 7 hours to reach Songyang.

With preparations of one year，? was unveiled on March 16， 2018 at Aedes Architecture Forum in Berlin.

“Rural development is about the future of mankind. Songyangs approach to rural growth through village reconstruction is significant to Germany， Europe， and the world. We are happy and proud to have found the Songyang Story，” commented Hans-Jürgen Commerell.

“Germany and China have rural issues in common. Songyang promotes rural development through culture and attracts the young to come back. This experience is useful to other regions across China and to other countries in the world，” remarked Chen Ping， Cultural Councilor of Embassy of the Peoples Republic of China， at the opening ceremony of the exhibition.

The exhibition in Berlin will proceed till June 17.

The exhibition highlights the nine cases developed by Xu Tiantian in the mountainous landscape of Songyang County， in collaboration with the engaged provincial government and local people.

When she talked with local people shortly after her arrival in Songyang to understand their dreams about rural reconstruction， she found rural residents talk about trendy and ultra-modern buildings in big cities such as Shanghai and Beijing. Xu and her colleagues communicated their idea to the rural population： rural buildings are in no position to rival urban landmarks; neither should they be individual signatures. Instead， village buildings should carry on the wisdom of the past centuries and signify stories of yesteryears and carry on local history and culture.

Wang Jing Memorial Hall， one of the nine cases on display at the exhibition， is a perfect embodiment of this concept. The descendents of the scholar of the Ming Dynasty gathered at the memorial hall on the first day of Chinese Lunar New Year in 2018 to review the family commandments and instructions. The ritual is designed to carry on the family tradition. Moreover， this memorial hall of the Wang clan has inspired other clans in the village to work out their family pedigree books and restore their ancestral temples.

The Songyang Story emphasizes thoughtful “architectural acupunctures” that generate a kind of new “rural self-confidence” and promote the community cohesion.

“The acupunctures strive for minimal interference for maximum effects. Each village has its unique history and culture and unique way of making a living. The revitalization projects aim to suit specific conditions of a village. If revitalization projects can inject economic value and bring about economic revival， villagers will reevaluate their home villages from a new perspective. Such rural self-confidence will not only add a sense of happiness and confidence to local population but also help the growth of green farming and revitalize economic and social growth of rural areas，” said Wang Jun， the chief of the CPC Songyang Committee. Wang considered the buildings designed and built by Xu Tiantian as needles for the architecture acupunctures.

Wang has played a crucial role in the rural revitalization project in Songyang. Due to a tight work schedule， he wasnt able to fly to Berlin to attend the opening ceremony of the Songyang Story. At the opening ceremony， a series of slides， created by Kristine Feireiss， was screened in honor of Wang Jun. “Rural issues are common in Europe， but practices are not so many. In China， the government leads the rural revitalization project. Wang Jun is a chief decision maker and leader of the rural development in Songyang. He is effectively engaged in the project and plays a chief role in the whole process. I am deeply impressed，“ remarked Kristine Feireiss.