楊 釗 綜述 趙世光 審校
在人類基因組中,能編碼蛋白質(zhì)的基因約占2%,其中90%以上的基因組是由RNA的非編碼部分組成的[1]。非編碼RNA在正常生物細(xì)胞和許多病理過程階段中都發(fā)揮了重要作用。大于200個(gè)核苷酸的非編碼RNA叫長鏈非編碼RNA(long non-coding RNA,lncRNA)。lncRNA的表達(dá)水平通常低于蛋白編碼基因,并且有一定的組織特異性[2]。lncRNA通過調(diào)控基因表達(dá)在細(xì)胞生長、分化、增殖、凋亡和侵襲等一整套生物進(jìn)程中起重要作用[3-6]。一些lncRNA用于腫瘤風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、診斷和預(yù)后標(biāo)記物方向的研究,也可作為疾病治療或復(fù)發(fā)的標(biāo)志[7-9]。近來發(fā)現(xiàn),近18%的人類lncRNA與腫瘤相關(guān)[2]。很多證據(jù)表明,lncRNA癌易感性候選基因2(Cancer susceptibility candidate 2,CASC2)在子宮內(nèi)膜癌、宮頸癌、非小細(xì)胞肺癌、胃癌、大腸癌、肝癌、胰腺癌、腎細(xì)胞癌、膀胱癌、神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤、甲狀腺癌等許多人類腫瘤中起了重要作用,在這篇綜述中,總結(jié)了目前腫瘤中CASC2的相關(guān)作用(表1)。
表1 CASC2的抑制腫瘤作用
2004年Baldinu團(tuán)隊(duì)在子宮內(nèi)膜癌中首次發(fā)現(xiàn)lncRNA CASC2。在子宮內(nèi)膜癌患者的染色體10q26中,發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)跨越了D10S190基因座的等位基因缺失的160 kb最小等位基因缺失區(qū),這個(gè)基因命名為CASC2。等位基因的雜合缺失(Loss of heterozygosity,LOH)提示抑癌基因出現(xiàn),且不同基因區(qū)域的突變率不同,特別是10號染色體長臂10q23和10q25-10q26等位基因缺失。CASC2基因產(chǎn)生了3個(gè)mRNA轉(zhuǎn)錄產(chǎn)物:CASC2a、CASC2b和CASC2c。與正常組織相比,腫瘤組織和細(xì)胞系中CASC2a的mRNA表達(dá)下降。CASC2a存在于發(fā)生等位基因缺失的序列中,因其失活后會發(fā)生瘤變,所以CASC2a有抑癌作用??紤]到CASC2a的表達(dá)模式,通過基因突變或表觀遺傳調(diào)控修飾會使抑癌基因失活。在正常和腫瘤子宮內(nèi)膜組織中發(fā)現(xiàn)CASC2b和CASC2c的mRNA有著極其相似的表達(dá)水平,這說明在子宮內(nèi)膜癌中CASC2a體現(xiàn)出選擇性轉(zhuǎn)錄特異性下調(diào)的特點(diǎn)[10,21]。
檢測子宮內(nèi)膜癌(Endometrial cancer,EC)中CASC2a的mRNA發(fā)現(xiàn)其表達(dá)下調(diào),這證明了CASC2a在子宮內(nèi)膜癌中起抑癌基因的作用;而在腎上腺癌中CASC2a的轉(zhuǎn)錄水平不變,這說明CASC2a低表達(dá)僅在特定腫瘤類型中發(fā)揮致腫瘤作用[13,21,25]。在完全未分化的AN3CA EC細(xì)胞系中誘導(dǎo)CASC2a過表達(dá)能顯著抑制細(xì)胞增殖和腫瘤集落形成,這表明CASC2a對抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞克隆生長有較高的潛力[19,21,25]。
基礎(chǔ)與臨床研究證實(shí)CASC2在宮頸癌(Cervical cancer,CVC)組織中低表達(dá),與患者較短的生存時(shí)間、較差的臨床病理特征相關(guān)[11]。CASC2作為miR-21的競爭性內(nèi)源RNA(Competing endogenous RNA,ceRNA),能夠上調(diào)PTEN表達(dá),并且增強(qiáng)宮頸癌對順鉑(DDP)的敏感性[11]。
CASC2在大腸癌(Colorectal cancer,CRC)的組織和細(xì)胞中表達(dá)下調(diào)[1,26]。qRT-PCR分析表明,miR-18a在大腸癌組織中表達(dá)上調(diào),與CASC2表達(dá)呈負(fù)相關(guān);CASC2是PIAS3基因的ceRNA,并通過競爭miR-18a的結(jié)合位點(diǎn)以CRC的miRNA為靶點(diǎn)調(diào)節(jié)PIAS3 mRNA的表達(dá),從而發(fā)揮抑制腫瘤進(jìn)展的作用[1]。CASC2低表達(dá)與CRC患者較晚的病理分期顯著相關(guān)[1]。體內(nèi)外實(shí)驗(yàn)均證實(shí),如果過表達(dá)CASC2,可以延長CRC細(xì)胞周期的G0/G1期向S期轉(zhuǎn)變,進(jìn)而抑制細(xì)胞增殖和腫瘤生長[1]。
檢測胃癌(Gastric cancer,GC)組織和細(xì)胞系中的CASC2發(fā)現(xiàn)其表達(dá)顯著下調(diào);過表達(dá)胃癌細(xì)胞或組織中的CASC2能顯著抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖、侵襲和血管生成,并且誘導(dǎo)凋亡[14],其抑制腫瘤的機(jī)制與CASC2通過使絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(Mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)通路失活繼而抑制細(xì)胞增殖相關(guān)[13]。而在評價(jià)臨床預(yù)后方面,CASC2低表達(dá)與胃癌患者TNM(Tumor-node-metastasis,TNM)較晚分期、血管侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移和更差的總生存率相關(guān)[14]。
CASC2在肝癌(Hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)組織和細(xì)胞系中表達(dá)下調(diào),過表達(dá)CASC2可以降低肝癌細(xì)胞增殖、遷移和侵襲,并通過失活MAPK信號通路促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡[15]。CASC2還能抑制肝癌細(xì)胞的上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)變(Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition,EMT)過程,并且競爭海綿肝癌細(xì)胞的miR-367而發(fā)揮ceRNA的功能,這形成了CASC2/miR-367/FBXW7軸發(fā)揮抗轉(zhuǎn)移作用。CASC2低表達(dá)和miR-367過表達(dá)與肝癌轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關(guān),這類患者具有較差的臨床預(yù)后[16]。
RT-PCR檢測發(fā)現(xiàn),CASC2在胰腺癌(Pancreatic cancer,PC)組織和細(xì)胞系中特異性表達(dá)下調(diào);過表達(dá)CASC2能增加PTEN表達(dá),進(jìn)而抑制胰腺癌細(xì)胞增殖[17]。肝細(xì)胞核因子1A(Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 alpha,HNF1A)過表達(dá)時(shí)CASC2表達(dá)也顯著升高,是因?yàn)镠NF1A可以直接與CASC2-HNF1A反應(yīng)元件(CASC2-HNF1A RE)結(jié)合來促進(jìn)CASC2的表達(dá)。因此,調(diào)節(jié)胰腺癌細(xì)胞增殖的機(jī)制可能是HNF1A/CASC2通過PTEN/Akt信號通路來完成的。臨床預(yù)后方面,HNF1A低表達(dá)與胰腺癌患者的總生存期(Overall survival,OS)相關(guān),CASC2低表達(dá)與較晚的TNM分期、較差的預(yù)后相關(guān)[17]。
實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí),CASC2在腎細(xì)胞癌(Renal cell carcinoma,RCC)組織和細(xì)胞系中的表達(dá)水平都顯著降低,CASC2是腎細(xì)胞癌中miR-21的直接靶點(diǎn),從而發(fā)揮抑癌作用,并且CASC2異位表達(dá)能抑制RCC細(xì)胞增殖和遷移。臨床研究發(fā)現(xiàn),腎細(xì)胞癌的TNM分期越晚,CASC2低表達(dá)越顯著;CASC2低表達(dá)患者預(yù)后不良[19]。但與此相矛盾,Baldinu團(tuán)隊(duì)有不同的研究結(jié)論,腎細(xì)胞癌中CASC2a的轉(zhuǎn)錄水平與正常組織相似[21],因此CASC2與腎細(xì)胞癌的關(guān)系有待進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證。
在膀胱癌(Bladder cancer,BC)組織和細(xì)胞系中發(fā)現(xiàn)CASC2表達(dá)顯著降低,并與較晚TNM分期相關(guān);而CASC2過表達(dá)顯著降低膀胱癌細(xì)胞生長、遷移和侵襲,促進(jìn)膀胱癌細(xì)胞早期凋亡。機(jī)制上,CASC2能降低β-catenin表達(dá)和下游目的基因Wnt信號通路表達(dá),從而抑制Wnt/β-catenin信號通路激活,而發(fā)揮抑癌作用[20]。
CASC2在神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤(Glioma)組織和細(xì)胞系中表達(dá)下調(diào),并且表達(dá)越低,膠質(zhì)瘤病理分級越高,生存時(shí)間越短,CASC2低表達(dá)可能是預(yù)后不良的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[23];而過表達(dá)CASC2能發(fā)揮抑制腫瘤的作用[21],并能提高替莫唑胺(Temozolomide,TMZ)的化療敏感性[22]。在機(jī)制上,CASC2是miR-21作用的靶點(diǎn),并且兩者相互抑制;miR-21表達(dá)上調(diào)能逆轉(zhuǎn)由CASC2導(dǎo)致的抑制膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞增殖、遷移、侵襲和促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡作用[21]。此外,CASC2能直接抑制miR-181a而使PTEN表達(dá)上調(diào)。而過表達(dá)CASC2能抑制Wnt/β-catenin信號通路,顯著抑制膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞增殖、遷移和侵襲[22]。
甲狀腺癌中CASC2低表達(dá)與腫瘤的多灶性和較晚TNM分期相關(guān),CASC2低表達(dá)預(yù)示患者的預(yù)后不良;而過表達(dá)CASC2能顯著抑制甲狀腺癌細(xì)胞增殖,并且阻滯甲狀腺癌細(xì)胞周期的G0/G1期,誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡[24]。
非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者的腫瘤組織中CASC2表達(dá)顯著下降,CASC2低表達(dá)與較晚TNM分期和腫瘤大小顯著相關(guān),CASC2表達(dá)水平可作為非小細(xì)胞肺癌總生存率的獨(dú)立預(yù)測指標(biāo)[18]。
這篇綜述根據(jù)現(xiàn)有的基礎(chǔ)與臨床研究數(shù)據(jù)總結(jié)了lncRNA CASC2在各種類型腫瘤中發(fā)揮的抑癌作用和臨床病理生理學(xué)意義。首先,在不同組織來源系統(tǒng)的腫瘤中,CASC2低表達(dá)與較差的總體生存率相關(guān),可以用來預(yù)測腫瘤發(fā)生和復(fù)發(fā),并且在過表達(dá)CASC2后,腫瘤的增殖和侵襲性均下降,可發(fā)揮抑癌作用。從疾病種類聚集性上來講,CASC2在消化系統(tǒng)、女性生殖系統(tǒng)、泌尿系統(tǒng)中普遍具有抑癌作用,但從另個(gè)角度來看,“普遍”就說明特異性差,這也是腫瘤標(biāo)志物的共同的缺陷。其次,解決了部分腫瘤的化療耐藥問題,提高了某些化療藥的敏感性,體現(xiàn)了其在疾病治療方面的價(jià)值。鑒于數(shù)據(jù)較少并局限于三大系統(tǒng)和幾種特殊腫瘤共計(jì)11個(gè)亞組疾病的研究,所以需要進(jìn)一步研究CASC2參與其他類型腫瘤的發(fā)生、調(diào)節(jié)和進(jìn)展的具體機(jī)制,以確定其特定的應(yīng)用范圍,特別是研究CASC2與miR-21、miR-18等miRNA的相互作用,以及抑癌信號通路在腫瘤之間是否有交叉或協(xié)同,都需要進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證。在未來這個(gè)領(lǐng)域上,CASC2作為腫瘤標(biāo)志物或治療靶點(diǎn)的效用有必要進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證,基于CASC2可能會產(chǎn)生新的治療藥或治療方案。
1 Huang G,Wu X,Li S,et al.The long noncoding RNA CASC2 functions as a competing endogenous RNA by sponging miR-18a in colorectal cancer[J].Scientific Reports,2016,6:26524.
2 Fatima R,Akhade VS,Pal D,et al.Long noncoding RNAs in development and cancer:potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets[J].Mol Cell Ther,2015,3(1):5.
3 Yu X,Li Z.Long non-coding RNA growth arrest-specific transcript 5 in tumor biology[J].Oncology Letters,2015,10(4):1953.
4 Yu X,Li Z.Long non-coding RNA HOTAIR:A novel oncogene(Review)[J].Molecular Medicine Reports,2015,12(4):5611.
5 Sun J,Ding C,Yang Z,et al.The long non-coding RNA TUG1 indicates a poor prognosis for colorectal cancer and promotes metastasis by affecting epithelial-mesenchymal transition[J].J Transl Med,2016,14(1):42.
6 Lennox KA,Behlke MA.Cellular localization of long non-coding RNAs affects silencing by RNAi more than by antisense oligonucleotides[J].Nucleic Acids Research,2016,44(2):863-877.
7 Mu Z,Liu J,Jia X,et al.Lnc-mg is a long non-coding RNA that promotes myogenesis[J].Nature Communications,2017,8:14718.
8 Fan Z,Zhao M,Joshi PD,et al.A class of circadian long non-coding RNAs mark enhancers modulating long-range circadian gene regulation[J].Nucleic Acids Research,2017,45(10):5720-5738.
9 Jiang R,Tang J,Chen Y,et al.The long noncoding RNA lnc-EGFR stimulates T-regulatory cells differentiation thus promoting hepatocellular carcinoma immune evasion[J].Nature Communications,2017,8:15129.
10 Baldinu P,Cossu A,Manca A,et al.Identification of a novel candidate gene,CASC2,in a region of common allelic loss at chromosome 10q26 in human endometrial cancer[J].Hum Mutat,2004,23(4):318-326.
11 Feng Y,Zou W,Hu C,et al.Modulation of CASC2/miR-21/PTEN pathway sensitizes cervical cancer to cisplatin[J].Arch Biochem Biophys,2017,623:20-30.
12 Baldinu P,Cossu A,Manca A,et al.CASC2a gene is down-regulated in endometrial cancer[J].Anticancer Research,2007,27(1A):235.
13 Peng L,Xue WJ,Ying F,et al.Long non-coding RNA CASC2 suppresses the proliferation of gastric cancer cells by regulating the MAPK signaling pathway[J].Am J Transl Res,1943,8(8):3522-3529.
14 Zhou J,Huang H,Tong S,et al.Overexpression of long non-coding RNA cancer susceptibility 2 inhibits cell invasion and angiogenesis in gastric cancer[J].Molecular Medicine Reports,2017,16(4):5235-5240.
15 Gan Y,Han N,He X,et al.Long non-coding RNA CASC2 regulates cell biological behaviour through the MAPK signalling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Tumour Biol,2017,39(6):1010428317706229.
16 Wang Y,Liu Z,Yao B,et al.Long non-coding RNA CASC2 suppresses epithelial-mesenchymal transition of hepatocellular carcinoma cells through CASC2/miR-367/FBXW7 axis[J].Molecular Cancer,2017,16(1):123.
17 Yu Y,Liang S,Zhou Y,et al.HNF1A/CASC2 regulates pancreatic cancer cell proliferation through PTEN/Akt signaling[J].J Cell Biochem,2017[Epub ahead of print].
18 He X,Liu Z,Su J,et al.Low expression of long noncoding RNA CASC2 indicates a poor prognosis and regulates cell proliferation in non-small cell lung cancer[J].Tumour Biol,2016,37(7):9503-9510.
19 Cao Y,Xu R,Xu X,et al.Downregulation of lncRNA CASC2 by microRNA-21 increases the proliferation and migration of renal cell carcinoma cells[J].Molecular Medicine Reports,2016,14(1):1019-1025.
20 Pei Z,Xian D,Song Y,et al.Down-regulation of lncRNA CASC2 promotes cell proliferation and metastasis of bladder cancer by activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway[J].Oncotarget,2017,8(11):18145.
21 Wang P,Liu YH,Yao YL,et al.Long non-coding RNA CASC2 suppresses malignancy in human gliomas by miR-21[J].Cell Signal,2015,27(2):275-282.
22 Liao Y,Shen L,Zhao H,et al.LncRNA CASC2 interacts with miR-181a to modulate glioma growth and resistance to TMZ through PTEN pathway[J].J Cell Biochem,2017,118(7):1889-1899.
23 Wang R,Li Y,Zhu G,et al.Long noncoding RNA CASC2 predicts the prognosis of glioma patients and functions as a suppressor for gliomas by suppressing Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway[J].Neuropsy chiatr Dis Treat,2017,13:1805-1813.
24 Xiong X,Zhu H,Chen X.Low expression of long noncoding RNA CASC2 indicates a poor prognosis and promotes tumorigenesis in thyroid carcinoma[J].Biomed Pharmacother,2017,93:391-397.
25 Steinbakk A,Malpica A,Slewa A,et al.High frequency microsatellite instability has a prognostic value in endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinoma,but only in FIGO stage 1 cases[J].Cellular Oncology,2011,34(5):457-465.
26 Xin W,Liu X,Ding J,et al.Long non-coding RNA derived miR-205-5p modulates human endometrial cancer by targeting PTEN[J].Am J Transl Res,2015,7(11):2433-2441.