脫胎火種的大地饋贈

文/五花肉

陶始于粘土，歷經(jīng)火的淬煉而脫胎成器，是人類嘗試利用化學變化改變物質(zhì)天然屬性的最早成果之一，被視為人類社會由舊石器時代向新石器時代演化的重要標志。

Tao was born out of clay and was refined by fire.It is one of the earliest results of human attempts to change the natural properties of matter by chemical changes and is regarded as an important symbol of the evolution of human society from the Paleolithic to the Neolithic.

土與火的邂逅

The Encounter between Earth and Fire

古人的很多偉大發(fā)明，都充滿了偶然性。火法煉丹的一次爆炸事故，發(fā)現(xiàn)了火藥；探尋鐵礦的副產(chǎn)品磁石，造就了指南針。陶，亦如此。

Many of the great inventions of the ancients were full of chance.Gunpowder was invented by an explosion accident of fire alchemy.The compass was invented by magnet,which was the by-product of exploring iron ore.So is Tao.

陶狗（東漢）

龍山文化紅陶鬶（公元前2400～2000年）

兩萬年前的某一天夜晚，江西仙人洞遺址附近的一支原始部落，在一場慶祝狩獵的篝火盛宴以后，意外發(fā)現(xiàn)了當?shù)氐囊环N粘土，用火燒制后，變得堅固耐用，不僅盛放的食物不會粘到泥渣，而且易于清洗、可以反復使用，謂之陶。One day night, 20,000 years ago, a primitive tribe near the Xianrendong site in Jiangxi Province in China unexpectedly discovered after a bonfire feast celebrating hunting that a local clay became strong and durable after being burnt.The clayware could be used to contain food and food would not be stick to mud.Furthermore, the clayware was easy clean and reusable so the clayware was called pottery.

質(zhì)與量的突破

Breakthrough in quality and quantity

從誕生到普及，陶器還有兩個棘手問題需要解決，一是穩(wěn)定的質(zhì)量，二是批量的生產(chǎn)。

From birth to popularization, pottery still has two thorny problems to be solved, one is stable quality and the other is suitable to batch production.

制陶的核心工藝在于火的溫度。后人在長期的實踐中發(fā)現(xiàn)，同樣的原材料用不同的火溫燒制，成品質(zhì)量千差萬別。只有當火溫控制在950 ℃～1050 ℃時，陶器的品質(zhì)才最為穩(wěn)定，這一標準也沿用至今。The core technology of pottery making is fire temperature.Later generations found in longterm practice that the same raw materials were shaped with different fire temperatures and the quality of finished products varied greatly.Only when the fire temperature is controlled between 950 ℃ and 1050 ℃, the quality of pottery was the most stable, and this standard has been still in use up till now.

發(fā)展到秦朝，制陶工藝日臻精益，模塊化的標準模具開始取代原始的手工制胚，徹底解決陶器難以量產(chǎn)的瓶頸，兵馬俑就是其中的典范。當時的工匠大規(guī)模使用模具制作陶俑的頭、手、鎧甲等標準件，將其粘合、修飾后即可出品，大大提高了效率。

With the development of the Qin Dynasty, the pottery manufacturing process became more and more lean.Modular standard molds began to replace the original hand-made embryos and completely solved the bottleneck that pottery was difficult to mass produce.Terracotta Warriors and Horses were a model among them.At that time, craftsmen used molds on a large scale to make standard parts such as heads, hands and armor of pottery figurines, which could be produced after they were glued and decorated, greatly improving the efficiency.

藝與美的升華

Art and Beauty Sublimation

此后，飛入尋常百姓家的陶器，始終保持著低價、實用的質(zhì)樸形象，直至紫砂的問世。

Since then, pottery began to fly into the homes of ordinary people and always maintained a simple image of low price and practicality until the advent of purple sand.

作為陶的一個特殊種類，紫砂盛產(chǎn)于江蘇宜興，最早可上溯至春秋時期，明清日益興盛。與傳統(tǒng)陶器相比，紫砂更注重藝術(shù)美感，引入了中國古畫的審美標準，并在此基礎(chǔ)上形成了完善的器型、工藝和品鑒標準體系，被譽為陶中珍品，承載著中華民族的獨特審美情趣。

As a special kind of pottery, purple sand is rich in Yixing, Jiangsu Province.It can be traced back to the Spring and Autumn Period and flourished in Ming and Qing Dynasties.Compared with traditional pottery, purple sand focused on artistic beauty and introduces the aesthetic standards of Chinese ancient paintings, and on this basis forms a perfect standard system of wares, crafts and tasting, which is known as the precious wares in pottery and bears the unique aesthetic taste of the Chinese nation.

結(jié) 語

Conclusion

從日常的生活器具到品鑒的藝術(shù)珍品，陶器的每一次突破與升華，無不契合了標準化的智慧，在給人驚喜的同時，也創(chuàng)造出更符合時代特征的獨特價值。

Every breakthrough and sublimation of pottery, from daily living utensils to art treasures for tasting, fi ts in with the standard wisdom and creates unique values that are more in line with the characteristics of the times while surprising people.