陳興 成傳訪 方燕齡 宮雅南 徐米清
[摘要] 目的 檢測雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)信號通路蛋白在壓力超負荷性心肌肥厚及H9c2心肌細胞肥大時的表達,探討mTOR信號通路對心肌肥大的影響。 方法 將16只雄性SD大鼠隨機分為腹主動脈縮窄術(AAC)組和假手術組,每組各8只。AAC后2周,實施超聲心動圖檢查及病理學檢查。體外研究采用去甲腎上腺素(NE)誘導H9c2心肌細胞肥大。Western blot檢測mTOR信號通路相關蛋白表達。 結果 與假手術組比較,AAC組大鼠左室舒張末期后壁厚度(LVPWd)、室間隔舒張末期厚度(IVSd)和心臟重量指數(shù)(HWI)明顯升高,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05)。Western blot檢測發(fā)現(xiàn),AAC組P-mTOR/mTOR蛋白表達比值明顯高于假手術組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05)。體外研究中,NE組P-mTOR/mTOR蛋白表達比值明顯升高,與對照組比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05)。 結論 壓力超負荷性心肌肥厚及H9c2細胞肥大時,mTOR信號通路相關蛋白表達增加,這提示mTOR信號通路在心肌肥大的發(fā)病過程中發(fā)揮重要作用。
[關鍵詞] 雷帕霉素靶蛋白;信號通路;心肌肥大;腹主動脈縮窄術
[中圖分類號] R541 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2018)03(a)-0016-04
[Abstract] Objective To detect protein the expression of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling in pressure-overloaded cardiac hypertrophy and H9c2 cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, and investigate effect of mTOR signaling on cardiac hypertrophy. Methods Sixteen SD rats were randomly grouped as the abdominal aorta coarctation (AAC) group and the sham group, with 8 rats for each group. Two weeks after AAC, echocardiography and histological analysis were performed. Norepinephrine (NE) was used to induce H9c2 cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in vitro. Relative protein expressions were detected for mTOR signaling by western blot. Results Compared with the sham group, rats in the ACC group showed a significant increase in left ventricular posterior wall end-diastolic thickness (LVPWd), interventricular septal end-diastolic thickness (IVSd) and heart weight index (HWI) (all P < 0.05). Western blot showed that there was a significant increased ratio of P-mTOR and mTOR protein expression in the AAC group compared with the sham group (P < 0.05). NE treatment significantly increased the ratio of P-mTOR and mTOR protein expression in vitro, with a significant difference compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion Protein expressions in mTOR signaling can be significantly increased in pressure-overloaded cardiac hypertrophy and H9c2 cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. mTOR signaling may play a key role in the pathogenesis of cardiac hypertrophy.
[Key words] Mammalian target of rapamycin; Signaling; Cardiac hypertrophy; Abdominal aorta coarctation
心肌肥大是心力衰竭發(fā)展中的重要病理過程,其具體發(fā)病機制不詳,可能涉及多條信號通路,如鈣調神經(jīng)磷酸酶和鈣/鈣調依賴性蛋白激酶Ⅱ信號通路、絲裂原活化蛋白激酶信號通路、Janus激酶/轉錄激活因子信號通路等等[1-3]。雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mechanistic target of rapamycin,mTOR)是磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶相關激酶家族成員之一。研究顯示,mTOR蛋白被認為可能是細胞內(nèi)物質代謝諸多信號通路的交匯點,可能通過整合其上游生長、增殖和生存相關信號通路參與細胞代謝過程[4]。不過,mTOR信號通路是否及如何在心肌肥大過程中發(fā)揮作用仍不清楚。本研究采用腹主動脈縮窄術(abdominal aorta coarctation,AAC)建立壓力超負荷性心肌肥厚大鼠模型,同時采用去甲腎上腺素(norepinephrine,NE)誘導H9c2心肌細胞肥大,檢測mTOR信號通路相關蛋白表達,探討心肌肥大與mTOR信號通路之間的關系。
1 材料與方法
1.1 實驗對象和主要試劑
SD大鼠(南方醫(yī)科大學實驗動物中心,合格證號:44002100011714);H9c2心肌細胞(美國標準生物品收藏中心);NE(中國遠大醫(yī)藥公司);P-mTOR抗體、mTOR抗體和GAPDH抗體(美國Cell Signaling Technology公司)。本研究動物實驗獲廣州醫(yī)科大學附屬第二醫(yī)院倫理委員會批準實施。
1.2 動物分組及處理
將16只10~12周齡雄性SD大鼠隨機分為兩組,每組8只。AAC組采用AAC建立壓力超負荷性心肌肥厚大鼠模型,具體術式參考文獻[5]并略有改進。假手術組采用相同術式,但不結扎腹主動脈。術后2周行超聲心動圖檢查,并以此判斷心肌肥厚大鼠模型是否建立成功。此后處死大鼠,留取心臟組織以備后續(xù)分子生物學研究需要。
1.3 超聲心動圖檢查
經(jīng)10%水合氯醛腹腔注射麻醉后,大鼠取左側臥位,采用連接30 MHz高頻探頭的超聲診斷儀(飛利浦IE33)經(jīng)胸前壁進行二維超聲檢查。記錄的超聲心動圖指標主要包括左室收縮末期內(nèi)徑(LVESD)、左室舒張末期內(nèi)徑(LVEDD)、左室舒張末期后壁厚度(LVPWd)、室間隔舒張末期厚度(IVSd)、左室射血分數(shù)(LVEF)和左室短軸縮短率(LVFS)。
1.4 心臟病理學檢查
斷頸法處死大鼠后,立即取出心臟,稱取心臟重量,計算心臟重量指數(shù)(HWI),HWI=心臟重量/體重×100%。心臟組織經(jīng)福爾馬林固定液固定后制備石蠟切片,進行HE染色,顯微鏡下觀察各組大鼠心肌組織的特征。
1.5 細胞培養(yǎng)及處理
H9c2心肌細胞采用含有10%胎牛血清(FBS)的DMEM培養(yǎng)基進行培養(yǎng),無血清饑餓過夜后予藥物處理。按處理因素將其分為兩組,NE組給予2 μm NE處理細胞;對照組加入等量超純滅菌水。藥物處理2 h后,收集各組細胞。
1.6 Western blot檢測
心臟組織和H9c2心肌細胞經(jīng)細胞裂解、SDS-PAGE蛋白電泳、轉膜、免疫反應(一抗包括P-mTOR、mTOR和GAPDH)、顯示蛋白印跡等過程。采用Image StudioTM Lite software version 4.0軟件定量分析各組蛋白質免疫印跡。
1.7 統(tǒng)計學方法
采用SPSS 17.0軟件進行數(shù)據(jù)分析。計量資料以均數(shù)±標準差(x±s)表示,組間比較采用t檢驗,以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2 結果
2.1 一般情況
各組大鼠在處死前均存活,解剖時腹腔未見明顯感染。
2.2 兩組大鼠超聲心動圖檢查指標的比較
與假手術組比較,AAC組大鼠LVPWd和IVSd明顯升高,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05)。兩組大鼠LVESD、LVEDD、LVEF和LVFS比較差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P > 0.05)。見表1。
2.3 心臟病理學檢查
兩組大鼠術后2周體重比較差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P > 0.05)。AAC組心臟重量和HWI明顯高于假手術組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05)。見表2。HE染色鏡下觀察顯示,假手術組心肌細胞排列整齊,細胞漿豐富均勻,細胞間質正常;ACC組室間隔及左室室壁明顯增厚,心肌細胞肥大,細胞間質增多。
2.4 mTOR信號通路相關蛋白表達
動物實驗Western blot檢測顯示,與假手術組比較,AAC組P-mTOR/mTOR蛋白表達水平明顯升高,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義[(1.00±0.18)比(1.76±0.39),P < 0.05]。見圖1A。細胞實驗Western blot檢測顯示,NE處理H9c2心肌細胞后誘導P-mTOR高表達,P-mTOR/mTOR水平明顯高于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義[(1.00±0.03)比(1.79±0.34),P < 0.05]。見圖1B。
3 討論
心肌細胞肥大是心室肥厚的顯著特征之一,是心室肥厚和重構的始動因素,從長遠來看,更是心力衰竭、心源性猝死的病理基礎[6]。本研究采用AAC這一經(jīng)典術式構建大鼠心室肥厚模型,結果顯示AAC組大鼠LVPWd和IVSd明顯升高,心臟重量指數(shù)異常升高,證實AAC組大鼠出現(xiàn)心室肥厚;兩組大鼠LVESD、LVEDD、LVEF和LVFS無統(tǒng)計學差異,提示AAC組大鼠尚未出現(xiàn)左心收縮功能障礙。組織病理學檢查進一步證實AAC組大鼠心室肥厚,HE染色顯示心肌細胞肥大,細胞間質增多,符合壓力超負荷性心肌肥厚大鼠病理組織學改變。
mTOR,也稱為FK506結合蛋白12雷帕霉素關聯(lián)蛋白1,是在進化過程中相對保守的一類絲氨酸/蘇氨酸蛋白激酶,主要通過形成mTOR復合體1和mTOR復合體2在細胞生存、生長代謝、細胞增殖、細胞極性、蛋白合成、自噬及應激等方面發(fā)揮重要作用[7-10]。mTOR信號通路已被證實在代謝性器官(如肝臟、骨骼肌、脂肪組織等)中發(fā)揮能量代謝和蛋白合成等功能[11-14]。近年來,研究者們更加關注mTOR信號通路在心血管系統(tǒng)正常生長發(fā)育和病理損傷中的作用,并取得了很大的進展。Zhu等[15]采用α-MHC驅動Cre重組酶敲除胚胎心臟心肌細胞中mTOR蛋白導致大量心肌細胞無法正常生長增殖,在孕末期導致高達92%胚胎死亡,這提示mTOR蛋白在鼠科動物心臟發(fā)育過程中是心肌細胞存活、增殖的關鍵因素。Ma等[16]在研究頸動靜脈分流肺動脈高壓大鼠模型時發(fā)現(xiàn),雷帕霉素能夠通過抑制Akt/mTOR信號通路減少細胞增殖,從而改善肺血管重塑。Gao等[17]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Akt/mTOR信號通路在異丙腎上腺素誘導的小鼠心肌肥厚中發(fā)揮重要作用。在本研究中,AAC組大鼠出現(xiàn)心肌肥厚表現(xiàn),蛋白檢測發(fā)現(xiàn)P-mTOR蛋白表達明顯高于假手術組大鼠,這證實mTOR信號通路被壓力超負荷性心肌機械刺激激活并參與心肌肥厚過程。在體外細胞研究中,國內(nèi)外研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)mTOR信號通路可能在骨骼肌細胞肥大、血管緊張素Ⅱ誘導的心肌細胞肥大等過程中發(fā)揮關鍵作用[18-20]。本研究采用促肥厚劑NE促進H9c2心肌細胞肥大,結果表明NE處理2 h后可促進P-mTOR蛋白高表達,從而啟動mTOR信號通路,這進一步證實mTOR信號通路參與了心肌細胞的肥大過程。
總之,本研究通過體內(nèi)外研究證實mTOR信號通路在心肌細胞肥大和左室肥厚病理過程中發(fā)揮重要作用,這可能成為防治心室肥厚、延緩心力衰竭治療的重要靶點。
[參考文獻]
[1] Schirone L,F(xiàn)orte M,Palmerio S,et al. A review of the molecular mechanisms underlying the development and progression of cardiac remodeling [J]. Oxid Med Cell Longev,2017. doi:10.1155/2017/3920195. [Epub ahead of print]
[2] Wagner MA,Siddiqui MA. The JAK-STAT pathway in hypertrophic stress signaling and genomic stress response [J]. JAKSTAT,2012,1(2):131-141.
[3] Stylianidis V,Hermans KCM,Blankesteijn WM. Wnt signaling in cardiac remodeling and heart failure [J]. Handb Exp Pharmacol,2017,243:371-393.
[4] Kendall RT,Lee MH,Pleasant DL,et al. Arrestin-dependent angiotensin AT1 receptor signaling regulates Akt and mTor-mediated protein synthesis [J]. J Biol Chem,2014, 289(38):26155-26166.
[5] Chen B,Zhong LY,Yang JX,et al. Alteration of mevalonate pathway related enzyme expressions in pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy and associated heart failure with preserved ejection fraction [J]. Cell Physiol Biochem,2013,32(6):1761-1775.
[6] Shenasa M,Shenasa H. Hypertension,left ventricular hypertrophy,and sudden cardiac death [J]. Int J Cardiol,2017, 237:60-63.
[7] Sciarretta S,Volpe M,Sadoshima J. Mammalian target of rapamycin signaling in cardiac physiology and disease [J]. Circ Res,2017,114(3):549-564.
[8] Magrys A,Bogut A,Kielbus M,et al. The role of the PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway in Staphylococcus epidermidis small colony variants intracellular survival [J]. Immunol Invest,2018,16:1-13.
[9] Johnson CE,Tee AR. Exploiting cancer vulnerabilities:mTOR,autophagy,and homeostatic imbalance. Essays Biochem,2017,61(6):699-710.
[10] Zhao Y,Hu X,Liu Y,et al. ROS signaling under metabolic stress:cross-talk between AMPK and AKT pathway [J]. Mol Cancer,2017,16(1):79.
[11] Panasyuk G,Patitucci C,Espeillac C,et al. The role of the mTOR pathway during liver regeneration and tumorigenesis [J]. Ann Endocrinol(Paris),2013,74(2):121-122.
[12] Martin NRW,Turner MC,F(xiàn)arrington R,et al. Leucine elicits myotube hypertrophy and enhances maximal contractile force in tissue engineered skeletal muscle in vitro [J]. J Cell Physiol,2017,232(10):2788-2797.
[13] Ma X,Han M,Li D,et al. L-arginine promotes protein synthesis and cell growth in brown adipocyte precursor cells via mTOR signal pathway [J]. Amino Acids,2017, 49(5):957-964.
[14] Paschoal VA,Amano MT,Belchior T,et al. mTORC1 inhibition with rapamycin exacerbates adipose tissue inflammation in obese mice and dissociates macrophage phenotype from function [J]. Immunobiology,2017,222(2):261-271.
[15] Zhu Y,Pires KM,Whitehead KJ,et al. Mechanistic target of rapamycin(Mtor)is essential for murine embryonic heart development and growth [J]. PLoS One,2013,8(1):e54221.
[16] Ma X,Yao J,Yue Y,et al. Akt/mTOR signalling pathway down-regulation in the carotid artery-jugular vein shunt pulmonary hypertension rat model [J]. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg,2017. doi:10.1093/icvts/ivx053. [Epub ahead of print]
[17] Gao L,Guo Y,Liu X,et al. KLF15 protects against isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy via regulation of cell death and inhibition of Akt/mTOR signaling [J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2017,487(1):22-27.
[18] Cai X,Zhu C,Xu Y,et al. Alpha-ketoglutarate promotes skeletal muscle hypertrophy and protein synthesis through Akt/mTOR signaling pathways [J]. Sci Rep,2016, 6:26802.
[19] Kitakaze T,Sakamoto T,Kitano T,et al. The collagen derived dipeptide hydroxyprolyl-glycine promotes C2C12 myoblast differentiation and myotube hypertrophy [J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2016,487(3):1292-1297.
[20] Du M,Huang K,Gao L,et al. Nardosinone protects H9c2 cardiac cells from angiotensin Ⅱ-induced hyptertrophy [J]. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci,2013,33(6):822-826.