By Samantha Silva
狄更斯,一位文學(xué)界的搖滾巨星,空降到他向往已久的“共和國(guó)”——美國(guó)。這個(gè)國(guó)度沒(méi)有負(fù)他,報(bào)他以萬(wàn)分的熱情:各種光環(huán)與花團(tuán)錦簇、獻(xiàn)詩(shī)賀信、崇拜追捧……他卻為何對(duì)美國(guó)生厭,甚至生恨?不滿之意達(dá)到兩本書的厚度——《美國(guó)紀(jì)行》和《馬丁·朱述維特》。這兩本“決裂書”中到底寫了什么?而后,一篇純?yōu)閽赍X還債的小故事,又是如何讓美國(guó)人愛(ài)到足以原諒狄更斯的所有奚落和咒罵之詞的?
Charles Dickens unfettered joy at first arriving in Boston Harbor in 1842 reads like Ebenezer Scrooges awakening on Christmas morning.1 Biographer Peter Ackroyd reports that he flew up the steps of the Tremont House Hotel, sprang into the hall, and greeted a curious throng2 with a bright “Here we are!” He took to the streets that twinkling midnight in his shaggy fur coat, galloping over frozen snow, shouting out the names on shop signs, pulling bell-handles of doors as he passed—giddy with laughter3—and even screamed with (one imagines) astonishment and delight at the sight of the old South Church. He had set at last upon the shores of “the Republic of my imagination.”
America returned his ardor4. Though not quite 30, Dickens was a literary rock star, the most famous writer in the world, who landed like a conquering hero in a country swept up in an extreme “Boz-o-mania”—the hype of his tour then unprecedented in American history.5 He wrote his best friend, John Forster6, that he didnt know how to describe “the crowds that pour in and out the whole day; of the people that line the streets when I go out; of the cheering when I went to the theatre; of the copies of verse, letters of congratulations, welcomes of all kinds, balls, dinners, assemblies without end.” When Bostonians renamed their city “Boz-town,” New Yorkers determined to “outdollar…and outshine them.” Their great Boz Ball boasted flags, flowers, festoons, wreaths, a huge portrait of the author with a bald eagle overhead, chandeliers hung by gilded ropes, 22 tableaux from the great authors works, and 3,000 guests, who consumed 50 hams, 50 tongues, 38,000 stewed and pickled oysters, and 4,000 candy kisses.7 “If I should live to grow old,”Dickens said, “the scenes of this and other evenings will shine as brightly to my dull eyes 50 years hence as now.”
The Spirit of the Times wrote of it: “This most extraordinary, fashionable, brilliant, unique, grotesque, enchanting, bewitching, confounding, eye-dazzling, heart-delighting, superb, foolish and ridiculous fete…came off at the Park Theatre,8 New York, on Monday evening last.” But in a prescient endnote, the reporter predicted, “Such was the tom-foolery of silly-minded Americans, and such the ridiculous homage paid to a foreigner, who will in all probability return home and write a book abusing the whole nation for the excesses of a few consummate blockheads.”9
In fact, Dickens wrote two.
His love affair with an idealized America was short-lived and hard-felt. Apart from the countrys great writers, he found Americans malodorous10, ill-mannered and invading his privacy. “I am so enclosed and hemmed about with people,11 that I am exhausted from want of air,” Dickens complained to Forster. “I go to church for quiet, and there is a violent rush to the neighborhood of the pew12 I sit in. I take my seat in a railroad car, and the very conductor wont leave me alone. I cant drink a glass of water without having a hundred people looking down my throat.” On a tour of the Great Lakes he woke to a crowd gawking13 through his steamboat cabin window while his wife slept and he washed.
He was repulsed by Americans table manners and the tobacco spit everywhere he looked—on even the sidewalks of the nations capital, where he found party politics contaminating everything, its leaders “the lice of Gods creation,” and “despicable trickery at elections; underhanded tamperings with public officers; and cowardly attacks upon opponents, with scurrilous newspapers for shields,14 and hired pens for daggers.”
Even worse, everyone wanted a piece of the action, from Tiffanys selling unauthorized copies of his bust, to a barber selling locks of his hair. He found Americans vulgar and insensitive, braggarts, hypocrites, and acquisitive beyond all imagining.15 “I never knew what it was to feel disgust and contempt,” Dickens said, “‘till I travelled in America.” When he departed in June, he left behind all notions of an Arcadian realm he now regarded as “a vast countinghouse” full of nothing but “humbugs and bores.”16 (See: A Christmas Carol.)
Americans had soured on17 him, too. Instead of graciously accepting their adulation, or reciting their better traits, Dickens never missed an opportunity to rail against them for copyright infringement—accusing American publishers of pilfering his work, which indeed they had—openly pirating his novels to sell for mere pennies, with no recompense to the author at all.18 The press took offense. Within a month of his arrival, Dickens had fallen from the literary firmament to the swamp, where they called out his “foppish” clothing and effeminate hair, describing him as “no gentleman,” “a contemptible Cockney,” “a mere mercenary scoundrel,” and a “penny-a-line loafer.”19
But A Christmas Carol was more than that. In six weeks, between two installments of Chuzzlewit, Dickens wrote a mere 45,000 words illuminating the true spirit of the holiday that was not about America, but all the world, and all of us, himself included. Its universal message of love and generosity as the antidote to selfishness and greed rang a bell everywhere it went. His great English rival, William Thackeray32, called it “a national benefit and to every man or woman who reads it, a personal kindness.” And if its not a straight line from Dickens famed “quarrel with America,”to the writing of the second most beloved Christmas story in the world, it zigzags nicely. Even the American literary magazine, The Knickerbocker, wrote of it:
If in every alternate work that Mr. Dickens were to send to the London press he should find occasion to indulge in ridicule against alleged American peculiarities, or broad caricatures33 of our actual vanities, we could with the utmost cheerfulness pass them by unnoted and uncondemned, if he would only now and then present us with an intellectual creation so touching and beautiful as the one before us. Indeed, we can with truth say, that in our deliberate judgment, the Christmas Carol is the most striking, the most picturesque, the most truthful, of all the limnings34 which have proceeded from its authors pen. There is much mirth in the book, but more wisdom; wisdom of that kind which men possess who have gazed thoughtfully but kindly on human life, and have pierced deeper than their fellows into all the sunny nooks and dark recesses of the human breast.35
We read it still. To shed light on our own nooks and recesses. To remember exquisite moments blessed with lucidity that, despite everything, it is a wonderful life. The way Christmas calls us to each other, to gather round the hearth, the flame, the warmth, the truth. To find Ebenezer Scrooge awaking on Christmas morning to a world renewed, and for himself, a second chance.
1842年,狄更斯初到波士頓港時(shí)的無(wú)限喜悅之情,讀來(lái)仿佛埃比尼澤·斯克魯奇在圣誕節(jié)早上醒來(lái)時(shí)的心情一般。傳記作者彼得·阿克羅伊德寫道,他飛上特里蒙特飯店的臺(tái)階,跳進(jìn)大堂,向好奇的人們歡快地招呼道,“我們見面啦!” 在那個(gè)繁星點(diǎn)點(diǎn)的夜半,他身著破舊的毛皮大衣,跑到街上,蹦蹦跳跳越過(guò)凍得硬邦邦的雪,叫嚷著店鋪招牌的名字,不時(shí)拉一拉街邊的門鈴把手——他笑得很開心——(人們以為)他見到老南教堂時(shí),甚至滿是驚奇、喜悅地大喊起來(lái)。他終于來(lái)到“想象中的共和國(guó)”的岸上了。
美國(guó)也回報(bào)了他的熱情。那時(shí),他年不滿30,卻已是文學(xué)界的搖滾巨星,世界最有名的作家,如今,如征服者一般,他降臨到這個(gè)被極度“博茲熱”席卷的國(guó)度——對(duì)他此行的宣傳,在美國(guó)歷史上前所未有。他寫信給密友約翰·福斯特說(shuō),不知道如何描繪“一整天里涌進(jìn)涌出的人群;我出門時(shí)街上排隊(duì)看我的人;我去戲院時(shí)人們的歡呼;各種獻(xiàn)詩(shī)、賀信,各種歡迎,無(wú)盡的舞會(huì)、晚宴、聚會(huì)?!焙髞?lái),波士頓人干脆把他們的城市改名為“博茲城”,這下,紐約人也坐不住了,他們決心“花更多錢……以更高規(guī)格接待”狄更斯。紐約的博茲廳里,滿眼都是旗幟、鮮花、彩帶、花環(huán),還有一幅頭頂上方盤旋著禿鷲的巨幅作者畫像,屋頂上垂下用鍍金繩鏈懸掛的枝形吊燈,廳中更是安放了來(lái)自這位偉大作家作品的22個(gè)經(jīng)典場(chǎng)景;3,000位嘉賓,消耗了50個(gè)火腿,50根牛舌,38,000個(gè)燉好并腌制的牡蠣,4,000個(gè)糖塊兒。狄更斯說(shuō),“如果我足夠長(zhǎng)壽,50年后,今晚和其他晚上的場(chǎng)景,在我昏花的老眼中,將會(huì)像現(xiàn)在一樣燦爛?!?/p>
《時(shí)代精神》這樣寫道,“這場(chǎng)非凡、時(shí)尚、耀眼、獨(dú)特、怪誕、嫵媚、誘人、迷惑、炫目、喜樂(lè)、超級(jí)、愚蠢、荒唐的盛宴……于上周一晚,在紐約公園劇院舉行?!蔽哪浾邊s未卜先知地預(yù)言道,“這就是傻里傻氣的美國(guó)人的一通愚蠢行為,這就是他們對(duì)一個(gè)外國(guó)人的一番荒唐敬意,然而,極有可能,人家回國(guó)之后,就會(huì)寫上一本書來(lái)羞辱一下這整個(gè)國(guó)家,這,全是托了幾個(gè)徹頭徹尾的笨蛋一番鋪張浪費(fèi)的福?!?/p>
事實(shí)上,狄更斯寫了兩本。
他與理想化了的美國(guó)的這場(chǎng)戀愛(ài),短命而又難受。除了大作家們之外,他感覺(jué)其他美國(guó)人都是惡臭、無(wú)禮,且常常侵犯他的隱私。“我被人們重重包圍,連喘息的空檔都沒(méi)有?!钡腋瓜蚋K固乇г拐f(shuō),“我想去教堂里安靜一會(huì)兒,立刻就有一堆人猛沖到我坐的椅子附近。我在火車車廂里剛坐下,檢票員就拉住我不放。我喝杯水,也得有上百人盯著我的嗓子看。”在乘汽船去大湖區(qū)的途中,他起床洗漱,妻子還在熟睡,卻有一群人隔著船艙玻璃往里窺視。
美國(guó)人缺乏餐桌禮儀,而且他目光所及之處,都是人們嚼煙草后吐的口水——即便這國(guó)家首都的人行道上也是唾跡斑斑。在那兒他還看到,政黨政治污染了每一件事,黨魁們就是“上帝創(chuàng)造物身上的虱子”;“選舉中卑鄙花招頻出;私下賄賂公職人員成風(fēng);競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手間以遍布?xì)еr的報(bào)紙為盾,以雇傭文人為刀,用下三濫手段相互攻擊?!?/p>
更糟糕的是,每個(gè)人都想從狄更斯身上揩油,上到蒂芙尼銷售未經(jīng)授權(quán)的狄更斯半身像,下到理發(fā)匠販賣狄更斯的一縷頭發(fā)。他感覺(jué)美國(guó)人粗俗不堪、麻木不仁、夸夸其談、虛情假意、貪得無(wú)厭到無(wú)法想象的地步。狄更斯說(shuō),“在去美國(guó)之前,我從不知道,厭惡和蔑視是什么感覺(jué)?!绷拢腋闺x開美國(guó)時(shí),已完全放棄了對(duì)這個(gè)國(guó)家曾經(jīng)的美好幻想?,F(xiàn)在他認(rèn)為,這里就是個(gè)“大賬房”,除了“騙子和無(wú)聊之輩”,別無(wú)其他。(見《圣誕頌歌》)
美國(guó)人也開始憎惡他了。狄更斯既沒(méi)有優(yōu)雅地接受他們的溜須拍馬,也沒(méi)有描述他們的種種好處,卻總是揪住他們侵犯版權(quán)的行徑不放——公開指責(zé)美國(guó)出版商偷竊他的作品,這確是事實(shí)——他們公開盜印他的小說(shuō),以極低價(jià)格出售,且不給作者分文報(bào)償。美國(guó)出版界大為光火。狄更斯抵美一個(gè)月不到,就從文學(xué)天地的穹頂落到泥沼之內(nèi),他“俗麗”的服飾和女里女氣的發(fā)型被人笑話,他被人描述為“絕非紳士”,是個(gè)“討厭的倫敦佬”、“只認(rèn)錢的無(wú)賴”、“廉價(jià)的混子”。
回到英國(guó)后,狄更斯出版了一本言辭辛辣的游記,《美國(guó)紀(jì)行》,這本書更加深了他與美國(guó)的不和。狄更斯攻擊美國(guó)說(shuō),他們整個(gè)國(guó)家就是個(gè)大騙局。美國(guó)并非充滿機(jī)會(huì)的民主國(guó)家,而是充滿投機(jī)者的國(guó)家—— 一個(gè)盡是只認(rèn)政治和金錢的自私自利之徒的國(guó)家——他們空談自由和平等,實(shí)際卻容忍奴隸制,他們的出版業(yè)“兜售惡毒的品位,大嚼編織的謊言”。此外,他還寫道,整個(gè)世界上,沒(méi)有哪個(gè)國(guó)家會(huì)像美國(guó)這樣,充斥著全然不懂自嘲的,“極度煩人的家伙”。
顯然,這還不夠。接下來(lái),他又在另一本小說(shuō)《馬丁·朱述維特》里辟出一節(jié),對(duì)這個(gè)國(guó)家進(jìn)行了一番惡毒諷刺,而那整本小說(shuō)的寫作目的,原就是要對(duì)自私和貪婪嚴(yán)加聲討的。這本充斥彼此疏離、自欺欺人的角色的小說(shuō),讓他有機(jī)會(huì)展示美國(guó)人大聲喝湯、隨地吐痰,狼吞虎咽,以及最為粗俗的一點(diǎn),舔公用黃油刀,等種種陋習(xí)。
這兩本書都很惹美國(guó)人厭。“我們被描繪成一個(gè)骯臟、貪吃的民族”,《問(wèn)詢快報(bào)》的一篇文章怒道。此文把狄更斯稱作“沒(méi)有教養(yǎng)的雜役……大半生都住在倫敦的一鍋亂燉中?!薄都~約先驅(qū)論壇報(bào)》稱《美國(guó)紀(jì)行》“最垃圾……最卑劣……全然一派胡言,純是愚蠢和淺薄?!钡腋沟呐笥?,托馬斯·卡萊爾也寫道,這次,狄更斯“引得整個(gè)美國(guó),像一瓶超級(jí)蘇打水一樣爆發(fā)了。”
如同因果報(bào)應(yīng),《馬丁·朱述維特》成了一顆啞彈。整個(gè)出版業(yè)雖不景氣,狄更斯卻一直是最值得信賴的暢銷書作者;但是這次,不但美國(guó)人咒罵這本書,英國(guó)人對(duì)它也不看好。這是第一部以狄更斯實(shí)名,而非那個(gè)更受人喜愛(ài)的筆名“博茲”,發(fā)表的小說(shuō),但連載時(shí)的月銷量卻不超過(guò)2.3萬(wàn)份,而之前他作品的月銷量可高達(dá)10萬(wàn)份。
狄更斯深受打擊。“我認(rèn)為《馬丁·朱述維特》百分百是我最好的故事。”但是,他最好的書卻賣得最差。他的出版商,查普曼與霍爾公司威脅說(shuō),每月要從他的報(bào)酬中扣除50鎊來(lái)抵償預(yù)付稿酬,這下讓狄更斯陷入窘境。他的房子、家庭,以及各項(xiàng)開支——包括他照料父親、貼補(bǔ)親人、親人的朋友,以及資助倫敦各項(xiàng)慈善事業(yè)(其中一些還是他設(shè)立的)的費(fèi)用——花費(fèi)過(guò)多,幾乎難以維持。頗具諷刺意味的是,他的那本“圣誕小書”在此刻誕生,正是為了賺錢來(lái)解救他脫離經(jīng)濟(jì)困境的。(這對(duì)于一個(gè)小說(shuō)家來(lái)說(shuō),實(shí)在是矛盾。)
不過(guò)《圣誕頌歌》不僅如此。在《馬丁·朱述維特》兩期連載空隙間的六個(gè)星期里,狄更斯用4.5萬(wàn)字寫出了圣誕的真正精神,這不僅是關(guān)于美國(guó)的故事,而是關(guān)于整個(gè)世界,關(guān)于所有人,也包括他自己。它關(guān)于愛(ài)和慷慨的普世信息,如一劑對(duì)抗自私和貪婪的良藥,在世界各地引起共鳴。狄更斯的英國(guó)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手威廉·薩克雷稱其為“一個(gè)國(guó)家的恩澤,對(duì)讀到它的男男女女來(lái)說(shuō),是對(duì)每個(gè)人的善行?!睆牡腋鼓菆?chǎng)著名的“與美國(guó)的爭(zhēng)吵”,到創(chuàng)作這個(gè)世界上排第二的最為人喜愛(ài)的圣誕故事,即便兩者并非一條直線般因果相隨,卻也曲折但又順利地前后呼應(yīng)。甚至美國(guó)文學(xué)雜志《燈籠褲》也這樣寫道:
哪怕狄更斯先生總要在他交給倫敦出版商們的作品中大肆嘲諷所謂的美國(guó)特色,或者辛辣諷刺我們真實(shí)存在的虛榮自大,我們也可以毫不介意地,以極大的歡樂(lè)擁抱它們,只要他能時(shí)不時(shí)呈現(xiàn)給我們一部心血之作,就像現(xiàn)在擺在我們眼前的這部,它是這樣感人,這樣美麗。真的,我們可以誠(chéng)摯地說(shuō),以我們深思熟慮之后的判斷而言,《圣誕頌歌》是出自該作者筆下,最悅目、最生動(dòng)、最真實(shí)的文字。書中有許多歡樂(lè),還有更多智慧;這份智慧,只有那些深刻而又善意地審視人生,將目光深入到人類胸膛的明亮地方和陰暗角落的人,才可能擁有。
今天,我們?nèi)匀蛔x這故事。為了把光照射到我們自己心中各個(gè)地方和角落。為了那些內(nèi)心清明的美妙時(shí)刻,在那些時(shí)刻,我們明白,無(wú)論如何,生活真美好。圣誕把我們聚在一起,圍坐在爐火旁,火焰、溫暖、真理與我們同在。為了看到埃比尼澤·斯克魯奇在圣誕清晨醒來(lái),面對(duì)一個(gè)嶄新的世界,面對(duì)一個(gè)重生的自己。
1. unfettered: 無(wú)限制的,自由的;Ebenezer Scrooge: 埃比尼澤·斯克魯奇,《圣誕頌歌》主人公,原本是個(gè)冷酷陰郁的守財(cái)奴,但在圣誕前夜受到圣誕精靈的拜訪,于是幡然悔悟,從此變成個(gè)樂(lè)善好施的好人。
2. throng: 一大群人。
3. gallop: 飛奔;giddy: 開心的,激動(dòng)的。
4. ardor: 熱情,激情。
5. Boz-o-mania: 博茲狂熱,Boz是狄更斯最初發(fā)表文章時(shí)所用的筆名,mania是狂熱的意思;hype: 大肆的廣告宣傳。
6. John Forster: 約翰·福斯特(1812—1876),英國(guó)傳記作家、評(píng)論家。
7. festoon: 彩帶;wreath: 花環(huán);tableau:舞臺(tái)造型,靜態(tài)場(chǎng)景(復(fù)數(shù)為 tableaux);pickled: 腌制的;candy kiss: 糖塊。
8. grotesque: 怪誕的,荒唐的;fete: 盛宴款待;came off: 舉行。
9. prescient: 有先見之明的;tomfoolery: 愚蠢的行為;homage: 敬意;consummate: 技藝高超的,完美的。
10. malodorous: 惡臭的。
11. enclosed: 被圍住的,與外界隔絕的;hemmed: 被包圍的。
12. pew: 教堂長(zhǎng)椅。
13. gawk: 無(wú)禮地瞪眼看。
14. under-handed: 不光明正大的,卑鄙的;tamper: 干擾,賄賂;scurrilous:惡語(yǔ)毀謗的,謾罵的。
15. braggart: 自吹自擂的人;acquisitive:貪婪的。
16. Arcadian realm: 世外桃源。 Arcadia,阿卡迪亞,希臘南部地區(qū),在詩(shī)歌和小說(shuō)中常用來(lái)指世外桃源;humbug:騙子。
17. sour on: 憎惡。
18. adulation: 奉承,吹捧;rail: 責(zé)罵,抱怨;infringement: 侵犯;pilfer: 偷竊,小偷小摸;pirate: 盜印,非法復(fù)制;recompense: 報(bào)酬,補(bǔ)償。
19. firmament: 天空,蒼穹;foppish: 俗麗的,浮夸的;Cockney: 倫敦(東區(qū))佬;mercenary: 唯利是圖的;scoundrel:惡棍,無(wú)賴;loafer: 游手好閑的人。
20. scathing: 尖刻斥責(zé)的,無(wú)情抨擊的。
21. scam: (尤指詐財(cái))騙局,陰謀。
22. grubber: 肆無(wú)忌憚的攫取者,鉆營(yíng)者;condone: 寬恕,容忍;pimp: 拉皮條;pander: 拉皮條,迎合(不良欲望);gorge: 狼吞虎咽。
23. diatribe: 指責(zé),抨擊。
24. slurp: 咕嘟咕嘟地喝;boorish: 粗魯?shù)?,無(wú)禮的。
25. filthy: 骯臟的;gormandize: 狼吞虎咽,大吃大喝;scullion: 廚師下手,廚工。
26. balderdash: 胡言亂語(yǔ),廢話;inanity: 無(wú)比愚蠢,淺薄。
27. Thomas Carlyle: 托馬斯·卡萊爾(1795—1881),蘇格蘭諷刺作家、評(píng)論家、歷史學(xué)家;Yankeedoodledom: 指美國(guó)。Yankee是美國(guó)佬的意思,常被美國(guó)以外的人用作侮辱性的稱呼?!癥ankee Doodle”是《洋基歌》,曾是英軍為嘲笑殖民地居民而作,在美國(guó)獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間被美軍采用以反諷敵軍,后來(lái)一直被美國(guó)人傳唱、當(dāng)做愛(ài)國(guó)歌曲。
28. karmic: 因果報(bào)應(yīng)的;flop: 不成功,慘敗。
29. revile: 辱罵,斥責(zé)。
30. deduct from: 從……中扣除;pound sterling: 英鎊;in a bind: 處于困境。
31. money-spinner: 賺大錢的東西。
32. William Thackeray: 威廉·梅克比斯·薩克雷(1811—1863),英國(guó)作家,與狄更斯齊名,代表作是《名利場(chǎng)》。
33. caricature: 諷刺。
34. limning: 描寫,描繪。
35. nook: 角落,僻靜處;recess: 深處,隱秘處。
∷秋葉 評(píng)
據(jù)1867—1868年作者修訂版的《美國(guó)紀(jì)行》(American Notes)的編者按,30歲已成為文學(xué)巨星的英國(guó)作家狄更斯(1812—1870)攜妻子赴美旅行至少有兩大原因:一、其本人作品(行前已出版五部小說(shuō))在美國(guó)受到熱捧,“粉絲”多多;二、其作品在美國(guó)遭受大量盜版,作者幾乎沒(méi)有得到任何經(jīng)濟(jì)利益,對(duì)此頗為惱火,希望能通過(guò)在美國(guó)實(shí)地呼吁來(lái)維護(hù)作家的著作權(quán)益。因此,狄更斯赴美時(shí)的心情,或者說(shuō)其對(duì)美國(guó)的“前理解”是喜憂參半。雖然這位美國(guó)的貴客說(shuō)“[I had] no desire to court, by any adventitious means, the popular applause”([我]并不想望通過(guò)任何外在的方式來(lái)企圖獲得公眾的掌聲),但在他的赴美前“期待視野”中,一定是希望在美國(guó)“粉絲”的熱情與美國(guó)對(duì)其版權(quán)的尊重這兩方面均有所收獲的。
然而,事情并未像狄更斯想象得那么順利。雖然他1842年早春冒著嚴(yán)寒在波士頓上岸后即享受到了被美國(guó)民眾前呼后擁的榮耀,但他在隨后的美國(guó)之行中,幾乎不分時(shí)間與場(chǎng)合,一旦抓住機(jī)會(huì)即鼓吹版權(quán)保護(hù)問(wèn)題。當(dāng)時(shí)的美國(guó)人一聽到他談這個(gè)問(wèn)題就立刻開始裝聾,說(shuō)多了美國(guó)人就翻臉,報(bào)紙開始反唇相譏,大罵狄更斯自私市儈。
19世紀(jì)的美國(guó)被稱為“印刷機(jī)統(tǒng)治下的美國(guó)”,是美洲大陸上這個(gè)新興共和國(guó)在知識(shí)積累上的黃金時(shí)代。然而,此時(shí)的美國(guó)無(wú)論在經(jīng)濟(jì)還是知識(shí)的創(chuàng)造上都尚未強(qiáng)大。由于自身的知識(shí)創(chuàng)造力跟不上需求,崇尚實(shí)用主義并視自身利益為王道的美國(guó)人就盜印歐洲人(主要是英國(guó)人)的書。當(dāng)時(shí)版權(quán)立法與實(shí)施水平均處于世界領(lǐng)先水平的英國(guó)為此曾多次跟美國(guó)進(jìn)行交涉,但美國(guó)人根本不買賬,采用的是“拖死狗”的耍賴伎倆。這種對(duì)于外國(guó)作品美國(guó)出版商予以免費(fèi)出版、民眾廉價(jià)獲得作品、政府和民眾均對(duì)此感到洋洋得意甚至認(rèn)為合情合理的狀況,直到20世紀(jì)才有所改觀。因此,鑒于狄更斯在美國(guó)的行為以及當(dāng)今美國(guó)人在版權(quán)問(wèn)題上的喋喋不休,早先五十余年的美國(guó)民眾與媒體予以攻擊與嘲諷也就不足為奇了。
更讓熱情的美國(guó)粉絲失望的是,狄更斯在其美國(guó)行當(dāng)年出版的《美國(guó)紀(jì)行》中有大量對(duì)于美國(guó)的批評(píng),其火力大都集中在美國(guó)的奴隸制,政黨政治,機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)施(法院、監(jiān)獄、瘋?cè)嗽?、救?jì)院等),過(guò)分商業(yè)化,衛(wèi)生習(xí)慣以及國(guó)民性格上。難怪該著的“編者按”用了“He went, he saw, he criticized”予以概括。對(duì)于美國(guó)的諸多方面,他不惜用了一些刻薄話予以抨擊,例如:“我從不明白什么叫做惡心與鄙視的感覺(jué),直到我在美國(guó)走了一趟。”(I never knew what it was to feel disgust and contempt till I travelled in America.)“這不是我希望看到的共和國(guó),不是我想象中的共和國(guó)?!保═his is not the Republic of my expectation. This is not the Republic of my imagination.)當(dāng)今,學(xué)術(shù)界大多認(rèn)為異國(guó)形象更多地是基于塑造者主體的想象與策略,而與塑造客體的現(xiàn)實(shí)關(guān)系不大。不過(guò),狄更斯在該著的前言里非常自信地宣稱,他的這些批評(píng)完全是基于事實(shí)存在而非憑空想象,讀者們完全可以根據(jù)真實(shí)性原則予以驗(yàn)證。即便是其中有所偏差,也非其有意為之(but not wilfully)。他在前言里警告讀者:“把我說(shuō)成用惡意、冷酷、憎惡的眼光來(lái)看美國(guó),是極其徒勞無(wú)益的。”(To represent me as having viewing America with ill-nature, coldness, or animosity, is merely to do a very foolish thing.)筆者的閱讀體驗(yàn)也大致如此。頗具諷刺意味的是,《美國(guó)紀(jì)行》的英國(guó)初版在面世三天后就被美國(guó)出版商“山寨”了,并在48小時(shí)內(nèi)就銷售了七萬(wàn)四千冊(cè),公眾對(duì)這個(gè)作品感到震驚。至此,狄更斯在美國(guó)成為不受歡迎的、粗俗的人。
在狄更斯看來(lái),美國(guó)人的虛偽在蓄奴制問(wèn)題上暴露得淋漓盡致。他在前往華盛頓途中即遭遇了一次奴隸的伺候,感覺(jué)頗有恥辱與負(fù)罪感(a sense of shame and selfreproach)。到了美國(guó)首都華盛頓,他一方面在華盛頓街頭到處看到燙金字體的美國(guó)《獨(dú)立宣言》,標(biāo)榜“人人生而平等,被上帝賦予了生命、自由及追求幸福等與生俱來(lái)的權(quán)利”(All men are created equal, and are endowed with their creator with the Inalienable Rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness),另一方面就在此地的國(guó)會(huì)眾議院里,一位年邁老人連續(xù)多日受到審訊,被指控的罪名竟然是膽敢公開指責(zé)奴隸貿(mào)易的邪惡,將男女及其尚未出生的孩子作為商品出售視為不道德。當(dāng)然,作者對(duì)于美國(guó)也并非全是批評(píng),他在評(píng)介當(dāng)時(shí)在美國(guó)正如日中天的超驗(yàn)主義(Transcendentalism)哲學(xué)尤其是其創(chuàng)始人愛(ài)默生(Ralph Waldo Emerson)時(shí)就持比較贊賞的態(tài)度:
該先生寫有一冊(cè)論文,雖然不乏憑空幻想,但也有許多內(nèi)容真實(shí)可信、坦率陽(yáng)剛。超驗(yàn)主義有時(shí)未免無(wú)常(哪個(gè)哲學(xué)派別不是這樣呢?),但同時(shí)有許多健康好品質(zhì)。超驗(yàn)主義者不僅從心底里厭惡偽善,而且具有探測(cè)其各種藏身之處并讓其原形畢露的能力。因此,如果我是波士頓人,我想我會(huì)是位超驗(yàn)主義者。
狄更斯在事隔25年后再次來(lái)到美國(guó),這次他不再糾纏版權(quán)、奴隸制等政治性問(wèn)題了,而是在美國(guó)各地開作品朗誦會(huì)與演講會(huì),收取門票費(fèi)用。其結(jié)果是在文學(xué)上除了幾個(gè)演講錄外,未見有其他作品出版,但在經(jīng)濟(jì)上卻大賺了一筆,對(duì)此美國(guó)人倒非常樂(lè)意配合。在其1868年修訂的《美國(guó)紀(jì)行》“后記”里,他說(shuō)此時(shí)美國(guó)展現(xiàn)的是“寬宏大量”(national generosity and magnanimity),其人民給予他的是“無(wú)與倫比的禮貌、體貼、甜美性情、熱情好客以及無(wú)與倫比的對(duì)其隱私的尊重”(unsurpassable politeness, delicacy, sweet temper, hospitality, consideration, and with unsurpassable respect for the privacy...)。這一方面體現(xiàn)了美國(guó)在過(guò)去幾十年所發(fā)生的變化,但更多體現(xiàn)的恐怕是晚年狄更斯講話的“策略性”了。