劉洪悅 郭子寒 杜瓊 戴賢春 劉瑩瑩 余波 翟青
摘 要 為系統(tǒng)評價聚二磷酸腺苷-核糖聚合酶(polyADP-ribose polymerase, PARP)抑制劑治療晚期卵巢癌的安全性,以neoplasm、ovarian cancer、PARP等為關(guān)鍵詞檢索PubMed、EMBASE、clinicltrials.gov、Cochrane Library和CNKI等數(shù)據(jù)庫中2017年3月前發(fā)表的相關(guān)臨床隨機(jī)、對照試驗(yàn)文獻(xiàn),共納入5篇文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行分析。分析結(jié)果顯示,PARP抑制劑治療組的所有不良事件、惡心、血小板減少、乏力、貧血、嘔吐、頭痛、頭暈和食欲不振的發(fā)生率均顯著高于對照組,3 ~ 4級不良事件中的所有不良事件、血小板減少和貧血的發(fā)生率也顯著高于對照組。但PARP抑制劑治療的多數(shù)不良事件的嚴(yán)重程度較輕,血小板減少和貧血的嚴(yán)重程度較重,應(yīng)當(dāng)予以重視。
關(guān)鍵詞 聚二磷酸腺苷-核糖聚合酶抑制劑 卵巢癌 安全性 系統(tǒng)評價
中圖分類號:R979.19 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:C 文章編號:1006-1533(2018)05-0025-04
Systematic review of safety for polyADP-ribose polymerase inhibitors in the treatment of advanced ovarian cancer
LIU Hongyue1,2,3, GUO Zihan1,2,3, DU Qiong1,2,3, DAI Xianchun3, LIU Yingying3, YU Bo1,2,3, ZHAI Qing1,2,3
(1. Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; 2. Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; 3. Proton and Heavy Ion Center of Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201321, China)
ABSTRACT In order to evaluate the safety of polyADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, we used neoplasm, ovarian cancer, PARP as keywords to search for studies published before March, 2017 at PubMed, EMBASE, clinicltrials.gov, Cochrane Library, CNKI and other database, total five articles were found. The incidence of all adverse events, nausea, thrombocytopenia, weakness, anemia, vomiting, headache, dizziness, and loss of appetite and the incidence of all adverse events, thrombocytopenia and anemia in the 3 ~ 4 grade adverse events were significantly higher in the treatment group of PARP inhibitor than in the control group. However, most of the adverse events occurred in the treatment group of PARP inhibitors were mild though thrombocytopenia and anemia were serious, to which attention should be paid.
KEY WORDS polyADP-ribose polymerase inhibitors; ovarian cancer; safety; systematic review
卵巢癌是婦科腫瘤中死亡率最高的一種癌癥類型,2016年美國新發(fā)病例約2.2萬例,死亡病例約1.4萬例,占婦科腫瘤死因的5%左右[1]。晚期卵巢癌的初始治療多采用手術(shù)治療并在術(shù)后予以輔助化療[2-3]。卵巢癌首次接觸鉑類藥物時較敏感,但隨著接觸時間延長,鉑類藥物的療效會逐漸降低,患者復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險增大。若卵巢癌復(fù)發(fā),可再次使用以鉑類藥物為基礎(chǔ)的聯(lián)合化療方案治療,但因鉑類藥物的累積毒性會隨用藥劑量增加而增加,加之部分患者已對鉑類藥物耐藥,此類治療的實(shí)際應(yīng)用受到一定的限制[3]。對已對鉑類藥物耐藥的患者應(yīng)改用非鉑類藥物單藥治療,如脂質(zhì)體多柔比星、環(huán)磷酰胺和多西他賽等[4]。
有研究提示,卵巢癌的發(fā)生可能與基因BRCA的突變有關(guān)[5]。BRCA1或BRCA2的突變會導(dǎo)致DNA修復(fù)能力的喪失,最終導(dǎo)致癌癥的發(fā)生。聚二磷酸腺苷-核糖聚合酶(polyADP-ribose polymerase, PARP)是DNA單鏈斷裂修復(fù)所必不可少的酶,抑制其便能通過促使DNA雙鏈片段的形成而抑制有DNA修復(fù)缺陷的癌細(xì)胞,最終導(dǎo)致癌細(xì)胞的死亡[6-7]。美國FDA 2014年批準(zhǔn)奧拉帕尼(olaparib)用于治療BRCA突變的晚期卵巢癌患者,2017年3月又批準(zhǔn)尼拉帕尼(niraparib)用于治療對鉑類藥物治療有完全或部分應(yīng)答、但后又疾病復(fù)發(fā)的成人卵巢上皮癌、輸卵管癌和原發(fā)性腹膜癌患者。PARP抑制劑治療卵巢癌有效,但患者能否耐受,目前還無有關(guān)此類藥物不良事件的系統(tǒng)評價。本文全面評價PARP抑制劑的安全性,為其臨床安全、合理使用提供參考。
1 資料與方法
1.1 納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
1.1.1 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
①研究類型:Ⅱ或Ⅲ期臨床隨機(jī)、對照試驗(yàn)(randomized controlled trial, RCT),不論發(fā)表與否。②研究對象:病理組織學(xué)或細(xì)胞學(xué)確診的復(fù)發(fā)的卵巢上皮癌、原發(fā)性腹膜癌和輸卵管癌患者,不論對鉑類藥物治療敏感與否,也不論BRCA突變與否;Karnofsky功能狀態(tài)(Karnofskys performance status)評分≤2分,肝、腎和骨髓造血功能正常。③干預(yù)措施:試驗(yàn)組為PARP抑制劑治療組,對照組為傳統(tǒng)化療或安慰劑治療組。④結(jié)局指標(biāo):包括所有不良事件以及惡心、血小板減少、乏力、貧血、腹瀉、便秘、嘔吐、中性粒細(xì)胞減少、頭痛、腹痛、頭暈和食欲不振。
1.1.2 排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
①無法提取數(shù)據(jù)的RCT;②不符合診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的RCT;③重復(fù)發(fā)表的RCT。
1.2 檢索策略
逐一檢索PubMed、EMBASE、clinicltrials.gov、Cochrane Library和CNKI數(shù)據(jù)庫中2017年3月前發(fā)表的相關(guān)Ⅱ或Ⅲ期RCT文獻(xiàn),同時檢索美國癌癥研究協(xié)會(American Association for Cancer Research)、美國臨床腫瘤學(xué)學(xué)會(American Society of Clinical Oncology)和歐洲臨床腫瘤學(xué)學(xué)會(European Society of Medical Oncology)等的年會資料;檢索詞為neoplasm、ovarian cancer、polyADP-ribose polymerase、PARP、olaparib、AZD2281、Ku-0059436、veliparib、ABT-888、rucaparib、AG-014699、PF-01367338、talazoparib、BMN 673、 MK-4827、niraparib、iniparib和BSI-201。
1.3 文獻(xiàn)篩選、資料提取和質(zhì)量評價
文獻(xiàn)篩選、資料提取和質(zhì)量評價由2名研究人員分別獨(dú)立完成,有疑問或意見不一致時則通過討論或征求其他專家的意見妥善解決。資料提取內(nèi)容主要包括研究特征(RCT的注冊號、完成年份、研究類型、樣本量)、研究對象的基本特征(病名)、治療方案(藥物、劑量)和各種不良事件的發(fā)生例數(shù)。對RCT的質(zhì)量采用《Cochrane系統(tǒng)評價手冊(5.1版)》進(jìn)行方法學(xué)評價,評價內(nèi)容包括隨機(jī)方法、盲法、分配隱藏、結(jié)果數(shù)據(jù)的完整性、有無選擇性報告結(jié)果和有無其他偏倚來源。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析
采用RevMan 5.3軟件進(jìn)行薈萃分析。采用比值比和95%置信區(qū)間作為療效分析的統(tǒng)計量,采用χ2檢驗(yàn)對各研究結(jié)果進(jìn)行異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)。當(dāng)各研究結(jié)果間的異質(zhì)性不顯著(P≥0.10, I2≤50%)時,采用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行薈萃分析;當(dāng)各研究結(jié)果間的異質(zhì)性顯著(P<0.10, I2>50%)時,采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行薈萃分析。薈萃分析的檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn)為α=0.05[8-9]。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 文獻(xiàn)檢索結(jié)果
共檢索得到48篇文獻(xiàn),經(jīng)逐層篩選,最后納入5篇文獻(xiàn),篩選流程及結(jié)果見圖1。
2.2 納入研究的基本特征
共納入5項(xiàng)研究,其中4項(xiàng)為Ⅱ期臨床試驗(yàn)、1項(xiàng)為Ⅲ期臨床試驗(yàn),它們設(shè)計合理、質(zhì)量較高,基本特征見表1。
2.3 不良事件發(fā)生率的分析
2.3.1 所有不良事件的發(fā)生率
PARP抑制劑治療組的所有不良事件以及惡心、血小板減少、乏力、貧血、嘔吐、頭痛、頭暈和食欲不振的發(fā)生率均高于對照組,其余不良事件的發(fā)生率無顯著性差異,具體情況見表2。
2.3.2 3 ~ 4級不良事件的發(fā)生率
PARP抑制劑治療組的所有3 ~ 4級不良事件的發(fā)生率以及3 ~ 4級的乏力、血小板減少和貧血的發(fā)生率均高于對照組,其余3 ~ 4級不良事件的發(fā)生率無顯著性差異,具體情況見表3。
3 討論
卵巢癌是常見的婦科惡性腫瘤,其患者的5年存活率不到40%[15]。雖然使用鉑類和紫杉烷類藥物治療可使卵巢癌患者的總存活期延長最多達(dá)17.6個月[16-17],但卵巢癌易復(fù)發(fā),患者的預(yù)后仍不容樂觀。卵巢癌的發(fā)生與BRCA突變有關(guān)[18],而BRCA突變可能是PARP抑制劑的作用靶點(diǎn)[19],因此PARP抑制劑可用于復(fù)發(fā)的卵巢癌治療。自PARP抑制劑被發(fā)現(xiàn)以來,至今已有奧拉帕尼、尼拉帕尼和雷迪帕尼獲準(zhǔn)用于臨床。
雖然PARP抑制劑治療卵巢癌有效,如奧拉帕尼治療的有效率達(dá)34%,尼拉帕尼治療可使BRCA突變的患者的疾病無進(jìn)展存活期延長15.5個月,但此類藥物的安全性亦應(yīng)予以重視。本文對PARP抑制劑治療復(fù)發(fā)的卵巢癌的不良事件進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)分析,共納入5篇文獻(xiàn),合計包括1 070例患者。從分析結(jié)果可以看出,PARP抑制劑治療組的惡心、血小板減少、乏力、貧血、嘔吐、頭痛、頭暈和食欲不振的發(fā)生率顯著更高,3 ~ 4級的血小板減少和貧血的發(fā)生率也顯著更高。不過,本研究存在一定的局限性:①納入的文獻(xiàn)數(shù)少且多數(shù)為Ⅱ期臨床試驗(yàn)報告,樣本量不足;②各研究間存在一定的偏倚,如各研究的對照組均不相同等。因此,對本研究結(jié)論應(yīng)持謹(jǐn)慎的態(tài)度,今后仍需采用大樣本量的、高質(zhì)量的研究進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證和補(bǔ)充。
總體來說,PARP抑制劑治療的不良事件的嚴(yán)重程度大多數(shù)較低,患者可以耐受,但血液學(xué)毒性較嚴(yán)重,特別是血小板減少和貧血,可能會引起嚴(yán)重的并發(fā)癥,應(yīng)予以重視。
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