透過高考看狀語從句

孝文豪

一、高考中狀語從句的考查點(diǎn)

狀語從句是高中英語句法的重要組成部分，按照主句與從句的邏輯關(guān)系，狀語從句分為時(shí)間狀語從句、地點(diǎn)狀語從句、原因狀語從句、條件狀語從句、讓步狀語從句、比較狀語從句、方式狀語從句、目的狀語從句及結(jié)果狀語從句等。狀語從句在高考中出現(xiàn)的頻率非常高， 尤其是對(duì)引導(dǎo)狀語從句的連詞的考查每年高考都有，以全國(guó)卷為例，近兩年主要出現(xiàn)在語法填空與短文改錯(cuò)中。這類題難度為中等略偏下，旨在考查考生是否具有精準(zhǔn)判定不同連詞的能力。

除考查引導(dǎo)詞外，狀語從句與其他語法結(jié)合在一起的綜合考查也經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在高考題中，如狀語從句中的時(shí)態(tài)、狀語從句的省略、狀語從句與倒裝句的考查等。

二、狀語從句要點(diǎn)例析

1. 時(shí)間狀語從句

（1） when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句，意為“當(dāng)……的時(shí)候”，when引導(dǎo)的從句中的動(dòng)詞可以用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，也可以用非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。如：

He was working at the table when I went in.

I will visit my good friend when I have time.

when也可以作并列連詞，表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行的時(shí)候，突然間發(fā)生了另外一件事。常用在was/were doing…when…，was/were about to do…when…或had done…when…的結(jié)構(gòu)中。

（2）while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句，表示“與……同時(shí)，在……期間”，while引導(dǎo)的從句中常用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或表示狀態(tài)的詞。如：

They rushed in while we were discussing problems.

Father was cleaning the car while I was playing computer games.

while也可以作并列連詞，表示對(duì)比的轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，意為“然而”；還可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，表示“盡管”。

（3）as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句，意為“當(dāng)……的時(shí)候，一邊……一邊……；隨著……”，在as引導(dǎo)的從句中可使用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，也可使用非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的過程。如：

As time goes by （With time going by）， we have a better understanding of things around us.

【指點(diǎn)迷津】when， while和as的選擇

選擇這三個(gè)詞的時(shí)候，首先根據(jù)句意判斷，as有“隨著……”之意，另外兩個(gè)沒有；其次根據(jù)從句中的動(dòng)詞判斷，while后須接延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，而when和as后既可接延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，也可接非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞；最后根據(jù)固定句型判斷，如was/were doing…when…； as time goes by…等。

（4）before的基本意義是“在……之前”，但在不同的語境中可以翻譯為“沒過多久……就”“還沒來得及……就”“過多久……才”“趁……還沒有時(shí)”。如：

He shut the door before I could say a word.

It will be/was +一段時(shí)間+before…常被看作一個(gè)句型，表示“過了多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間才……”。be也可和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用。

（5）since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句，意為“自從……”，從句謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí)，主句的謂語動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如：

We have made many dumplings since we began to cook.

It is/has been six years since she graduated from the university.

【指點(diǎn)迷津】在“It is +時(shí)間+since從句”的句型中，從句中的動(dòng)詞如果是瞬間動(dòng)詞，則此句表示“做某事已有多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了”；如果從句中的動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，則此從句表示“不做某事已經(jīng)有多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了”。

（6）till，until引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句，意為“直到……為止”，not … till / until引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句，意為“直到……才”。前者強(qiáng)調(diào)主句動(dòng)作的結(jié)束，主句用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，后者強(qiáng)調(diào)主句動(dòng)作的開始，用非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。如：

Go straight on until you come to a bridge.

We wont start our discussion until / till he comes.

until常與強(qiáng)調(diào)句式連用，構(gòu)成It is/was not until…that…結(jié)構(gòu)；not until置于句首，后面引導(dǎo)的句子用倒裝語序，構(gòu)成not until…did/do…結(jié)構(gòu)。

（7）其他形式的時(shí)間狀語從句

the moment， the minute， each/every/any time， the first/second… time， as soon as， no sooner than， hardly…when， immediately， directly， instantly等表示時(shí)間的名詞詞組或副詞可以引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句，表示“一……就……；每一次……”等意。如：

The moment they saw the teacher， they ran away.

Every time I saw her， I ask her about her family affairs.

I thought her nice and honest the first time I met her.

Hardly（scarcely， rarely）... when， no sooner... than相當(dāng)于as soon as。主句用過去完成時(shí)，從句用一般過去時(shí)。位于句首時(shí)，主句應(yīng)用倒裝語序。

（8）by the time引導(dǎo)的狀語從句，意為“到……為止”，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí)，主句用過去完成時(shí)；從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，主句用將來完成時(shí)。如：

By the time you came back， I had finished this book.

By the time you come here tomorrow， I will have finished this work.

2. 原因狀語從句

（1）原因狀語從句的引導(dǎo)詞主要有because， since， as， for等。如：

Shes in a bad mood because her father wont let her go to the party tonight.

Since you are unable to answer， perhaps we should ask someone else.

He found it increasingly difficult to read， for his eyes were failing.

We asked Philip to come with us， as he knew the road.

【指點(diǎn)迷津】because表示直接的原因或理由，著重點(diǎn)在從句，用于回答why，語氣最強(qiáng)，常譯為“因?yàn)椤保籪or引導(dǎo)的從句提供一些補(bǔ)充說明或解釋，不能用在句首，前面往往有逗號(hào)或分號(hào)與主句分開；since一般表示對(duì)方已知的、無須加以說明的既成事實(shí)的理由，全句中心在主句，語氣比because弱，常譯為“既然”；as表示十分明顯的原因，一般說明因果關(guān)系，著重點(diǎn)在主句，語氣較弱，意為“由于”。

（2）可引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句的還有seeing that， now that， considering that等。如：

Now that I thought， I acted the same way when I was his age.

I wont stay long， seeing that youre busy.

3. 地點(diǎn)狀語從句

地點(diǎn)狀語從句常用where， wherever等連詞引導(dǎo)，wherever表示“在任何地方”。

Put it where you can see it.

You can camp wherever you like.

【指點(diǎn)迷津】where引導(dǎo)定語從句和狀語從句的區(qū)別

（1）where引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)，where是關(guān)系副詞，在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語，其前面有表示地點(diǎn)的先行詞，where引導(dǎo)的從句修飾先行詞。如：

The bookshop where I bought this book is not far from here.

This is the house where I lived two years ago.

（2）where引導(dǎo)狀語從句時(shí)，where是從屬連詞，where引導(dǎo)的從句修飾主句的謂語動(dòng)詞，where前面沒有表示地點(diǎn)的先行詞。如：

Wuhan lies where the Changjiang River and the Hanjiang River meet.

Make a mark where you have any doubts or questions.

（3）有時(shí)where引導(dǎo)的地點(diǎn)狀語從句兼有抽象條件含義，可放在主句的前面。如：

Where there is a will， there is a way.

4. 條件狀語從句

（1）條件狀語從句表示“如果，要是”，引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的引導(dǎo)詞主要有if， unless， once等。其中的unless是否定詞，意為“除非，要不是”，once表示“一旦”。如：

If you come into my garden， my dog will bite you.

（2）引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的還有in case（萬一……），as/so long as （只要），on condition that （在……情況下） 等短語。如：

So long as I know the money is safe， I shall not worry about it.

I always take something to read when I go to the doctors in case I have to wait.

5. 讓步狀語從句

（1）讓步狀語從句一般由although， though， even if， even though引導(dǎo)，另一句中不能出現(xiàn)but，但可有still， yet， nevertheless。如：

Although/Even though I didnt know anybody at the party， I had a very good time.

I still look fat， even though Ive been exercising fairly regularly.

（2）用whether…or引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，意為“無論是否……”。如：

Whether it rains or not， I shall go out for an outing tomorrow.

（3）-ever引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句

由whoever， whichever， whatever， wherever， whenever， however引導(dǎo)，相當(dāng)于no matter who/which/what/where/when/how的讓步狀語從句，表示“無論……”。如：

Whatever happens， we shall never lose hope.

However cold it is， she often goes swimming.

（4）while， if也可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，表示“盡管”，相當(dāng)于although。如：

While forbidden fruit is said to taste sweeter， it usually spoils faster.

If a jewel falls into the mud， it remains as precious as before.

though， as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，從句中的狀語、表語及謂語動(dòng)詞的一部分要置于as/though之前，且表語中的冠詞要省略。

6. 方式狀語從句

方式狀語從句放在主句之后，用as，just as （正如），as if/as though 等引導(dǎo)，其中as if， as though引導(dǎo)的從句有時(shí)用虛擬語氣，但如果所描述的情況很可能是事實(shí)，也可用陳述語氣。如：

You may do as you please.

The old man runs fast as if he were a young man.

as if， as though從句可以用省略形式，后面接不定式、分詞、形容詞或介詞短語。

7. 目的狀語從句

目的狀語從句一般由so， so that， in order that， in case （以防），for fear that等引導(dǎo)，常放在主句之后，從句中常用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞may， might， can， could， shall， should， would等。如：

He works hard in order that he can serve his country well.

Ill show you so that you can see how its done.

for fear that也可引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句，意為“以防”，可轉(zhuǎn)換為for fear of sth/doing sth。

8. 結(jié)果狀語從句

結(jié)果狀語從句一般由so that， so…that…， such…that…引導(dǎo)。如：

The box is so heavy that nobody can move it.

He made a wrong decision， so that half of his lifetime was wasted.

so that既可引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句，也可引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句，但引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句時(shí)通常用逗號(hào)同主句分開；結(jié)果狀語從句是so…that結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，so可放在句首，后面的分句部分倒裝。

9. 比較狀語從句

比較狀語從句常由as…as， than， not so…as， the more…the more等引導(dǎo)。

I know you better than he does.

The more we can do for you， the happier we will be.

10. 狀語從句的省略

一般來說，省略現(xiàn)象多出現(xiàn)在下列五種狀語從句中：由when，while，as，before，after，till，until，once等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句；由whether，if，unless等引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句；由though，although，even if，whatever等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句；由as，than等引導(dǎo)的比較狀語從句；由as，as if，as though等引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句。上述狀語從句在省略時(shí)，并非任何成分都可以省略，而是遵循下列原則：當(dāng)狀語從句的主語與主句的主語一致且從句中含有系動(dòng)詞be的某種形式時(shí)，可以省略狀語從句的主語和系動(dòng)詞be；當(dāng)從句的主語與主句的主語不一致，但從句主語是it，從句中又含有系動(dòng)詞be的某種形式時(shí)，可以把it和系動(dòng)詞be一起省略。

【指點(diǎn)迷津】“連詞+省略結(jié)構(gòu)”省略了從句的主語（與主句主語一致）和主語后的動(dòng)詞be?？忌鷳?yīng)先理解句意，然后根據(jù)此動(dòng)作與主句的主語之間的邏輯關(guān)系判斷，如果是主動(dòng)情況，一般用ing形式，如果是被動(dòng)情況，則用過去分詞。

11. 狀語從句中的時(shí)態(tài)

在時(shí)間、條件、讓步等狀語從句中，主句如果用一般將來時(shí)，從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí)。如：

If you dont have breakfast， you will be hungry when having class.

You had better take the umbrella in case it rains.

【指點(diǎn)迷津】一般來說，狀語從句中的時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)該與主句一致，如主句用過去時(shí)態(tài)，那么從句也要用過去時(shí)。但是也有些固定句型的時(shí)態(tài)相對(duì)固定，如it is... since...，hardly... when...， by the time...等。

三、狀語從句答題方法

狀語從句的類型比較多，但特征很明確，即“引導(dǎo)詞+從句+主句”的模式。我們需要重點(diǎn)關(guān)注的是引導(dǎo)詞的選用。

要選用適當(dāng)?shù)囊龑?dǎo)詞，我們首先需要理解句意，根據(jù)句意判斷句子間的邏輯關(guān)系，從而找到合適的引導(dǎo)詞。

其次，有一些相對(duì)固定的句型對(duì)于我們選用適當(dāng)?shù)囊龑?dǎo)詞也很有幫助，如hardly…when， it is…since…等句型。

狀語從句的類型比較多，牢記不同類型的狀語從句的引導(dǎo)詞也非常重要，有的引導(dǎo)詞會(huì)適用于幾種不同的狀語從句，如while，既可引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句，也可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，還可表示轉(zhuǎn)折的意義，在并列句中用法豐富，同學(xué)們需要熟悉這些用法與意義。

·即時(shí)小練·

1. I was walking down the street a friend called and said， “Dude， youve got to run home.You re going to be on the radio in 20 minutes.”

2. he once felt like giving up， he now has the determination to push further and keep on going.

3. Hard I learned， I was happy then.

4. However， I told myself that I had to calm down and look after my mum， I promised to my dad.

5. I have called them my China diaries I always wrote a journal about my personal experiences.

6. It is so cold that you cant go outside fully covered in thick clothes.

7. We need to get to the root of the problem we can solve it.

8. If we work with a strong will， we can overcome any difficulty， great it is.

9. Ill make some sandwiches， just we get hungry later.

10. I couldnt fully understand what he wanted to show in his paintings， I thought his works were quite impressive.

答案：1. when 2. Where 3.as/though 4. as 5. since 6. unless 7. before 8. however 9. in case 10. While/Although