虛擬語氣面面觀

昝亞娟

虛擬語氣表示說話人的一種主觀愿望、假設(shè)的情況、一種猜測或建議，并非客觀存在的事實。虛擬語氣是通過謂語動詞的變化來表示的，可用于簡單句、狀語從句、名詞性從句和定語從句中。

一、高中階段應(yīng)掌握的虛擬語氣知識清單

（一）虛擬語氣在簡單句中的應(yīng)用

1.在日常對話中，為了表示客氣、謙虛、委婉而有禮貌，言語常使用虛擬語氣。這時虛擬語氣的構(gòu)成形式常為“would/could/might/should+原形動詞”。例如：

Would you like to have a talk with us this evening？

Could I use your bike now？

You should always learn this lesson by heart.

I couldnt agree with you more.

It couldnt be better.

2.表示“祝愿”時，常用“may+主語+動詞原形”。例如：

May you have a good journey！

3.表示強烈的“愿望”“祝愿”時，謂語動詞常用動詞原形。例如：

Long live our friendship.

God bless you！

4.表示對過去已經(jīng)發(fā)生的某種情況進(jìn)行責(zé)備時，常用虛擬語氣，結(jié)構(gòu)為“情態(tài)動詞+have+過去分詞”。例如：

You should have arrived on time. What are you so late？

5.If only引導(dǎo)的句子表示“但愿”“要是……就好了”。若該句子表示愿望與現(xiàn)在的事實相反，謂語動詞用過去式；表示一種愿望與過去的事實相反，謂語動詞用“had done”；表示將來很難實現(xiàn)的愿望，謂語動詞用“would +動詞原形”。例如：

If only I knew the answer！

If only the accident had not happened！

If only I could go to the Mars one day！

（二）虛擬語氣在狀語從句中的應(yīng)用

1.在if條件狀語從句中

（1）在與現(xiàn)在事實相反的虛擬條件句中，謂語動詞要用一般過去時；如果是be時，一律用were。主句中的謂語動詞要用“should （would / could / might） do”。例如：

If Newton lived today， he would be surprised by what has been discovered in science.

If I were a teacher， I would try my best to let my students make great progress.

If it were not for the fact that she cant sing， I would invite her to the party.

（2）在與過去事實相反的虛擬條件句中，謂語動詞要用過去完成時，主句的謂語動詞要用“should （would / could / might） have done”。例如：

If you had followed my advice， you would have made great progress in spoken English.

If the old man had not been sent to the hospital at once， he would have died.

If you had gone through your papers， you wouldnt have made so many mistakes.

（3）在與將來事實相反的虛擬條件句中，謂語動詞可以用“過去式 / were to do / should do”，主句的謂語動詞要用“should （would / could / might） do”。例如：

If you should lend him the money， he would buy the car.

If I were to do the experiment， I would do it in a different way.

If you visited him now and then， he would live a much happier life.

【注意】（1）省略if，采用倒裝語序

在if虛擬條件句中，通?？梢允÷詉f，把were， had，should提到句首，構(gòu)成倒裝句。例如：

Had I made full preparations for the examination， I would have passed it.

Should it rain tomorrow， we might put off the sports meeting.

Were I you， I would follow the teachers advice.

（2）錯綜時間條件句

如果虛擬條件句中從句與主句所表示的時間不一致，例如從句指過去，而主句指的是現(xiàn)在或?qū)?，此時應(yīng)根據(jù)具體的語境，結(jié)合前面講述的三種基本類型對時態(tài)形式做出相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。例如：endprint

If Lisa had not gone to bed so late last night， she would not be so sleepy now.

If Tom had passed the driving test， he would be driving his new car.

（3）含蓄條件句

①有時， 不使用if虛擬條件從句表示假設(shè)的情況，而是通過介詞或介詞短語（with， without， under， but for，in that case等）來表示。例如：

Without air （If there were no air）， there would be no living things.

But for your help （If we had not received your help）， I couldnt have completed the task on time.

② 通過連詞otherwise和but，把虛擬的條件隱含在上下文之中。例如：

I would go abroad for further study but my English is poor.

I was away on business， otherwise I would have gone to your birthday party.

2.在方式狀語從句中

在as if / as though引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句中，表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼膭幼饕靡话氵^去時，表示過去的動作要用過去完成時。例如：

If you put a pencil into a glass of water， it looks as if it were broken.

The little boy ran into the room as if he had seen something terrible.

Everyone looked at her as if she had behaved very badly.

3.在目的狀語從句中

（1）在for fear that，in case引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句中，謂語動詞常用“should + 動詞原形”，且should不能省略。例如：

Jane examined the door again for fear that a thief should come in.

We took an umbrella in case it should rain.

（2）在so that，in order that所引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句中，謂語由“can/may/could/might/will/would/should + 動詞原形”構(gòu)成。例如：

I got closer to the speaker so that he could hear him clearly.

Mary read the letter carefully in order that she should not miss a word.

（三）虛擬語氣在名詞性從句中的應(yīng)用

1.在賓語從句中

（1）在require，order，propose，command，request，de-sire等表示“建議”“要求”“命令”意思的動詞后的賓語從句中，謂語動詞用“should + 動詞原形”，should可以省略。例如：

The teacher required that our homework （should） be handed in the next day.

The doctors ordered that the patient （should） be sent to a bigger hospital without delay.

He proposed that I （should） look for my purse at the lost-property office.

【注意】在suggest和insist引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中，當(dāng)suggest表示“建議”，insist表示“堅持”時，后面的賓語從句的謂語動詞要用“should + 動詞原形”，should可以省略。例如：

I suggested that he （should） take the toy apart to see how it worked.

He insisted that we （should） discuss the problem at the meeting.

當(dāng)suggest表示“暗示”，insist表示“堅持認(rèn)為，堅持說”時，后面的賓語從句使用正常的時態(tài)。例如：

The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work.

The man insisted that he had never stolen the money.

（2）在動詞wish后的賓語從句中，表示與現(xiàn)在或過去的事實相反或?qū)淼闹饔^愿望。

①表示對現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬，從句中的謂語動詞用過去式（be動詞一般用were）。例如：

How I wish that I were a teacher！

How I wish every family had a big house with a beautiful garden！endprint

②表示對過去情況的虛擬， 從句中的謂語動詞常用“had + 過去分詞”。例如：

How I wish I had known the answers.

It was my turn to recite. How I wish I had been able to say the rules without a mistake！

③表示對將來的主觀愿望，從句的謂語動詞形式為“would + 動詞原形”。例如：

I wish we would migrate from this place every winter， as the birds do.

I wish you would give me a more detailed description of your trip.

（3）在would rather“寧愿”， would prefer“更喜歡”之后的賓語從句中，常用虛擬語氣。如果愿望與現(xiàn)在和將來的事實相反，謂語動詞常用過去式；如果愿望與過去的事實相反，謂語動詞用過去完成時。例如：

I would prefer that you did not mention my name in front of him.

I would rather you came tomorrow as I am extremely busy today.

I would prefer that I had not told her the truth.

2.在主語從句中

在主語從句中，謂語動詞的虛擬語氣用“should + 動詞原形”的結(jié)構(gòu)，表示“驚奇”“令人難以置信”“理應(yīng)如此”等。例如：

It is necessary/important/natural/strange that we should take action right now.

It was a pity/shame that you should be so careless.

It is suggested/ordered/required/proposed that the students should stay behind after school.

3.在表語從句中

當(dāng)主語是suggestion，proposal，order，request，advice，requirement，demand等名詞時，其后跟的表語從句，謂語動詞要用“should + 動詞原形”，should可省略。例如：

One requirement for this job is that you （should） be available to work on weekends.

My uncles suggestion was that we （should） go to Shanghai for the holiday.

4.在同位語從句中

在suggestion，proposal，order，request，advice，requirement，demand等名詞后的同位語從句中，謂語動詞要用“should + 動詞原形”，should可省略。

We turned down Johns request that he （should） travel with us.

They rejected our proposal that the system （should） be improved.

（四）虛擬語氣在定語從句中的應(yīng)用

It is （high） time that+ 從句，表示早該做而未做的事，含建議的意思，從句的謂語動詞常用過去式或“should + 動詞原形” ，should一般不省略。例如：

It is high time we took action to fight against bullying.

二、高考如何考查虛擬語氣

（一）考查if條件句中主句或從句的謂語動詞的形式

1.（2017·北京卷）If the new safety system _______ to use， the accident would never have happened.

A. had been put B. were put

C. should be put D. would be put

【名師點撥】句意：“如果采用了新的安全系統(tǒng)，這場事故就不會發(fā)生。”根據(jù)主句的謂語動詞would never have happened可判斷，本句陳述的情況與過去事實相反，因此if條件句要用had done，故最佳答案為A。

2.（2016·北京卷）Why didnt you tell me about your trouble last week？ If you ______ me， I could have helped.

A. told B. had told C. were to tell D. would tell

【名師點撥】句意：“你為什么上周不告訴我你的煩惱呢？如果你告訴我了，我本來可以幫助你的?！备鶕?jù)第一句中的“didnt you tell”可知，本題考查與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣。根據(jù)第一句中的時間狀語last week和第二句中的could have helped可判斷，句中陳述的事實與過去事實相反，故最佳答案為B。endprint

3.（2016·天津卷）I was wearing a seatbelt. If I hadnt been wearing one， I _________.

A. were injured B. would be injured

C. had been injured D. would have been injured

【名師點撥】句意：“我當(dāng)時系著安全帶。如果我沒系安全帶，我就受傷了。”本題考查if條件句中的虛擬語氣，根據(jù)第一句中的was wearing和if條件句中的had been wearing可判斷，本句陳述的情況與過去的事實相反，故最佳答案為D。

（二）考查含蓄條件句

4. （2017·天津卷）—Do you have Bettys phone number？

—Yes. Otherwise， I ______able to reach her yesterday.

A. hadnt been B. wouldnt have been

C. werent D. wouldnt be

【名師點撥】句意：“——你有Betty的電話號碼嗎？——我有，否則我昨天就無法給她打通電話了。”otherwise用來引導(dǎo)含蓄虛擬語氣，代替if條件句。根據(jù)句中的時間狀語yesterday可知，答語陳述的情況與過去的事實相反，故最佳答案為B。

（三）考查省略if的倒裝句

5.（2017·江蘇卷）__________not for the support of the teachers， the student could not overcome her difficulty.

A. It were B. Were it C. It was D. Was it

【名師點撥】句意： “沒有老師們的支持，這個學(xué)生就不能克服她的困難?！鳖}干為省略if的虛擬語氣條件句。省略if后，條件句采用倒裝語序，即把had/should/were提到主語之前。根據(jù)主句謂語動詞“could not overcome her difficulty”，可判斷本句陳述的情況與現(xiàn)在的事實相反，故最佳答案為B。

6.（2016·浙江卷）Had the governments and scientists not worked together， AIDS-related deaths _______ since their highest in 2005.

A. had not fallen B. would not fall

C. did not fall D. would not have fallen

【名師點撥】句意：“如果沒有政府和科學(xué)家們的一致配合，與艾滋病相關(guān)的死亡人數(shù)就不會從2005年的最高點下降?！北绢}考查省略if的條件句的虛擬語氣，根據(jù)第一句“had...not worked together”可判斷，本句陳述的情況與過去事實相反，主句的謂語動詞應(yīng)為“情態(tài)動詞+have done”，故最佳答案為D。

（四）考查錯綜時間條件句

7.（2016·江蘇卷）If it for his invitation the other day， I should not be here now.

A. had not been B. should not be

C. were not to be D. should not have been

【名師點撥】句意：“要不是他那天的邀請，我現(xiàn)在也不會在這兒?！北绢}考查錯綜時間條件句中的虛擬語氣這一知識點。根據(jù)if條件句中的時間狀語the other day可判斷，從句中陳述的情況與過去事實相反，最佳答案為A。

⊕鞏固練習(xí)⊕

1. the doctor （come） in time last night， the boy would have been saved.

2. If I （go） to the moon one day， I would see it with my own eyes.

3. He delivered himself with precision as if he （call） on to make a public statement.

4. If I （be） you， I would seize the chance to go abroad for further study.

5. If you hadnt worn dark glasses， I （recognize） you at the airport.

6. Tom and Jerry must have quarreled with each other. Otherwise， they （go） out together.

7. But for the first aid the passenger received， he （not survived） the traffic accident

8. It would be impossible for him to leave hospital tomorrow if he （not give） first aid when the accident happened.

9. I didnt go to Annes party last night. How I wish I （invite）！

10. Tom made a suggestion that the English test （put off） until next Wednesday.

11. How I wish I （make） a trip to Antarctic in a few yearstime！

12. Their failure in the experiment suggested that they （listen） to the teacher carefully.

13. Though we didnt let him do that， he insisted that he （give） out all his money.

14. Its important that you （get） everything ready before you leave.

Keys： 1. Had； come 2. should go / went / were to go

3. had been called 4. were 5. would have recognized 6. would have gone 7. wouldnt have lived 8. hadnt been given 9. had been invited 10. （should） be put off 11. would make 12. hadnt listened 13. （should） give 14. （should ）getendprint