王越市 綜述 于 宏 肖 剛 審校
(中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬盛京醫(yī)院第二普通外科,沈陽 110004)
急性膽囊炎指膽囊被細菌感染或發(fā)生結(jié)石阻塞后,膽囊出現(xiàn)一系列的炎性病變,發(fā)病十分突然,主要癥狀為腹部絞痛,可伴右肩背部放射痛、嘔吐惡心等。隨著社會發(fā)展、人口老齡化、生活節(jié)奏加快及飲食結(jié)構(gòu)改變,急性膽囊炎的患病率逐年上升[1],在我國已位居外科急腹癥的第2位[2]。如果不能得到及時有效的治療,病情會急速惡化,可引發(fā)膽囊壞疽和穿孔、急性胰腺炎、門靜脈炎、肝膿腫等并發(fā)癥,有一定的致死率。新指南[3]表明急性膽囊炎保守治療往往沒有明確的效果,早期或緊急LC是首選的治療方法。然而部分患者尤其是老年病人通常基礎(chǔ)狀態(tài)較差或病情較重,全麻具有較大風(fēng)險,手術(shù)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率較高,有嚴重基礎(chǔ)疾病的急性膽囊炎患者,手術(shù)死亡率顯著增高可達40%[4,5]。因此,快速、簡單、有效的膽囊引流減壓成為這類患者的重要治療方法。經(jīng)皮經(jīng)肝膽囊穿刺引流術(shù)(percutaneous transhepatic gallblader drainage,PTGBD)已被證明在急性膽囊炎的治療中有明確的效果,但長時間外引流可引起水電解質(zhì)紊亂,管口皮膚感染,引流脫落等問題。近年來,超聲內(nèi)鏡引導(dǎo)下膽囊引流(endoscopic ultrasound guided gallbladder drainage, EUSGBD)成為一種新的膽囊引流術(shù)式。EUSGBD為內(nèi)引流,避免上述外引流的缺點,但技術(shù)開展受到醫(yī)院條件和醫(yī)生能力的影響,同時價格較高。本文重點介紹EUSGBD并分析2種引流治療的優(yōu)缺點,為臨床工作者選擇合適的引流術(shù)提供參考。
自1980年Radder提出PTGBD用于治療膽囊積膿以來,引流作為一種急性期的姑息性治療方法便廣泛應(yīng)用于重癥膽囊炎。PTGBD以較小的創(chuàng)傷快速降低膽囊內(nèi)壓力,改善臨床癥狀,降低急性期病死率,對于部分非結(jié)石性急性膽囊炎患者甚至能達到治愈效果,是一項安全有效的治療措施[6]。內(nèi)鏡膽囊引流(endoscopic gallbladder drainage,EGBD)的概念最初由Kozarek等1984年提出[7],EUSGBD 2002年首次報道,目的是診斷微小結(jié)石。2007年Baron等[8]首次描述EUSGBD是經(jīng)皮膽囊切除術(shù)的可行替代方案。醫(yī)師在超聲引導(dǎo)下經(jīng)內(nèi)鏡直視下使用19號針經(jīng)十二指腸/胃穿刺膽囊,抽吸膽汁并送去培養(yǎng),然后注入造影劑使膽囊顯影(圖1),將0.035英寸導(dǎo)絲推入并卷繞在膽囊中,取出針頭后,插入F6或F7擴張器擴張瘺管(圖2),最后撤出擴張器放入支架(圖3)。最近,一種新的尖端具有燒灼系統(tǒng)的支架[9](Hot AXIOS,Boston Scientific Corp Natick,MA,USA)被用于EUSGBD。這種新支架無須之前的針穿刺或?qū)Ыz插入,允許膽囊支架直接植入。隨后韓國一項前瞻性研究顯示透壁引流是控制急性膽囊炎膿毒癥的有效手段[10]。
PTGBD經(jīng)過多年的發(fā)展已成為一個成熟的術(shù)式,不適合急診LC的患者多數(shù)行PTGBD治療,但隨著內(nèi)鏡技術(shù)的發(fā)展與普及,EGBD逐漸運用于臨床。2種方法有各自的適應(yīng)證、禁忌證及優(yōu)缺點(表1)[6,11~16]。
PTGBD的膽汁引流是非生理形式,刺激肝臟過量分泌膽汁酸,平均2~4 g,可致體內(nèi)膽汁酸平衡的改變[17]。EUSGBD可以提供生理性膽汁引流,避免與外部引流相關(guān)的不良事件,提高患者的生活質(zhì)量[18]。因為胃腸道的血管化程度小于肝臟的血管化程度,EUSGBD可以降低出血的風(fēng)險,也避免肝臟血腫和氣胸的發(fā)生[10,19,20]。EUSGBD與PTGBD相比術(shù)后疼痛明顯減輕,術(shù)后第1天疼痛評分EUSGBD比PTGBD低50%[21],主要是因為PTGBD穿刺部位在右側(cè)腹部的肋下區(qū)域,這是疼痛的敏感區(qū)域[17]。大口徑支架的應(yīng)用也讓二期取結(jié)石、息肉及做黏膜病理明確診斷成為可能[22,23](圖4),并且EUSGBD還不引起膽囊周圍組織的嚴重炎癥或粘附[21]。EUSGBD的術(shù)后住院時間也明顯低于PTGBD;Kedia等[17]報道EUSGBD占用更少的醫(yī)用資源,平均住院時間7.6 d,PTGBD平均住院時間為16.3 d;Irani等[24]報道EGBD患者甚至可以做到3 d內(nèi)出院,術(shù)后住院時間、術(shù)后重復(fù)干預(yù)次數(shù)明顯小于PTGBD,這可能與接受PTGBD的患者需要較長時間讓外部瘺管成熟有關(guān),也有可能與支架口徑有關(guān)(EUSGBD的大口徑支架可以更快地解決臨床癥狀)。因此,EUSGBD可作為急性膽囊炎患者的初始、中期,甚至最終治療。嚴重的患者甚至可床旁操作,避免搬動患者,加重病情[25]。當膽囊炎癥狀消失,支架也可以取出,EUSGBD術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)性膽囊炎的發(fā)生率約為3%,遠低于PTGBD導(dǎo)管拔除后的22%[26,27],可能與腸、膽漏有關(guān),但需要注意的是,腹水患者可能不宜拔出支架。為避免支架移除相關(guān)的風(fēng)險和不適,支架也可長期放置[17]。Patil等[18]報道支架放置后1年內(nèi)未發(fā)現(xiàn)與支架相關(guān)的遠期并發(fā)癥。各項研究[17,24,26,28]均證明雖然EUSGBD與PTGBD有相似的臨床和技術(shù)成功率,但并發(fā)癥較PTGBD少(表2),可能與操作均在在消化道內(nèi)進行,符合生理解剖,對患者創(chuàng)傷小有關(guān)。
表1 急性膽囊炎2種術(shù)式適應(yīng)證、禁忌證與優(yōu)缺點
表2 各術(shù)式成功率、并發(fā)癥的對比
*ERCS:內(nèi)鏡逆行膽道支架置入術(shù)
圖1 經(jīng)十二指腸穿刺膽囊并造影 圖2 置入導(dǎo)絲并沿導(dǎo)絲放入擴張器 圖3 金屬支架放置成功 圖4 二期取石
每種術(shù)式都不可能完美無缺,EUSGBD也不例外,除腹痛、出血、感染、發(fā)熱等穿刺常見并發(fā)癥外[32~34],氣腹是患者在接受EUS引導(dǎo)膽囊穿刺引流后最常見的不良事件[10],不過保守治療后多能緩解。EUS引導(dǎo)下引流的主要風(fēng)險是膽汁滲漏到腹膜腔引起膽汁性腹膜炎[35]及支架遷移[32],十二指腸穿孔等罕見并發(fā)癥也被提及[32],也有文獻[22]報道EUSGBD可致復(fù)發(fā)性膽囊炎、支架梗阻及經(jīng)胃途徑食物返流入膽囊等并發(fā)癥。近些年不斷改進的支架類型使上述并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率逐年減少。Lee等[10]認為炎癥增厚的膽囊壁可能已經(jīng)黏附到鄰近結(jié)構(gòu),可以防止穿刺部位的滲漏。Jang等[21]證實在插入支架后進行充分抽吸并用鹽水灌洗可以降低膽汁泄漏的風(fēng)險。因此,發(fā)生膽汁性腹膜炎的概率并沒有想象中高。Maekawa等[16]報道在EGBD術(shù)后5年的隨訪中,93.5%的患者不存在復(fù)發(fā)性膽囊炎。
隨著人口的老齡化,基礎(chǔ)狀態(tài)差、并發(fā)多種基礎(chǔ)疾病而不適合急診LC或PTGBD的患者逐漸增多[17]。EGBD憑借內(nèi)引流的優(yōu)勢,比PTGBD更少侵入性,更少痛苦,更少的并發(fā)癥,更短的住院時間,更少的重復(fù)性介入需求,較快的癥狀緩解,將逐步取代PTGBD的優(yōu)勢地位,EUSGBD可能成為急性膽囊炎非手術(shù)患者的首選治療方案。當然,這需要進一步的前瞻性研究來決定其在該疾病高風(fēng)險患者中的作用。
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