陳玉鵬 ,梁東麗 ,劉中華 ,王春玲 ,甄志磊 ,閆昭如
(1.山西農業(yè)大學城鄉(xiāng)建設學院,山西 太谷 030801;2.西北農林科技大學資源環(huán)境學院,陜西 楊凌 712100;3.農業(yè)部西北植物營養(yǎng)與農業(yè)環(huán)境重點實驗室,陜西 楊凌 712100)
隨著溫室大棚蔬菜栽培年限的延長,土壤重金屬不斷積累[1],不僅嚴重影響作物生長發(fā)育,也會帶來嚴重的蔬菜食品安全問題,威脅人的健康。近年來,我國設施蔬菜栽培迅速發(fā)展,2010年我國的設施蔬菜面積已經達到466.7萬hm2,并以每年10%的速度不斷增長[2]。設施蔬菜用24%的土地面積提供了50%的蔬菜產量和60%的產值[3],在蔬菜生產中起到至關重要的作用。大棚種植通過人為地控制棚內的小氣候,能延長蔬菜生產時間,增加淡季蔬菜的品種和產量,豐富市場供應,提高土地利用率[4]。蔬菜大棚種植多采用高投入、高產出、集約化的栽培措施,生產者為追求高產,往往過量施用化肥、農藥及畜禽糞便,這會造成溫室土壤中重金屬的積累[5-6],導致大棚土壤受到不同程度的污染,對農業(yè)生產和人身健康造成威脅。另外,由于日光溫室栽培下土壤長期處于封閉的環(huán)境,一方面,蔬菜在生長過程中需要頻繁灌溉來滿足水分要求,隨著水分的下滲,會有部分重金屬離子向下層土體移動;另一方面,由于溫室內部的高溫、高濕和高蒸發(fā)量,一部分重金屬離子還會隨水分的蒸發(fā)上升到地表。所以,日光溫室特殊的水熱條件及栽培管理措施將會對重金屬在土壤中的遷移累積及形態(tài)分布產生一定的影響[7]。
有研究表明,土壤中重金屬含量會隨棚齡增長呈大幅持續(xù)升高的趨勢[8],尤其是5年以上大棚,土壤重金屬含量顯著高于露天菜地[1],土壤重金屬在作物體內積累,不僅影響作物自身的生長發(fā)育和品質安全,還會威脅人和動物的健康[9],這成為大棚蔬菜持續(xù)發(fā)展的制約因素,因此,如何在保證大棚正常的生產功能的同時,控制大棚蔬菜的重金屬含量成為一項尤為艱巨的任務。本文結合大棚重金屬的來源,從植物對重金屬吸收和累積的角度,探討控制土壤污染及減少蔬菜中重金屬累積的方法,以期為設施農產品安全生產和土壤污染防治等提供參考。
目前,國內多個省市地區(qū)設施蔬菜集散地出現(xiàn)土壤重金屬超標現(xiàn)象,各地因種植條件而不同,就污染的普遍性和程度而言,Cd污染最嚴重,其次為Pb和Cu(表 1)。
土壤重金屬污染主要源于大氣沉降、污水灌溉、農業(yè)投入品攜帶(化肥、畜禽糞便及農藥等)等,溫室土壤污染不存在大氣沉降和污水灌溉這兩種形式,其主要與施入化肥、畜禽糞便及農藥等密切相關(表2)。對不同重金屬元素而言,Cd、Cu、Zn污染主要源于過度施肥,而Hg和Pb主要是由農藥如殺蟲劑和除草劑殘留所致[3]。
設施菜地處于封閉或半封閉的特殊環(huán)境,雨水淋洗等流失作用小,土地利用頻度高,導致重金屬長年在棚內積累,其含量也與大棚種植年限有較強相關,具體見表3。
土壤重金屬修復的方法主要有物理修復、化學修復、生物修復和農業(yè)生態(tài)修復,鑒于設施環(huán)境土壤的封閉性和低污染性,最適用的控制措施應屬農業(yè)生態(tài)修復技術,即在原有的耕作方式和管理方法上做出調整,或種植一些特殊植物(不進入食物鏈的植物)來改善重金屬污染的土壤[35]。其主要包括兩種方法:①農藝措施,通過合理使用農藥、化肥和有機肥,調整耕作管理制度以及作物品種,種植不進入食物鏈的植物,或利用某些植物對重金屬的超累積性進行植物提取,來降低重金屬污染的潛在風險;②生態(tài)措施,通過控制土壤中生態(tài)因子(水分、養(yǎng)分、濕度等)和調節(jié)土壤氧化還原電位,來降低重金屬的危害。
表1 我國設施蔬菜土壤污染現(xiàn)狀Table 1 The present situation of heavy metal pollution in vegetable greenhouses soils in China
表2 我國設施蔬菜大棚土壤重金屬來源Table 2 The sources of heavy metal pollution in vegetable greenhouses soils in China
表3 土壤重金屬含量與大棚種植年限的關系Table 3 Relationships between soil heavy metal content and planting years of greenhouses
施肥對植物根區(qū)環(huán)境及污染物遷移能力有較強影響,從而改變土壤-作物系統(tǒng)中重金屬的遷移和累積。一方面,化肥中的K+、SO2-4、Cl-等離子能活化土壤中的重金屬離子,增加其可交換態(tài)含量,提高重金屬的生物有效性[36-38]。如土壤銨氮可降低向日葵根際土壤pH值,促進根際碳酸鎘的溶解,且施氮肥量越大,土壤中有效態(tài)鎘含量越高,從而為超富集植物提取更多的鎘創(chuàng)造有利條件[39]。另一方面,化肥還能與土壤中重金屬離子形成絡合物,如磷肥能通過磷酸根與土壤中多種重金屬生成磷酸鹽化合物,將重金屬穩(wěn)定和固化[40-42],降低重金屬的生物可利用性,明顯降低蔬菜體內的重金屬含量,并較好地修復被污染的旱地土壤[43]。此外,施肥可提高植物對污染物的抗逆性,最大限度減輕重金屬對植物生長造成的不利影響。綜上所述,施肥能從不同角度改變重金屬的生物有效性,故可以通過調控肥力條件來緩解重金屬對作物的不利影響。
改良劑是通過與重金屬離子發(fā)生經氧化還原、沉淀、吸附、絡合和螯合等化學反應鈍化土壤中的重金屬,降低其活性,或是以改變土壤的pH、Eh值等理化性質,影響土壤中重金屬有效態(tài)含量[44],達到治理和修復重金屬污染的目的(表4)。
土壤改良劑多為生活中常見的物質,因其經濟廉價、來源廣泛,適用于治理重金屬輕中度污染的土壤。
2.3.1 不同植物對重金屬累積的影響
重金屬元素在土壤-作物系統(tǒng)中的遷移轉化規(guī)律不僅受土壤理化性質等因素影響,還與作物的種類、部位、生長期、基因型等有關。不同作物對重金屬的積累效應差異較大,富集能力表現(xiàn)為葉菜類>花菜類>根莖類>茄果類>禾谷類,葉菜類如菠菜、芹菜等對重金屬有較強的富集能力[54],且對不同重金屬的富集有明顯的選擇性,對Cr的富集能力最強,其次為Zn、Cu、Ni,Pb 最弱[55];作物的不同器官對同一重金屬的富集能力也有差異,表現(xiàn)為根>葉、莖>果實[56]。
表4 土壤改良劑對土壤重金屬含量的影響Table 4 The influences of soil amendments on soil heavy metal content
鑒于不同作物之間富集能力的差異,在蔬菜生產時,應充分考慮土壤污染程度,根據(jù)不同蔬菜品種的富集能力,來生產安全無公害蔬菜[57]。李博文等[58]根據(jù)蔬菜可食部分對重金屬Cd、Pb、Zn吸收累積的特點,將蔬菜分為4種累積類型:①低度累積型,在土壤受污染程度輕時進行生產可優(yōu)先種植,如胡蘿卜、茄子、番茄、辣椒等;②中度累積型,可在重金屬污染情況不嚴重的土壤中適當種植,如菜花、萵苣、大蔥、韭菜等;③重度累積型,種植時應避免重金屬污染的土壤,如芹菜、茴香、圓白菜等;④極重度累積型有白菜、油菜等,種植時最好選用清潔土壤,此類植物能將土壤中的重金屬提取固定到植物體內,減少或去除土壤和淋溶水中重金屬,可利用其特性,控制或修復重金屬污染土壤[59]。
2.3.2 不同耕作制度對土壤重金屬吸收的影響
通過種植制度來控制土壤重金屬含量的方法可以分為兩種:一種是間套作,另一種是輪作。這兩種方法均能種植重金屬富集植物或篩選低富集植物來降低作物中的重金屬含量,前者是通過植物提取土壤中的重金屬來降低其含量,從而控制污染,而后者則是用低富集植物或可食部位低累積性的作物來降低和規(guī)避重金屬對人或動物的風險。
(1)間套作模式:間作套種是我國傳統(tǒng)農業(yè)的耕作方式,譚建波等[60]發(fā)現(xiàn),續(xù)斷菊與蠶豆間作較單作處理可降低土壤pH值,增加土壤有機質和堿解氮含量,使可交換態(tài)Cd含量降低,最終增強了續(xù)斷菊對Cd的吸收,降低了蠶豆對Cd的吸收。間作雞眼草顯著降低了Pb、Cd在番茄、白菜等可食部位中的含量,卻能提高其在油冬菜、花椰菜中的積累[56]。因此,不同作物間作對重金屬的累積存在差異。另外,間作重金屬富集植物,能保護與之間套作的部分植物,如鋅超富集植物天藍遏藍菜與同屬的非超富集植物遏藍菜互作在Zn污染的土壤上,遏藍菜的吸Zn量明顯降低,生物量顯著增加,這是由于天藍遏藍菜有很強的吸Zn能力,能優(yōu)先吸收土壤中的Zn,從而減少了Zn對遏藍菜的毒害[61]。然而,菜心、白菜等葉菜類蔬菜,與富集植物油菜間作是不可行的,種植在污染土壤上的葉菜會帶來健康風險,如Cd富集植物油菜與白菜間作,油菜可以減輕Cd對小白菜的毒性,小白菜有較高的地上部生物量和較低的Cd累積量,但白菜中Cd濃度依然不低[62-63]。因此,利用適當?shù)闹参镄纬砷g套作復合體系,實現(xiàn)對污染土壤的邊修復邊生產,不失為一條土壤修復的新途徑。
(2)輪作模式:大棚作物多采用不同蔬菜輪作方式。吸收土壤營養(yǎng)不同、根系深淺不同的作物相互輪作,如根菜類、茄果類、瓜果與淺根性的葉菜類、蔥蒜類輪作,能增加土壤有機質含量,改良團粒結構,充分調節(jié)土壤養(yǎng)分的有效性,大幅提高土壤養(yǎng)分利用率[64-65],并能通過改變土壤水分、有機質、pH值和氧化還原環(huán)境等理化性質,降低重金屬進入植物體內的可能性,影響植物對土壤重金屬的吸收累積和利用[66-67]。
首先,不同的作物輪作模式下,重金屬不同活性形態(tài)的累積效應不同。土壤中重金屬的毒性及其生物有效性不僅與總量有關,更取決于其存在形態(tài),而影響重金屬賦存形態(tài)的因素較多,其中土壤pH值通過影響重金屬在土壤中的化學形態(tài)和吸附能力,對土壤中重金屬的移動性和生物有效性產生最大程度的影響[68-69]。
其次,輪作一些超富集植物,進行重金屬的植物提取,能安全有效地去除輕度污染土壤中的重金屬。郭曉靜等[70]在Cd污染地區(qū)開展輪作模式試驗,發(fā)現(xiàn)該地區(qū)產量和經濟效益位居首位的白蘿卜-番茄-青蘿卜的種植模式,Cd元素在蔬菜可食部位的積累最少,較其他輪作模式更具優(yōu)勢。選擇輪作蔬菜種類時應充分考慮重金屬的累積和分布特性,如Cd容易在土壤表層累積,導致土壤表面含量最高[71],而葉菜類根系較淺,因此葉菜類蔬菜的種植需謹慎。
此外,作物輪作可以減少重金屬元素在土壤耕作層的積聚,使其往下層土壤遷移,從而減輕設施農產品對土壤耕作層中重金屬污染物的吸收[72]。且不同的輪作模式對防治重金屬污染的效果不一。黃瓜、花椰菜、甘藍、豇豆和菱白等果、花、葉、莖類蔬菜作物是低富集輪作優(yōu)先選擇的對象,與普通輪作相比,低富集輪作不僅能提高蔬菜產量和產值,還可使污染田塊的蔬菜Sn含量降低50%~80%,并顯著減少Cd進入食物鏈的量[73]。菜稻菜輪作能使耕作層可氧化態(tài)As含量顯著降低,殘渣態(tài)顯著升高,導致土壤中As的生物有效性明顯降低[74]。麥季間作伴礦景天能有效降低后茬茄子對Cd的吸收,并使土壤Cd濃度比對照降低24.3%[75],達到較好的修復效果。
單獨種植超積累植物修復污染土壤所需周期長、問題多,而采用吸收重金屬少或運移到食用部位少的低積累作物與超積累植物聯(lián)合種植,有可能在修復污染土壤的同時收獲符合安全標準的農產品,成為一種不需要間斷生產、較經濟合理地控制設施農業(yè)土壤重金屬污染的方法[76]。
對土壤重金屬污染的修復已有大量研究,并取得了良好的效果,但針對溫室大棚土壤重金屬污染問題的研究涉及很少,為了達到更好經濟效益和生態(tài)效益的種植模式,在充分考慮農產品收獲的經濟效益及農作物種植模式的可持續(xù)性,保證大棚正常生產功能的同時,控制修復大棚污染土壤,從而確保設施農產品生產環(huán)境安全。筆者認為,大棚土壤重金屬污染的控制還需從以下方面加強研究:
(1)加大對大棚土壤重金屬污染現(xiàn)狀的研究力度。目前設施大棚土壤污染的研究多集中于對人體健康風險的評價,也有部分關于污染與種植年限之間關系的研究,但還需進行長期定位試驗,拓寬污染涉及的種植模式,明確大棚土壤重金屬污染的途徑、種類和程度,從而提出相應的控制措施。
(2)改進已存在污染土壤的物理化學改良措施?,F(xiàn)有改良劑大多針對田間條件,農家肥、綠肥、草炭和作物秸稈等有機物料中累積的重金屬容易產生二次污染等問題,尤其是在大棚封閉和半封閉環(huán)境,因此應加強可以長期連續(xù)施用的改良劑的研發(fā),并深化其修復機理的研究,構建適用于大棚環(huán)境的聯(lián)合修復體系。
(3)深入研究水肥條件對土壤重金屬形態(tài)之間的關系,深入探究施肥對重金屬含量及其形態(tài)影響的機理,通過調控水肥條件控制重金屬污染。
(4)加強不同耕作制度中重金屬在土壤-植物系統(tǒng)的累積特征。作物輪作研究多集中于其對土壤肥力、土壤酶活性和微生物菌群的影響,以及在減少后作病蟲害、防治連作次生鹽漬化、增加經濟收益等方面的作用,可加強大棚輪作方式下土壤重金屬含量與其在土壤-作物體系中的遷移和累積特征的研究。
(5)重點尋找當前設施蔬菜重金屬低累積或超富集植物種間的生態(tài)組合。篩選重金屬低積累蔬菜品種的研究進展較緩慢,而能夠在蔬菜地很好應用的超富集蔬菜品種對土壤的修復工作大多尚在試驗階段。以不同種植模式來減少蔬菜可食用部位的重金屬殘留,同時通過非可食用部位對重金屬的超富集作用以修復污染土壤等研究成為當前的熱點,但相關研究較少且部分結果缺乏一致性。因此,優(yōu)化大棚種植模式,選擇適當?shù)氖卟朔N類,降低重金屬污染的風險,是植物修復和控制土壤重金屬污染的新思路。
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