過去分詞用法速記

徐詩(shī)祺

過去分詞即動(dòng)詞的-ed形式。從時(shí)間關(guān)系上看，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作已完成；從主被動(dòng)關(guān)系上看，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作被做。過去分詞兼具動(dòng)詞、形容詞和副詞的功能，在句中可以充當(dāng)表語、定語、狀語和賓語補(bǔ)足語。

[基本用法]

1. 作表語

過去分詞作表語時(shí)，主要表示主語的特征或狀態(tài)。如：

He looked disappointed after he lost the match.

過去分詞與動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)形式相同，但強(qiáng)調(diào)的重點(diǎn)不同。如：

Dont choose that bicycle because it is broken.

不要選那輛自行車，因?yàn)樗菈牡?。（過去分詞作表語）

The bicycle was broken in an accident.

自行車是在一次事故中被損壞的。（被動(dòng)語態(tài)）

這類作表語的過去分詞在詞典中許多已被標(biāo)注為形容詞，如disappointed，interested，broken，pleased，surprised，tired，qualified，known等。

2. 作定語

單個(gè)的過去分詞通常作前置定語，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作已完成。如：

All the fallen leaves have been cleared away. （fallen強(qiáng)調(diào)已完成“落下”）

The injured workers are now being taken good care of in the hospital. （injured強(qiáng)調(diào)被動(dòng)“被傷害”）

過去分詞短語通常作后置定語，可與定語從句互換。如：

The suggestion made by the foreign expert （=which was made by the foreign expert） was adopted by the manager.

He found that it came from the river polluted by the dirty water from London（=which was polluted by the dirty water from London）.

3. 作狀語

過去分詞作狀語，與主句的主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系?？梢员硎緯r(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步、方式等等，并可與相應(yīng)的狀語從句或并列句互換。

表示時(shí)間。如：

Shown around the library （=After students were shown around the library）， students were taken to the dining hall.

Seen from the top of the tower （=When the village is seen from the top of the tower）， the village looks more beautiful.

表示原因。如：

Deeply inspired by his speech （=Because we were inspired by his speech）， we decided to achieve our own dreams to the best of our ability.

表示條件。如：

Given one more chance （=If I am given one more chance）， I will finish the work faster and better.

表示讓步。如：

Trained ten hours a day （=Even if he is trained ten hours a day）， he will still be a fool.

Warned of the danger （=Although he was warned of the danger）， he still skated on the thin ice.

表示方式或伴隨。如：

The teacher walked into the classroom， followed by a group of students（=and was followed by a group of students）.

Seated at the table， my father and I were talking about my job（=My father and I were seated at the table and talking about my job）.

4. 作賓語補(bǔ)足語

過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語，與賓語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，句中的謂語通常為感官動(dòng)詞see，hear，notice，watch，find，feel等，或使役動(dòng)詞get，have，make等，以及l(fā)eave，keep，want等詞。部分句子可與賓語從句互換。如：

The manager was satisfied to see many new products developed after great effort.（=The manager was satisfied to see that many new products were developed after great effort.）endprint

I found the door closed when I got home.（=I found that the door was closed when I got home.）

When you are making a speech， you should speak louder to make yourself heard.

The guests left most of the dishes untouched， because they didnt taste delicious.

當(dāng)這類句子變成主動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，過去分詞也充當(dāng)主語補(bǔ)足語。如：

The door was found closed when I got home.

Most of the dishes were left untouched.

[易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)]

1. 不規(guī)則變化

并不是所有詞的過去分詞都是直接在詞尾加ed。

有些過去式和過去分詞均保持原形。如：let（let，let）；hit（hit，hit）；cast（cast，cast）；read（read，read）。

有些過去式發(fā)生變化，過去分詞依舊保持原形。如：come（came，come）；become（became，become）。

有些過去分詞會(huì)發(fā)生不規(guī)則變化。如：arise（arose，arisen）；understand（understood，understood）；teach（taught，taught）；take（took，taken）；sink（sank，sunk）。

有些動(dòng)詞可能存在多個(gè)意思，不同的釋義過去分詞不同。如：lie（lied，lied）表示說謊，lie（lay，lain）表示躺著；hang（hung，hung）表示懸掛，hang（hanged，hanged）表示絞死。

有的動(dòng)詞過去分詞需要雙寫最后一個(gè)字母，現(xiàn)在分詞不用。如：write（written，writing）。

2. 邏輯主語

過去分詞作狀語時(shí)，其邏輯主語必須是主句的主語。如：

那本書用簡(jiǎn)單的英語所寫，因此非常受中國(guó)中學(xué)生歡迎。

Written in simple English， the book is very popular with Chinese middle school students.（T）

Written in simple English， Chinese middle school students are very fond of the book.（F）

小偷躲在洞穴里，成功避免被（警察）抓獲。

Hidden in the cave， the thief managed to avoid capture.（T）

Hidden in the cave， the police couldnt catch the thief.（F）

如分詞邏輯主語與主句主語不一致，則需使用with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)或獨(dú)立主格——由名詞或代詞充當(dāng)邏輯主語，分詞、形容詞等充當(dāng)邏輯謂語的結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

The murderer was brought to court， with his hands tied at the back. （tied的邏輯主語為his hands）

The lecture given（=After the lecture was given）， a lively question and answer session followed. （given的邏輯主語為the lecture）

隨著英語的廣泛時(shí)候，現(xiàn)在有些過去分詞短語已經(jīng)直接作固定搭配使用，不用考慮其邏輯主語。如：given that“鑒于，考慮到”；provided that“如果，假設(shè)”。

Given that theyre inexperienced， theyve done a good job.

Provided that circumstances permit， we shall hold the meeting next week.

3. 與現(xiàn)在分詞的區(qū)別

過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞都可以充當(dāng)形容詞，意思有差別。如： disappointing（令人失望的），disappointed（失望的）；puzzling（令人迷惑的）， puzzled（迷惑的）。通常情況下，現(xiàn)在分詞修飾事物，過去分詞修飾人。但修飾表情、笑容等時(shí)，一般使用過去分詞。如：a disappointed expression（失望的表情），an embarrassed smile（尷尬的笑容）。

過去分詞強(qiáng)調(diào)被動(dòng)或已完成，現(xiàn)在分詞強(qiáng)調(diào)主動(dòng)或正在進(jìn)行。因此，在作定語時(shí)，它們也有一些區(qū)別。如：fallen leaves（落葉），falling leaves（正在飄落的葉子）；developed countries（發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家），developing countries（發(fā)展中國(guó)家）。endprint